The seasonal epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in N'Dama cattle in The Gambia

From June 1987 to June 1988, a total of 180 N'Dama cattle were necropsied to identify and enumerate parasites present, including 39 sick calves and 25 dead calves from local village herds, and 116 adult cattle from a local abattoir. Of 175 animals infected with one or more helminths (97%), Haemonchus contortus was found in 67% of all necropsied animals, Cooperia punctata in 75%, Cooperia pectinata in 55%, Oesophagostomum radiatum in 71% and Bunostomum phlebotomum in 21%. There was a wide range of worm burdens (0-22 925) and a pronounced seasonal pattern occurred. Eighty-two percent of the total adult Haemonchus burden occurred during the rainy season (June-October). By the end of the rainy season, almost 100% of the Haemonchus burden was present as inhibited larvae. By contrast, a different survival strategy appeared to occur in Cooperia spp.; Oesophagostomum spp. and Bunostomum spp., which were found as adults throughout the year. Results indicated that, apart from malnutrition during the dry season, gastrointestinal nematode infections, especially haemonchosis, represent a major constraint on the health and productivity of N'Dama cattle under West African savanna conditions.     

我国畜牧业可持续发展战略之深思

随着畜牧业集约化的快速发展,畜产品数量得到了大幅度的提高,特别是猪、鸡肉的生产总量跃居世界前两位,从而很好的满足了人们对畜产品数量上的需求,但同时也给我们留下一系列的问题,如自然资源、环境保护、动物疫病控制、畜产品安全、地方畜禽品种资源保护等.我们应该保持清醒的头脑,认清今后的科研和工作任务,较好的解决以上问题,保证我国畜牧业快速持续健康的发展.本文就我国畜牧业发展现状及所需要解决的问题进行了简单地阐述.     

Prospective analysis for community participation in trypanosomosis control in The Gambia

The shift towards community participation in the eradication of trypanosomosis calls for investigation the underlying incentive structure for individuals in the community to cooperate in the provision of various control methods. Survey data were used to assess patterns of the community’s demand for insecticide pour-ons and trypanocidal drugs and factors affecting individual} demand in The Gambia. The results show that insecticide pour-on is strongly preferred. Similarly, farmers revealed a preference for community-based provision scheme. Factors affecting an individual farmer’s decision to invest in either pour-on or trypanocidal drugs were highlighted. While there are many factors associated with farmer’s decisions to invest in trypanosomosis control methods and to participate in collective actions, the results indicate that farmers} are ready to anticipate complete privatization of veterinary services through community-based schemes.     

Milk production of West African Dwarf goats in The Gambia

Goats are important in the low-input systems of West Africa and their main importance lies in their role for income and saving. In addition, it is known that milk offtake for home consumption is also important. In order to obtain information about the real importance of milk offtake, a recording scheme was operated in 27 villages in the Central River Division of The Gambia from July 1998 until January 2000. Detailed information was obtained from about 1500 kiddings. In the recording scheme, any sheep being milked as well as the goats of the International Trypanotolerance Centre nucleus flock were also recorded. In the villages, 36% of all lactations were used for milk offtake, but the fraction milked was lower for the first two lactations. The average length of lactation was 127 days and the average daily milk offtake was 0.18 L. Goats are milked once a day and the residual milk is left for the kids. Milking starts about one week after parturition and stops when the goat becomes pregnant or the kid(s) die or the goat is drying off. The repeatability of the 90-day milk offtake was 0.24 ± 0.09. Sixty-five percent of goat owner were women and a large fraction of goat owners also owned cattle. Goat milk was used exclusively for home consumption. It is concluded that in breeding and extension work more attention should be given to aspects of milk production.     

Village N'Dama Cattle Production in West Africa: Six years of research in The Gambia

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

生物技术在畜牧业中的应用

生物技术是人们以现代的科学原理，利用生物体或者生物的组织细胞及组分的特征和功能，设计构建具有预期性状的新物种或新品系，以及与工程原理相结合进行加工生产，为社会提供产品和服务的一个综合性技术体系。一般说来生物技术包括基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程、发酵工程和蛋白质工程     

家畜主要组织相容性复合体的分型方法研究

生物体免疫应答的遗传学基础及其基因调控主要涉及免疫球蛋白、T细胞抗原受体和主要组织相容性复合体(maljor histocompatibility，MHC)3个基因系统。前两者是在个体内的细胞和分子水平呈现其多样性，而MHC则是在群体内的个体水平显示其多态性，在区别同一种群内不同个体免疫应答能力和疾病易感性等差异方面，3个基因系统中的MHC起主导作用，因而MHC是近年来免疫遗传学中最为活跃的领域。     

巢湖市居巢区畜牧业产业化形势与发展对策

安徽省巢湖市居巢区畜牧业在全区农村经济中一直占有举足轻重的地位,是农民致富奔小康的支柱产业。2008年全区生猪饲养量26．4万头,其中出栏17．27万头;家禽饲养量1540万只,其中出栏1075万只;肉类总产3．21万吨,禽蛋总产1．75万吨,畜牧业产值7．91亿元,占农业总产值的25．86％。     

A Livestock Guardian Dog by Any Other Name: Similar Response to Wolves Across Livestock Guardian Dog Breeds

Nonlethal tools for reducing livestock depredations, such as livestock guardian dogs (LGDs; Canis familiaris), reduce lethal management of livestock predators and have been widely adopted by domestic sheep (Ovis aries) producers in the United States. However, compared with their success in reducing coyote (Canis latrans) depredations, commonly used LGD breeds appear less effective against wolves (Canis lupus). With more than 30 distinct LGD breeds found throughout the world, certain breeds may be more effective at deterring specific threats. We compared LGD breeds commonly used in the United States, collectively called whitedogs, with three European breeds selected for boldness toward carnivores, history of use in areas with wolves, lack of aggression toward humans, and size. We collected data on LGD behavior with sheep herds in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming in 2015 and 2016. We also developed a test to examine LGDs’ response to a simulated encounter with a wolf while on summer grazing range. Results from generalized linear mixed models of proportion of time spent in a given behavior indicate that few significant behavioral differences exist among tested breeds. Kangals tended to be more investigative when engaging a decoy, karakachans more vigilant, and transmontanos more able to decipher a threatening from unthreatening stimulus. Transmontanos also spent less time scanning than whitedogs, and there was a marginally significant effect of karakachans moving more than whitedogs. While these subtle behavioral differences may help livestock producers make tailored decisions in choosing the appropriate LGD for their needs and circumstance, our results suggest that behavioral differences among breeds may be less common than often suggested.     

硒在畜牧生产中的应用趋势

畜禽日粮中添加硒添加剂能提高畜禽生产性能,改善畜产品质量.然而饲喂硒添加剂带来的负面影响也不可忽视.笔者对硒的营养机制、应用现状、硒源供应等方面进行综合分析,从正反两方面阐述硒源使用特点,提出未来硒源应用的发展趋势.     

Screening Village N'Dama Cows in The Gambia with Respect to Milk Yield

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

电解水在畜禽生产中的应用

电解水是一种瞬时、广谱、高效、廉价、安全无污染无残留的新型消毒剂。根据电解方式和电解程度不同,可分为5种不同类型,且不同类型的电解水在畜禽生产中的用途各不相同。电解水在食品加工中应用已经较为广泛,近年来研究人员开始将其应用于畜禽生产中的杀菌消毒,取得了良好的效果。将碱性电解水作为畜禽饮用水,可促进畜禽机体健康。作者综述了电解水的生成机理、理化性质和作用机制等,并对其在畜禽生产中的主要应用范围进行了介绍。     

放牧家畜采食的调控

放牧家畜的采食行为受不同调控途径调控。视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉、学习途径促使家畜产生正向或负向的采食经验,家畜通过采食经验自发地对草地进行可持续利用与管理。采食经验的主要内容是家畜通过各个调控途径将草地牧草的物理指标与牧草的适口性建立联系。家畜可通过视觉将牧草的高度、密度、颜色等与牧草适口性建立联系;通过嗅觉、味觉将牧草的气味、味道与牧草适口性建立联系;通过触觉将牧草的物理性质与牧草适口性建立联系。合理的放牧管理制度和生境条件也可调控家畜的采食行为。     

Ownership Pattern and Management Practices of Cattle Herds in The Gambia: Implications for a Breeding Programme

A questionnaire and a census were carried out in 1998/99 on 201 cattle herds in 44 villages located in three different areas of The Gambia, in order to obtain information about the ownership pattern, management and breeding practices for optimizing and extending a pure breeding scheme for indigenous N'Dama cattle. The herds had an average of 58.5 head, of which 39.3% were cows, and most of them were multiowner herds, having on average 5.5 owners. Overall, women represented 38.3% of the owners, but they owned only 15.9% of the cattle. Some of the senior herdsmen received no payment, as they were family members, but most of them received payment in kind, i.e. milk off-take from the herd. Payment in cash only or cash as well as milk was rare. In larger herds it was quite common for additional herdsmen to be hired throughout the year, their payment shifting towards cash only or cash and milk. Many small herds had no older bulls or breeding bull and almost all breeding bulls were born within the herd. In most cases, it was the herd owner who was responsible for the selection of the breeding bull. Traits related to the growth and milk production of the dam were considered as most important for a good breeding bull. The results are discussed with respect to the extension of a pure breeding scheme for N'Dama cattle.     

西北主要生态区家畜生产特征及 发展对策分析

动物生产是西北地区传统的农业产业, 对于农业结构调整、发展草地农业具有十分重要的战略意义。本研究选择青藏高原的玛曲、黄土高原的环县和河西内陆干旱区的民勤为主要代表, 认为天然草地退化加剧、面积缩小, 栽培草地面积不足、品种单一且产量低, 畜群管理不善等阻碍了草、畜生产系统的天然耦合联系, 也是限制区域动物生产的根本原因。为此, 本研究提出以暖棚养殖+冬季补饲, 家庭联户经营式, 异地短期育肥以及草-畜耦合作为西北主要生态区家畜生产的发展模式。