Genetic Variation among 11 Abies concolor Populations Based on Allozyme Analysis

In order to obtain information on the genetic structure of Abies concolor and the genetic variation among 11 popula- tions introduced from America to China, allozyme analysis based on starch gel electrophoresis technology was used. 24 loci of 10 allozyme systems were mensurated, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the 11 populations of A. concolor evaluated. The results show that the genetic variation among is significant, and the genetic variation within A. concolor populations is more important. In contrast with other conifers, the variation of A. concolor is above the average level of conifers, and higher than the same level of Abies. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 62.5%, the number of alleles per locus (A) 2.08, the number of ef- fective alleles per locus (Ae) was 1.37, the expected heterozygosity (H) 0.204, and the Shannon information index (I) 0.351 7. There is a short genetic distance (D=0.061) and a low gene flow (Nm=0.839 4) among the 11 introduced populations of A. concolor with high genetic variation. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.229 5, which is higher than that of the mean in Abies or Pinus.     

Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Korean Endemic Species: V. Corylopsis coreana (Hamameliaceae)

The allozyme diversity of ten Korean populations of Corylopsis coreana Nakai, a shrub endemic to Korea, were examined. Although Korean populations are isolated, they maintain moderate levels of allozyme variation (average percent of loci polymorphic=22.4%, mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus=3.97, mean expected heterozygosity=0.109) compared to the means of 26 woody endemic species. A high level of heterozygote deficiency was observed in populations of C. coreana (mean F _IS=0.232). Significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies were detected between populations at all polymorphic loci (p<0.001), among-population genetic differentiation accounted for 12.3% of the total variation. Indirect estimates of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) (1.77, calculated from G _ST) indicate that gene flow is moderate among populations of C. coreana. The allozyme diversity and population structure in C. coreana may be attributed to relatively long-distance flight of pollinators in early spring, gravity seed dispersal, restricted distribution, and high density in the standing populations of the species.     

Genetic differences between autochthonous and breeding populations of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece

Individuals were selected for resistance against the imperfect fungus Seiridium cardinale Wag in six common cypress populations (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece. A total of 109 resistant clones and 140 trees from their base populations were surveyed at several allozyme loci. The comparison yielded information on changes in genetic variation due to artificial selection. The genetic structure of the breeding populations was similar to their base populations. Nevertheless, the number of rare alleles among the resistant clones had decreased, showing a similar trend at most loci and for most comparisons. Possible implications for breeding strategies are discussed.     

Process to extinction and genetic structure of a threatened Japanese conifer species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea koyamae</Emphasis>

Since the end of the glacial age, Picea koyamae has been sparsely distributed in Japan as a relict species and is presently threatened with extinction. We investigated the population structure and genetic structure of nine populations of P. koyamae. Population size was assessed at 9–135 individuals in habitats ranging from 0.5 to 11.5 ha, and seedlings and saplings were observed in all but one particular population, which had a Sasa-type (bamboo grass) forest floor. The effective number of alleles per locus (N _e) within peripheral populations in the Yatsugatake Mountains was 1.8–2.7, much lower than that of core populations in the Akaishi Mountains (2.8–4.3) using five nuclear simple sequence repeat loci. This finding suggests that genetic variation in these populations has been reduced by isolation from other populations. The standardized genetic differentiation among populations (G′ _st ) was 0.410 and higher than that found in other Japanese conifers, suggesting that isolation and inbreeding have progressed in this species. In two isolated populations at the Yatsugatake Mountains, the fixation index (F _is ) was 0.315–0.354, much higher than the values determined for the other populations (−0.188 to 0.263). This suggests that these two populations have survived several generations while increasing the degree of inbreeding. However, the highest seedling density was in a population with low genetic variation and high F _is . The most serious problems at present appear to be the declining number of mature trees and the deterioration of suitable environments for seedling establishment.     

Genetics of red alder (Alnus Rubra Bong.) populations in British Columbia and its implications for gene resources management

The genetic structure of 19 red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) populations representing the natural range of the species in British Columbia was investigated at 19 allozyme loci. The estimated average number of alleles per locus (1.79), percentage of polymorphic loci (52.6), and total expected genetic diversity (0.113) were all lower than those reported for most long-lived woody species but comparable to early successional species. About 8% of the total genetic variation was attributable to among-population differentiation, the majority being detected at the Aat-2 locus between the Mainland and the Islands regions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the 19 populations into two distinct clusters that perfectly coincided with their geographical arrangement. Genetic differentiation between populations within both the Mainland and the Islands regions was very weak, accounting for about 3% of the total genetic variation within each region. Red alder is predominantly an outcrossing species with an average outcrossing rate of 0.85. The rate of outcrossing also varied widely among populations, ranging from 0.56 to 0.98. Practical implications of these findings with respect to tree improvement and in situ gene conservation are discussed.     

Allozyme Variation of Picea abies in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the levels and patterns of allozyme variation among 29 populations of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from Poland. Thirteen investigated isoenzyme systems were encoded by 27 gene loci and, on average, 71% of the loci per population were polymorphic. The average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 2.17 and 1.26, respectively, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.156. A relatively low allozyme differentiation among populations from north-eastern and southern Poland was observed ( F ST = 0.028, mean genetic distance D = 0.005). The results suggest that historical events and extensive gene flow played an important role in the distribution of the observed allozyme differentiation of Norway spruce in Poland.     

Genetic diversity ofKandelia candel andBruguiera gymnorrhiza in the Southwest Islands, Japan

The genetic diversity of the mangrove tree speciesKandelia candel andBruguiera gymnorrhiza in the Southwest Islands of Japan was investigated. These islands are located at the periphery of the distribution area of the two species, and their populations are relatively small. Allozyme analyses of 17 loci inK. candel and 13 loci inB. gynmorrhiza revealed very little genetic variation in both species. At the species level, the proportion of polymorphic loci was 4.2%, the average effective number of alleles per locus was 1.02, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.012 inK. candel. The corresponding figures forB. gymnorrhiza were 9.0%, 1.06 and 0.035, respectively. However, the coefficients of genetic differentiation among the populations were high (G _ST=0.165 forK. candel and 0.253 forB. gymnorrhiza). The genetic variation and habitat area ofK. candel on Amami Island is greater than on the islands Okinawa and Iriomote. The genetic variation and habitat area ofB. gymnorrhiza is greater on Iriomote Island than on the islands Okinawa and Amami. The level of genetic variation in both of the species might be related to their population sizes.     

Genetic variation of Taxus baccata L. populations in the Eastern Alps and its implications for conservation management

Abstract

The English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is an endangered rare tree species in Austria. More than 600 bud samples were collected from seven populations in three regions of the Eastern Alpine mountains for estimating their genetic structures by using isozyme gene markers. Nine gene loci encoding for seven enzyme systems were investigated. The revealed 32 alleles indicate a higher multiplicity of the east alpine gene pool compared with other European regions. English yew showed a high level of genetic variation, with a mean number of alleles per locus (A/L) of 2.7. A total of 76.4% of the loci were polymorphic, the average expected heterozygosity was (H _e) 0.274 and the mean observed heterozygosity (H _o) was 0.238. The relative proportion of genetic differentiation among the regions was found to be 6.2%, the level of gene flow was high (Nm=3.78) and the level of inbreeding (0.130) among the regions was medium. The obligatory out crossing (dioecious plant), the long generation time, the ability to regenerate from stump and the seed dispersal by birds and rodents might contribute to the high level of genetic variation found within the population. The conservation propositions are discussed with respect to the genetic structure and the poor recruitment of this species.     

Genetic diversity of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) populations in northeastern and northwestern China as revealed by ISSR markers

As a N₂-fixing tree species, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is well adapted to arid regions and is utilized for multiple purposes in China. Current knowledge of genetic variability of H. rhamnoides is limited in terms of rangewide distributions. Eleven natural populations of sea buckthorn in northeastern and northwestern China were analyzed to detect genetic variation among and within populations, by use of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. Using eight primers, 207 polymorphic loci were observed, ranging in size from 250 to 2500 bp. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst = 0.0679) showed that the total molecular variance of 11 populations was mainly existed within populations. The genetic variation within and among the 11 populations was 93.21 and 6.79%, respectively. No significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances of the populations was found using ISSR markers. Our study provides a population-level genetic profile for further investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of sea buckthorn.     

红豆树优树子代遗传多样性及与生长相关性分析

[目的]研究红豆树优树自由授粉子代遗传多样性及其对生长的影响,比较天然居群子代和孤立木子代遗传多样性差异,揭示子代遗传多样性的变化规律及天然居群在子代遗传多样性维持中的作用,为红豆树遗传保育和优异种质挖掘提供科学依据。[方法]以来自浙、闽、赣、川等26个红豆树优树自由授粉家系为研究对象,利用11对SSR引物对765个子代群体进行遗传多样性评价,同时分析子代遗传多样性参数与种子、生长性状的相关性。[结果](1)红豆树优树子代群体具有较高的遗传多样性,有效等位基因数为7.766个,观测杂合度(H_O)和期望杂合度(H_E)分别为0.469和0.865。(2)除SSR8外,其余位点的观测杂合度均小于期望杂合度,表明子代群体绝大多数位点处于杂合子缺失状态。(3)红豆树不同家系的遗传多样性存在明显差异,12号家系的遗传多样性水平最高,8号家系则最低。(4)比较发现,天然居群子代的遗传多样性显著或极显著地高于孤立木子代。(5)F统计量和分子方差分析(AMOVA)均表明,红豆树优树子代群体的遗传变异主要存在于家系内,家系间的遗传分化相对较小。(6)相关性分析发现,子代遗传多样性参数与种子性状、子代年高生长量呈显著正相关(r=0.378~0.527)。[结论]较大的红豆树天然居群在维持其子代较高遗传多样性中发挥了重要作用,子代遗传多样性显著影响苗木生长,这为红豆树遗传保育和优良家系选择提供了理论依据。     

基于微卫星DNA标记分析刺槐叶瘿蚊遗传多样性指数与样本量的相关性

[目的]探讨基于微卫星标记分析刺槐叶瘿蚊遗传多样性指数与样本量的相关关系。[方法]设置了12个样本量梯度,选取11对微卫星引物分析了我国刺槐叶瘿蚊5个种群的遗传多样性指数。[结果]表明,样本量的大小与平均等位基因数(Na)呈显著正相关,与有效等位基因数(Ne)呈中度正相关,与观测杂合度(Ho)呈负相关,而与期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)和多态信息含量(PIC)没有明显相关性。此外,当样本量小于25时,随着样本量的增加,有效等位基因数增幅明显,观测杂合度起伏变化较大,但当样本量大于30时,随着样本量的增加,上述两个指数增(降)幅度平缓。[结论]在利用微卫星DNA标记对我国刺槐叶瘿蚊种群的遗传多样性研究中,选取的最适样本量应为25～30,分析的最适遗传多样性指数应为期望杂合度、Nei’s遗传多样性指数和多态信息含量。该研究结果将为我们后续研究提供科学数据,并有助于分析其他入侵昆虫种群遗传结构的研究,同时可为其他双翅目昆虫的遗传多样性研究提供样本量参考。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) populations

The molecular variation and genetic relationships among five populations of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in China were assessed using microsatellite technology. Ten microsatellite primers, producing polymorphic bands, were used across 300 samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 98.36%; the percentage of polymorphic loci in five populations ranged from high to low in the following order: Cangzhou population, Yantai population, Qinhuangdao population, Dandong population, and Shijiazhuang population. The results showed that 34.38% of the total genetic variation of the fall webworm (GST) occurs among populations, while most variation (65.62%) exists within populations. Nei’s genetic distances ranged from 0.1386 to 0.3224. Using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), Nei’s genetic distances were analyzed by a clustering technique and the dendrogram shows that population differentiation is closely related to the time and geographic origin of the invasion. The major factors impacting genetic diversity of fall webworm populations are longitude, the plain area ratio, annual precipitation, latitude and time of invasion. The formation of genetic structure is correlated with characteristics of the life history and invasion ecology of the species.     

Genetic diversity and mating system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">bracatinga</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mimosa scabrella</Emphasis>) in a re-emergent agroforestry system in southern Brazil

Bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella) is a legume tree species common in the early stages of succession in Araucaria angustifolia forests in southern Brazil. Bracatinga can form high-density monospecific stands called bracatingais. Its traditional management for charcoal production involves maintenance of the seed bank. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and structure of bracatingais to understand the mechanisms by which intraspecific diversity of M. scabrella is created and maintained in landscapes managed by family farmers in their agroforestry mosaics. We analyzed 14 bracatingais using 8 allozyme loci. We compared parental and progeny generation indices (7 loci) and described the mating system (9 loci) of two progenies. Overall diversity was high: A = 2.69, H _o = 0.257, H _e = 0.382 and similar between populations. Overall fixation (F = 0.364) was similar to the fixation index (f = 0.329). The genetic divergence among populations was low (Θ_p = 0.052) but significant. The progenies’ genetic diversity values were similar to those of the previous generation (H _{e pop11} = 0.342 vs. 0.420/H _{e pop10} = 0.432 vs. 0.400). Progenies were compatible with half-sib and full-sib crossing expectations (θ _xy  = 0.204 and 0.194). Our data showed that there is a tendency for genetic structuring caused not only by the reproductive system but also by genetic drift. It is very likely that the high genetic diversity is amplified by internal migration within each bracatingal. This study showed that current landscape management can contribute to maintaining high levels of bracatinga genetic diversity, which contributes to its regional conservation.     

Genetic diversity of Castanopsis acuminatissima (Bl.) A. DC. in northern Thailand and the selection of seed trees for forest restoration

Castanopsis acuminatissima (Bl.) A. DC. is one of a number of framework species which are being planted to restore seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Thailand. This study describes the level of microsatellite variation within and among three populations of this species in three National Parks in northern Thailand: Doi Suthep-Pui, Doi Inthanon and Jae Sawn, using published primers developed for Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii Nakai. The five microsatellite loci employed in this study detected a total of 54 alleles (n = 72). The informativeness of the microsatellite loci varied from six to 18 alleles, with an average of 10.8 alleles found over all loci. The mean observed heterozygosities in the three populations showed no significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The vast majority of genetic diversity was contained within the populations, with no significant differentiation between them (F_ST = 0.006). Algorithms were designed to capture microsatellite diversity, and the rationale for using microsatellite markers to inform genetic conservation is discussed. The implications for seed collection of C. acuminatissima for forest restoration are also discussed.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and differentiation of artificial populations of yellowhorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthoceras sorbifolium</Emphasis>) in China using ISSR markers

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is a drought-tolerant tree in the family Sapindaceae that is native to northeastern China. Its remarkably oil-rich seeds are a reliable biodiesel source. An inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis showed genetic variation among four artificial populations in China: two in Inner Mongolia (IM), one in Liaoning (LN), and one in Shandong (SD). The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 81.25 % for these four populations. The Forest Farm in SD showed the highest number of effective alleles (N_e), Shannon index (I), and expected heterozygosity (H_e), i.e., 1.598, 0.470, and 0.325, respectively, but the lowest number of alleles (N_a) as 1.600. Based on an analysis of molecular variance, 23 % of the total genetic variation was found among populations, and 77 % within populations. A principal coordinate analysis revealed two groups (Group 1: Lindonglinchang, Jianping Agriculture Research Station and Forest Farm; Group 2: Jinjilinchang). Understanding the genetic diversity among artificial yellowhorn populations in China, detected using ISSRs, will be useful for yellowhorn conservation and improvement. Additional artificial and natural populations need to be included in the future for a country-wide perspective.     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用8种等位酶对白皮松4个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究.在4个群体中共检测到10个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中6个位点为多态位点;群体总体水平多态位点比率P=60%,平均有效基因数A=1.92,平均期望杂合度He=0.106,种群平均遗传距离为0.006 8.南漳白皮松群落平均等位基因数A=1.9,平均有...     

毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性及取样策略探讨

[目的]研究毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略,为其种质资源收集、保存和遗传多样性保护等提供参考依据。[方法]利用8对微卫星分子标记进行毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性和空间自相关分析,综合制定其天然群体合理取样策略。[结果]毛红椿天然群体等位基因数平均为7.5个,期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息指数(PIC)均值分别为0.643 7和0.636 0,基因分化系数(G_(ST))均值为0.290 7。在遗传多样性取样策略方面,提出了根据毛红椿群体基因分化系数来确定取样群体遗传变异所占总变异比例的运算公式为1-(G_(ST))~(n-1),其中,n为取样群体的数量。当取样群体达到4个时,基本上能包括该树种97.5%的遗传变异;同时确定了目标群体的选择方法,应选择与其它群体间基因分化系数均值较大的4个群体,即贵州册亨(CH)、浙江遂昌(SC)、浙江仙居(XJ)和云南师宗(SZ)。通过构建云南宾川(BC)、云南师宗(SZ)和江西宜丰(YF)群体内取样单株数量与基因多样性和等位基因之间的捕获曲线,确定了群体内取样单株数量应达到15个以上;毛红椿天然群体内300～520 m范围内的单株间存在相似关系,超出此范围个体间差别较大,说明在进行群体内单株取样时,单株间距应大于520 m。[结论]取样群体数量、群体间遗传分化系数、群体内单株数量以及单株间距离等影响了毛红椿取样群体的遗传多样性。毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略为取样群体4个、每个群体最少取样15个单株,单株间距大于520 m。     

Allozyme variation and recent evolutionary history of eastern hemlock (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tsuga canadensis</Emphasis>) in the southeastern United States

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) is a widespread and ecologically important conifer species of eastern North America that is threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), a pest introduced into the United States from Asia in the 1920s. Information about the genetic composition of eastern hemlock is necessary to guide ex situ conservation efforts in the southeastern United States, where the species is expected to harbor relatively high amounts of genetic variation in areas of Pleistocene glacial refuge. Nineteen allozyme markers were used to quantify the genetic variation present in 20 eastern hemlock populations in the southeastern United States. Results indicate that the species has low levels of genetic diversity in the region compared to most other conifers, but greater population differentiation (F _ST = 0.126). Populations along the eastern periphery and in the Appalachian interior exhibited higher levels of diversity than those along the western periphery of its geographic range. The results suggest that the glacial refuge area for eastern hemlock was likely located east of the southern Appalachian Mountains, and indicate that ex situ conservation seed collections should be concentrated in these areas of higher diversity.     

枫香同工酶遗传多样性分析

对取自枫香16个群体的幼嫩叶片样品采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺电泳技术进行了同工酶分析.结果表明:(1)群体间的遗传结构差异显著.在所分析的6个酶系统共6个位点中,各个位点的等位基因频率变化从0～1不等,16个群体中有9个群体存在稀有基因,6个群体存在特有基因,一共发现了4个稀有基因,3个特有基因;(2)枫香群体水平每位点等位基因数总平均为3个,每位点有效等位基因数总平均为1.855 7个,多态位点百分率总平均为100％,观察杂合度总平均为0.582,期望杂合度总平均为0.443,Shannon信息指数总平均为0.711 0.从整体上看,群体内的杂合子超过了哈代-温伯格平衡所要求的比例,杂合子过量.(3) UPGMA聚类分析显示,枫香16个群体中分为2大类,第1大类就是福建建瓯,其他15个群体即为第2大类.在第2大类中遗传距离较远的群体是重庆丰都、安徽黄山,它们与本类群体中其他13个群体的遗传距离较远,而该13个群体间的遗传距离较近,因此可以看出,福建建瓯与其他群体间的遗传距离是最远的,16个群体基本上呈现按地理距离聚类的趋势,与地理分布格局较吻合.     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]