氮钾配比对寒地玉米干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究不同氮钾配比对玉米不同生育期和不同器官的干物质积累、分配、运转和产量及对品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量为150 kg/hm2、施钾量为100 kg/hm2的处理在成熟期茎、叶、穗干物质量、阶段子粒干物质积累量、茎部转运量、转运率、贡献率以及玉米子粒产量、子粒蛋白质与淀粉含量均高于其他处理。因此,氮、钾肥施用量为150 kg/hm2和100 kg/hm2有利于寒地玉米的干物质积累、产量及其品质的提高。     

杂交粳稻新组合滇杂35高产栽培数学模型研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究杂交粳稻新组合滇杂35产量与栽插密度及N、P、K施用量间的关系,建立了各因素与产量的数学模型。各因素对滇杂35产量影响大小依次为栽插密度施氮量施钾量施磷量。提出了滇杂35获得8.42t/hm2以上产量的栽插密度及N、P、K施用量优化配比方案:即栽插密度24.743万～27.345万穴/hm2,N施用量257.625～306.900kg/hm2,P2O5施用量151.725～178.275kg/hm2,K2O施用量165.525～199.950kg/hm2。     

种植密度与施氮水平对优质蛋白玉米中单9409产量及子粒粗蛋白质含量的影响

在3种种植密度和4种供氮水平下研究了种植密度和施氮量对中单9409产量及子粒粗蛋白含量的影响.种植密度和施氮量均对优质蛋白玉米中单9409的子粒粗蛋白质含量有显著影响,且二者互作效应显著.种植密度之间,以最高产量对应的种植密度的粗蛋白质含量最低,子粒粗蛋白质含量随种植密度的变化动态受施氮量的影响;施氮对子粒粗蛋白质含量的影响与种植密度有关,低密度下,以中等施氮量处理的粗蛋白质含量最高,高密度下,则以中等施氮量处理的粗蛋白质含量最低.本试验条件下玉米子粒粗蛋白质含量与产量呈显著负相关,与穗粒数、百粒重、穗粒重均呈显著正相关;与粗脂肪、粗淀粉含量均呈负相关,但与粗脂肪含量相关不显著.     

施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收及分配的影响

通过连续两年田间试验,研究吉林省中部玉米主产区施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收、转运、分配及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥可显著提高春玉米产量,在一定施钾范围内,春玉米产量随施钾量的增加而增加,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后产量不再增加,根据玉米产量(y)和施钾量(x)拟合,得出最佳施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。施钾肥可提高干物质最大积累速率和积累总量、养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,提前干物质最大积累速率和养分最大吸收速率出现的时间。施钾可提高春玉米氮、磷、钾养分向子粒的转运量及转运率,施钾量30~90 kg/hm2范围内抽雄期养分积累量与子粒转运量和转运率呈正比,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分转运出现负效应。钾素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施钾量的增加而下降,钾肥当季回收率以施钾量90 kg/hm2处理最高。在吉林省中部玉米主产区,适宜施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。     

强优势杂交玉米新品种绵单8号高产栽培技术研究

通过五因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了玉米新品种绵单8号子粒产量与播种时期(X1)、种植密度(X2)、施氮量(X3)、施磷量(X4)、施钾量(X5)的数学模型。经用计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出产量在9500kg/hm2以上的栽培模式为:播种时期在4月3～5日,密度59481～61601株/hm2,施纯氮273.4～282.7kg/hm2,施P2O5为168.1～179.9kg/hm2,施K2O为115.0～130.5kg/hm2。     

苦荞黔苦3号秋播高产栽培技术模式研究

利用四元二次回归旋转组合设计方法,在秋播条件下研究苦荞黔苦3号籽粒产量与播种量及氯、磷、钾肥施用量之间的关系。通过试验,建立了籽粒产量与播种量、氮、磷、钾肥施用量的回归数学模型;经计算机模拟试验和优化选择,提出了秋播苦荞苦3号籽粒产量≥2500kg／hm2的综合农艺措施为：播种量33．41～41．76kg／hm2、施N量39．60～53.01kg／hm2、施P2O5量175．50～214．50kg／hm2、施K2O量57．96—68．72kg／hm2。     

不同密度下施氮对甜玉米果穗形成的影响

以甜玉米甜单8号为材料,在不同种植密度(45 000、60 000和75 000株/hm²)及不同供氮水平(0、120和240 kg/hm²)下对果穗产量、穗粒结构、穗部性状形成过程及子粒灌浆动态进行了研究。结果表明：施氮水平、种植密度对甜玉米产量影响显著,施氮可显著提高鲜穗产量与子粒产量;穗长、穗粗的形成贯穿整个果穗发育过程,可用Logistic曲线拟合,分别在吐丝与抽雄期达到最终穗长与穗粗的50%;穗粒数在抽雄期达到最高峰,随时间推进果穗败育粒增加;施氮对单穗重的提高在高密度下最明显。施氮能够促进玉米子粒的灌浆,但不同密度下施氮对灌浆动态的影响明显不同,在4～20 DAP子粒体积、百粒鲜重、灌浆速率均明显升高,且施氮处理高于不施氮处理。     

不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对辽单565光合特性和产量的影响

以耐密型玉米辽单565为试验材料,研究不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对其光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗位叶和穗下叶光合速率均以施氮量为135 kg/hm2时达到较高值,叶面积指数较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;磷肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率均以施磷量为120 kg/hm2时达到较高值,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;钾肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶光合速率和穗下叶叶面积均以施钾量为90 kg/hm2时处理较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高。不同氮、磷、钾肥配施试验中,以施氮量180 kg/hm2、施磷量75 kg/hm2、施钾量为90 kg/hm2时辽单565的产量最高。相关分析表明,穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率与产量均呈极显著正相关,穗位层消光系数与产量呈负相关。     

钾肥施用量对早稻产量及农艺性状的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了不同施钾量对水稻产量、农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果表明,施钾能显著提高稻谷、稻草和总生物产量,且随施钾量的增加而增加;施钾有利于提高水稻株高、有效穗数和千粒重;当施钾量为K2O 0~90 kg/hm2时,净收入随施钾量的提高而提高,而施钾量高于90 kg/hm2时,净收入反而降低。通过拟合钾肥用量和产量的肥效方程,得出当施钾量为89.8 kg/hm2时,可获得最高产量。在施猪粪22 500 kg/hm2的条件下,推荐该地区早稻的钾肥适宜施用量范围为K2O 75~105 kg/hm2。     

栽培因素对粳稻垦稻12产量和群体结构的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究不同栽培因素对垦稻12产量和群体结构的影响。试验结果表明,垦稻12较好的栽培方案是栽插密度21.4～24.7丛/m2,施氮量6.4～8.5 kg/667 m2,施钾量5.2～6.5 kg/667 m2,施磷量4.6kg/667 m2。逐步回归分析表明,施氮量与株高呈显著正相关,而与千粒重呈显著负相关;其余性状均与施氮量呈先上升后下降的二次曲线关系。钾肥对穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率有明显的促进作用,增加栽插密度会增加总穗数,但在高密度情况下穗数增长将趋缓。同时利用相关性分析和通径分析,研究了水稻农艺性状与产量的关系,结果表明,单位面积穗数对产量的总相关作用和直接作用都最大,其次为千粒重和每穗实粒数,其余性状则主要通过这三者间接影响产量。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.