Molecular diffuse interstellar band carriers in the red rectangle

High-resolution optical spectroscopic observations of unidentified emission bands from the unusual biconical nebula known as the Red Rectangle are reported. The peak wavelengths and the widths of prominent bands near 5799, 5853, and 6616 angstroms decrease with increasing offset from the central A0-type star HD 44179 and, in the limit of large distance from the star, are shown to converge toward the known values for some of the narrower diffuse interstellar absorption bands at 5797, 5850, and 6614 angstroms. The same carriers give rise to both Red Rectangle emission and corresponding diffuse interstellar absorption bands, and these particular bands arise from electronic transitions in gas-phase molecules.     

Moon: infrared studies of surface composition

Infrared reflectance studies of small lunar regions reveal several absorption bands which match those of ferrous iron in laboratory spectra of olivines and orthopyroxenes. The craters Kepler and Aristarchus exhibit absorption bands suggestive of orthopyroxene, whereas the background mare material shows a band probably due to olivine.     

Two-dimensional electronic excitations in self-assembled conjugated polymer nanocrystals

Several spectroscopic methods were applied to study the characteristic properties of the electronic excitations in thin films of regioregular and regiorandom polythiophene polymers. In the regioregular polymers, which form two-dimensional lamellar structures, increased interchain coupling strongly influences the traditional one-dimensional electronic properties of the polymer chains. The photogenerated charge excitations (polarons) show two-dimensional delocalization that results in a relatively small polaronic energy, multiple absorption bands in the gap where the lowest energy band becomes dominant, and associated infrared active vibrations with reverse absorption bands caused by electron-vibration interferences. The relatively weak absorption bands of the delocalized polaron in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges may help to achieve laser action in nanocrystalline polymer devices using current injection.     

Circular dichroism of biological macromolecules

Circular dichroism, the unequal absorption of right and left circularly polarized light, is a manifestation of optical activity in the vicinity of absorption bands. To the experimental scientist interested in the conformation of macromolecules and in the sensitive response of optical activity to conformational alteration, it offers a relatively new and powerful means of understanding the environment of chromophoric residues. As a tool in the elucidation of electronic spectra, it should be useful to the theoretical scientist in identifying weakly allowed absorption bands as well as in providing rotational parameters which can be compared with the developing theory of optical activity. I have stressed application of circular dichroism, to experimental aspects of protein and nucleic acid conformation in solution. Much is still uncertain in particular quantitative details. However, even these early results shed new light and yield new information on the conformation of these molecules.     

Lunar soil: iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction

A study of absorption bands in simulated lunar glasses resulted in the discovery of a Ti(4+)-O(2-) charge transfer band at 0.26 micrometer and two Fe(2+)-Ti(4+) bands at 0.34 and 0.42 micrometer. These results indicate that the properties of lunar soil are somewhat affected by the glass content but are controlled by other factors.     

Orientation of the dipole moments of hydroxyl groups in oxidized and unoxidized biotite

Observations of the infrared absorption bands attributed to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups in biotite containing predominantly ferrous iron show that the dipole moments of the hydroxyls associated with ferrous iron are oriented perpendicular to the cleavage plane of the lattice. Oxidation in the biotite from ferrous iron to ferric iron results in the disappearance of the infrared absorption bands due to the hydroxyls associated with ferrous iron. The dipole moments of the hydroxyls associated with ferric iron in the oxidized biotite have been shown to be in an inclined position with respect to the cleavage plae. Our experiments confirm the hypothesis of Barshad and Kishk regarding the effect of oxidation on the replaceability of interlayer potassium ions in biotite by ammonium ions.     

A combined irradiance-transmittance solar spectrum and its application to photovoltaic efficiency calculations

SOLTRAN is a flexible computer model for the direct solar beam intensity spectrum at the earth's surface. It has been derived by combining the extra-terrestrial solar spectrum with the atmospheric transmittance spectrum. Application of SOLTRAN to the calculation of the potential efficiency of photovoltaic cells demonstrates the effect of atmospheric absorption bands. These bands prevent unequivocal assignment of optimum energy gap values.     

Mars: new absorption bands in the spectrum

New absorption bands have been found in the near-infrared spectrum of Mars by Fourier spectroscopy. They are tentatively identified in part as due to reduced gases in the Martian atmosphere.     

稻叶瘟对水稻光谱特性的影响研究

本文通过对4个感染不同等级稻叶瘟的水稻冠层反射光谱进行测试，并对光谱反射曲线进行微分分析，研究了绿光区、红光区和近红外区反射光谱的变异特征。结果表明：绿光区、红光区和近外区的水稻冠层光谱反射率随病情程度的加重分别呈现下降、上升和下降的趋势；绿光吸收边缘的特征波长值发生红移，红光吸收边缘和近红外吸收边缘的特征波长值发生蓝移。受害轻时近红外区反射率变化幅度大，受害重时绿光区和红光区反射率变化幅度大。本研究为应用遥感技术早期探测稻叶瘟的发生提供了实验依据。     

中国6种地带性土壤红外光谱特性研究

利用土壤原样研究了中国 6种典型地带性土壤的红外光谱特征。结果表明 ,砖红壤、红壤红外光谱属于高岭石型图谱 ,显著的 36 95 ,36 2 0 ,10 35 cm- 1峰以及 35 2 7cm- 1峰可作为用红外光谱判断热带、南亚热带地带性土壤的特征峰。黄棕壤、褐土、黑垆土、黄绵土红外光谱为蒙脱石型图谱 ,较弱的 36 2 1cm- 1峰 ,3435和 10 2 8～10 32 cm- 1的强宽带 ,以及显著的 14 37cm- 1峰可作为温带半湿润 -半干旱地区石灰性土壤红外光谱的特征标志。黄棕壤是石灰性土壤向热带、南亚热带地区过渡的地带性土壤 ,其红外光谱标志为较宽的 3435 ,10 32 cm- 1吸收带和明显的 36 2 0 cm- 1吸收峰 ,以及较弱的 36 95 cm- 1峰 ,但没有 14 37cm- 1峰。中国从南到北 ,土壤红外光谱的36 96 ,36 2 1cm- 1 峰、石英双峰 (798,780 cm- 1 )的 797cm- 1 峰吸收强度逐渐减弱 ,而石英双峰的 780 cm- 1 峰吸收强度逐渐增强。     

扶手椅型石墨烯纳米带边缘的硼掺杂

利用第一性原理研究了2种边缘掺杂硼方式的扶手椅型石墨烯纳米带.结果表明：硼掺杂使得沿纳米带方向的晶格常数发生改变,并且在能带隙中出现新的能带.对于原胞中添加4个硼原子的掺杂方式（B1-7AGNR）,沿纳米带方向的晶格常数有所增加,在带隙中出现了4条能带,其中2条能带来自于硼的2pz轨道,其余2条能带主要来自于硼的2ps和2py轨道.对于原胞中添加2个硼原子的掺杂方式（B2-7AGNR）,沿纳米带方向的晶格常数有所减小,在带隙中出现了2条能带,其来自于硼的2pz轨道.     

Air pollution: sensitive detection of ten pollutant gases by carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide lasers

Detection sensitivities of a few parts per billion for ten gaseous pollutants have been evaluated by measuring the strength of the absorption of infrared radiation from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide lasers. Ethylene concentrations as small as 5 parts per billion have been detected in air. The measured absorption strengths indicate that in mixtures of pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide and water vapor, the sensitivity is reduced by overlapping absorption bands. However, calculations indicate that it should be possible to detect nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 0.01 part per million in the presence of water vapor concentrations of 105 parts per million.     

Band gap of forsterite

Optical absorption and reflectivity measurements on synthetic forsterite show that this silicate has a wide band gap of the order of 8.4 electron volts; thus it resembles other pure insulating oxides such as MgO. For natural olivines, in which divalent cations, mainly Fe(2+), can replace Mg(2+), all the optical absorption bands between the lattice overtones in the infrared and the first excitonic transition at 8.4 electron volts are due to the presence of iron.     

几种典型荒漠植物冠层光谱特征比较研究

选取古尔班通古特沙漠南缘柽柳、梭梭和乌兰布和沙漠东北缘霸王、四合木、白刺、油蒿、红砂等7种荒漠植物为对象,通过获取各植物的冠层光谱反射率,采用光谱学分析法,提取光谱吸收特征参数,确定荒漠植物识别的最佳波段。结果表明,各荒漠植物的波谷波长位置接近,吸收波段特征有一定的相似性。具体看,梭梭和柽柳的波谱吸收特征更相近,其他5种植物更相近。应用二阶导数方法,在350~1 350 nm建立了5个具有植物生化意义的谱带,并得到典型荒漠植被识别的12个最佳波段。研究成果不仅可以为荒漠植被遥感识别和分类提供参考,也为荒漠植被生态监测提供一定科学依据。     

Cd对小白菜萌发生理影响的FTIR-ATR研究

应用傅立叶变换-衰减全反射红外光谱(FTIR-ATR)分析方法,用在一定浓度(0.0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0mg·kg-1)Cd胁迫下萌发3d的小白菜做试验材料,揭示了小白菜幼芽和幼根中蛋白质、碳水化合物的含量以及蛋白质二级结构对Cd胁迫的不同响应。结果表明,Cd处理导致幼根和幼芽1632cm-1和1030cm-1吸收峰强度显著增强,且1632cm-1峰的波数降低,说明蛋白质、碳水化合物含量增高以及蛋白质二级结构保持稳定,是小白菜种子萌发过程中抵御Cd毒害的重要原因。幼根FTIR谱未出现1710cm-1峰,说明分泌有机酸螯合Cd并非种子萌发初期幼根抗Cd毒机制。幼根中碳水化合物吸收峰强度,随着Cd处理浓度的增加增大,而幼芽中则先减小后增大,说明幼芽(主要为子叶)中的糖类转运至根部,以提高对Cd的耐受性。FTIR谱主要吸收峰强度与生理指标之间的相关性分析结果表明,小白菜幼根FTIR谱中主要吸收峰的强度与根长、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(Malondial dehyde,MDA)含量等指标之间显著相关。以上结果说明FTIR-ATR法可用于植物对Cd胁迫的适应过程的生理学研究。     

Electron microprobe and optical absorption study of colored kyanites

The characteristic blue color of the mineral kyanite is shown to be caused by traces of Ti(+++) in the range of a few parts per million. Evidence from the intensity and position of optical absorption bands indicates that the unusually intense color probably arises from electron delocalization into narrow d-bands.     

砂姜黑土土壤有机碳高光谱特征与定量估算模型的研究

有机碳作为衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,其定量化快速监测成为精确农业研究的热点。以安徽淮北平原区宿州市采集的砂姜黑土为研究对象,进行室内理化分析、预处理与室外光谱测量等一系列工作,在土壤原始光谱反射率的基础上,采用去包络线和波段深度提取突出吸收特征,剖析土壤光谱响应特征。基于原始光谱和8种变换形式,分析不同变换光谱形式与有机碳含量的相关性,结合有机碳光谱响应特征分析和光谱特征参量挑选,确定诊断土壤有机碳含量的最佳敏感波段,利用逐步回归方法建立了土壤有机碳高光谱的预测模型。结果表明,550~750nm波段范围是典型砂姜黑土有机碳的主要光谱响应区域。去包络线和波段深度处理突出了土壤有机碳光谱吸收特征,随着有机碳含量的降低,吸收值呈现下降趋势。在不同光谱转换形式中,归一化比值指数(R/R_(M(450-750)))的转换形式与土壤有机碳相关性最强,最敏感波段分别出现在451 nm和644 nm处,相关系数分别达0.80和–0.90。相关性最好的波段范围主要集中在600~700 nm波段附近。基于相关分析与逐步回归分析方法,确定了606、637和644 nm波段处的归一化比值指数为诊断土壤有机碳含量的最佳敏感波段,基于最佳敏感波段的归一化比值指数(R_(606)/R_(M(450-750)),R_(637)/R_(M(450-750))和R_(644)/R_(M(450-750)))建立的高光谱预测土壤有机碳模型具有良好的预测效果,模型的决定系数(R~2)为0.81,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.14,展现了较好的稳定性和预测精度。     

连云港盐藻色素的吸收光谱研究

[目的]了解连云港盐藻色素的光学特性。[方法]用纸层析法分离连云港盐藻色素,获得叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素和胡萝卜素4条色带,经紫外可见分光光度计扫描吸收光谱。[结果]叶绿素a的吸收峰为434和665 nm,叶绿素b的吸收峰为460和651 nm,胡萝卜素的吸收峰为456 nm,叶黄素吸收峰为450和479 nm。连云港盐藻色素的吸收光谱与高等绿色植物基本相同,说明连云港盐藻色素在光合作用过程中与高等绿色植物具有相同的光生理活性,承担光能的吸收、传递、转换作用,参与水的分解和氧气的释放,促进细胞中物质的合成与积累等。[结论]高等植物光合生理的理论适用于指导连云港盐藻的物质生产过程。     

Organic matter on asteroid 130 elektra

Infrared absorption spectra of a low-albedo water-rich asteroid appear to show a weak 3.4-micrometer carbon-hydrogen stretching mode band, which suggests the presence of hydrocarbons on asteroid 130 Elektra. The organic extract from the primitive carbonaceous chondritic Murchison meteorite shows similar spectral bands.     

Spectral reflectivity of lunar samples

Twelve rock chips and two samples of fines all have electronic absorption bands in diffuse reflected light between 0.32 and 2.5 micrometers. Major bands occur between 0.94 and 1.00 micrometer and at 2.0 micrometers, and arise from Fe(2+) in clinopyroxene and to a lesser extent in olivine. A band at 0.95 micrometer and other details of curve slope and shape for the lunar surface fines match McCord's telescopic curve for an 18-kilometer area that includes the Apollo-il site. Results confirm mineralogical predictions based on telescopic data and support the feasibility of obtaining mineralogical information by remote and in glass content. reflectivity measurements.