垃圾堆肥对铬污染土壤的修复机理研究

运用二次通用旋转组合试验设计，通过模拟土培试验，研究垃圾堆肥对铬污染土训中有效铬含量的影响，铬的形态变化。结果表明，垃圾堆肥可显著减少铬污染土壤中有效铬含量，垃圾堆肥主要是促进水溶志铬向结晶形沉淀态铬转化；垃圾堆肥用于修复铬污染土壤是安全的。     

石灰和海泡石对镉污染土壤的修复效应与机理研究

研究了稻作和旱作两种种植制度下,施用石灰、海泡石及两种改良剂配施对镉污染土壤pH值、土壤镉形态变化及作物对镉的吸收等的影响.结果表明,施用改良剂使稻作条件下的土壤pH提高0.3～1.8个单位,旱作条件下土壤pH提高幅度为0.3～2.0个单位:两种种植制度下,作物有效性较高的酸提取态镉含量显著减少,而作物有效性较低的可还原态和残渣态镉含量显著增加,进而引起了水稻和萝卜对镉的吸收量降低.其中以石灰和海泡石配施的效果最好,单施海泡石次之,单施石灰效果最差,且各处理均随改良剂用量的增加效果增强,虽然,施用改良剂可以有效降低土壤中镉的作物有效性,但对水稻产量和生物量及镉在水稻和萝卜两种作物地上部分的分配规律均没有明显的影响.     

MgAl-LDHs磁性颗粒对镉污染农田土壤的减量修复研究

本研究以不同巯基改性的镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(MgAl-LDHs)为原材料制备了四种毫米级磁性颗粒修复材料,并开展了对土壤中镉(Cd)去除效果的对比试验,考察MgAl-LDHs磁性颗粒修复材料的投加量和作用时间对Cd去除效果的影响,探讨了修复材料对三种实际污染农田土壤(Cd总量在0.73~0.86 mg/kg之间)中Cd的去除效果与机制。结果表明,以泰克莱尔MgAl-LDHs为原材料制得磁粒MgAl-LDHs-C对Cd的去除效果最好。确定磁粒MgAl-LDHs-C与土壤的最佳投加质量比为1:10,最适作用时间为3 h,在此条件下,浙江台州土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量由0.56 mg/kg下降至0.30 mg/kg；控制m(土):V(液)为1:2,反应温度为25 ℃,振荡频率为180 r/min,按照最优选投加量和作用时间分别向江苏太仓、甘肃白银和浙江台州污染农田土壤中施用MgAl-LDHs-C,三种土壤中Cd总量去除率分别达到26.0%、23.8%和34.7%。对土壤Cd的形态分析结果表明,MgAl-LDHs-C可以显著降低土壤可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态Cd的含量。本研究所制备的MgAl-LDHs-C材料具有良好的土壤Cd去除能力,可为Cd污染农田土壤的减量修复提供科学依据。     

磷灰石等改良剂对重金属铜镉污染土壤的田间修复研究

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷灰石、石灰、木炭、猪粪、铁粉5种改良剂对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤的改良效果。结果表明,石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪降低了土壤溶液中重金属Cu、Cd的含量,提高了土壤溶液的pH,但改良效果随着时间的推移不断降低。磷灰石、石灰、木炭的加入显著降低了有效态Cu含量,但对有效态Cd含量影响较小。与猪粪相比,磷灰石、石灰、木炭显著增加了黑麦草生物量,提高了对重金属Cu、Cd的吸收能力,对该污染土壤的修复具有实践应用价值。     

2种菌联合修复农田土壤镉污染的研究

采用盆栽试验,运用BCR四步法、火焰原子吸收法和稀释涂布平板法等方法,研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudanonas palustris)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)联合作用对修复农田土壤重金属镉污染盆栽种植小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis Makino)的效果及安全性,旨在探讨降低土壤镉生物有效性的有效途径,为新型生物菌肥研究提供理论依据。结果表明,沼泽红假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌单独作用以及联合作用均能使农田土壤中镉的固定态增加,降低农田土壤中镉的生物有效性,联合菌处理组镉的生物有效性降低最显著,为32.70%,均对农田土壤中微生物各生理类群数量有显著性影响(P0.05),其中,细菌的数量达到10~5 CFU/g;均显著降低了小白菜根、茎中镉含量,联合菌处理组根、茎中镉的去除率分别达到58.06%～71.37%和73.66%～76.70%;均增加了小白菜株高、茎鲜重、叶绿素a、b的含量和叶绿素a/b的比值,联合菌处理组小白菜的生物量增加18.13%～69.55%。研究结果说明,沼泽红假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌联合作用,对农田土壤镉污染的修复效果显著,且促进了小白菜的生长,具有修复农田土壤重金属污染的潜力。     

不同改良剂对镉污染土壤中小白菜吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验, 研究了施用石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭、碱渣4种土壤改良剂对外加镉污染的赤红壤上小白菜产量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉及pH的影响。结果表明: 外加1 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1镉对小白菜生物量无显著影响, 且1 mg·kg^-1镉对小白菜生长有一定的促进作用; 施用改良剂对镉污染土壤上小白菜无显著增产效果。施用4种改良剂均能降低小白菜地上部镉含量, 作用效果为石灰≈泥炭>碱渣>钙镁磷肥。不同改良剂对小白菜根部镉含量影响不同, 泥炭和石灰在所有镉浓度下、钙镁磷肥在0和1 mg·kg^-1镉浓度下可显著降低根部镉含量, 而碱渣无明显作用, 种植两茬规律一致。土壤有效态镉含量与pH呈显著负相关; 施用石灰、碱渣、钙镁磷肥使土壤pH显著升高, 有效态镉含量显著降低, 从而降低小白菜对镉的吸收; 泥炭可显著提高土壤pH, 虽降低土壤有效态镉作用效果不显著, 但显著降低小白菜体内镉含量, 这可能与土壤中形成难以被植物吸收的镉有机结合物有关。两茬蔬菜种植结果显示, 施用后期改良剂对镉污染的抑制效果也较明显。     

镉污染稻田土壤调理剂效果研究

为了验证土壤调理剂对降低稻米镉含量和提高水稻产量的作用,于2018年7月-11月进行了该产品在水稻上的田间试验.结果表明:与不施土壤调理剂的对照相比,施用土壤调理剂能改善水稻多项经济性状,水稻株高、有效穗、穗长、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重均有所增加.根据水稻产量构成性状计算的理论产量看,稻谷增产率在11.1％-...     

石灰与生物炭配施对不同浓度镉污染土壤修复

通过室内培养试验,研究生物炭与石灰不同用量配施对镉污染土壤pH和镉赋存形态的影响。结果表明,生物炭与石灰配施能够明显提高污染土壤pH,且随着施入量的增加pH提升效果显著。随着石灰和生物炭配施用量的增加,土壤交换态镉降低比例逐渐增大。培养60天后,镉污染浓度为5mg/kg的土壤交换态镉含量同对照处理相比依次减少36.80%,49.12%和57.38%;而土壤镉污染浓度为20mg/kg的土壤交换态镉含量较对照相比分别降低29.27%,31.68%和39.03%。2个浓度中土壤碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉和有机结合态镉均有所增加,残渣态镉虽有所增加,但在不同浓度之间存在差异。总体来看,本试验用量条件下,石灰和生物炭配施对污染浓度为5mg/kg的土壤镉钝化效果优于污染浓度为20mg/kg的土壤。     

膨润土对轻度镉污染土壤钝化修复效应研究

通过盆栽和大田小区试验,研究了膨润土对Cd污染土壤修复效应。结果表明,盆栽和大田条件下施用膨润土后土壤Cd交换态含量分别较对照降低了41.3%~86.1%和7.9%~24.6%,铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)和残渣态(RES)Cd含量则有所上升。水稻各部分Cd含量总体上随膨润土投加量的增加而降低,与对照相比,盆栽条件下根、茎、叶、糙米中Cd含量最大降幅分别达到46.0%、49.8%、54.2%和71.8%,大田小区条件下水稻各部分Cd含量最大降幅分别达到35.3%、48.8%、36.0%和40.9%。投加不同浓度膨润土后,水稻幼苗叶片SOD酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量在一定程度上有所促进,而POD酶活性和MDA含量则表现为明显的抑制效应(P0.05)。在盆栽和大田实验中,施用膨润土显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),与之相反,在盆栽实验中,土壤Cd蔗糖酶活性较对照处理显著降低(P0.05),降幅达44.3%~52.3%,而大田条件下各处理间差异不显著(P0.05);脲酶活性随膨润土施加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。     

含铁介质用于修复砷污染土壤研究综述

原位固化/稳定化技术被认为是当前土壤砷污染修复中相对经济、高效的技术之一,含铁介质是土壤固砷的一类上佳材料。从含铁材料修复砷污染土壤的研究现状出发,阐述其固砷机理,主要包括吸附、络合作用以及沉淀/共沉淀作用。介绍了5种常用的固砷效果评价方法,分别为化学形态连续提取法、毒性特征浸滤法、植物指示法、体外消化模拟法以及现代物理学方法。阐述了土壤环境条件,如酸碱条件、氧化还原条件以及土壤中共存离子和有机质的变化对固砷效果的影响。总结了目前含铁材料用于修复砷污染土壤的不足之处,并指出了今后的研究重点。     

海泡石对镉污染土壤改良效果的研究

通过人工模拟污染、采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了海泡石对镉污染土壤的改良效果,试验结果表明:海泡石能显著促进空心菜的生长,抑制空心菜对镉的吸收,降低空心菜植株体内镉的浓度,同时,由于海泡石具有很大的表面积和较大的吸附量,可降低土壤镉的有效性。海泡石可作为镉污染土壤的改良剂。     

Effects of residue coverage on the characteristics of soil carbon pools in orchards

The effects of organic waste coverage on the quality of soil carbon (C) pools in orchards remain unclear. In this study, we performed a 3-year experiment in an 8-year-old Fuji apple orchard to investigate the effects of inter-row weed growing/inner-row pruning residue coverage (PRC), weed coverage (WC), and inter-row weed growing/inner-row non-coverage (used as a control) on the contents of soil water, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, organic C components, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), soil microbial biomass C, and the number of microorganisms at different soil depths. PRC increased the percentage of readily oxidizable C (ROC), whereas WC improved the percentage of soil humin (HM). Thus, PRC enhanced SOC activity, whereas WC promoted SOC stability. Moreover, soil water, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents increased in WC in 0–20-cm soil depths as compared to that in PRC, and the correlation between total GRSP (T-GRSP) and HM (r = 0.92) was higher than that between T-GRSP and ROC (r = 0.79). Therefore, T-GRSP is important in HM formation and maintaining stability of C pools. Overall, these results improve our understanding of the positive effect of organic waste coverage on soil internal C cycling and energy flow within an orchard ecosystem.     

镉污染土壤根际环境的调节与植物修复研究进展

简要回顾了近年来土壤镉污染现状,介绍了根际环境的调节作用、镉污染土壤的植物修复技术的类型、特点及植物修复情况,并对今后植物修复发展前景作了进一步展望,为实现对镉污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

环境材料对Pb、Cd污染土壤玉米生长及土壤改良效果的影响

为探索环境材料对种植于Pb、Cd污染土壤中的玉米生长、品质的影响, 以及对Pb、Cd重金属污染土壤的改良效应, 本文采用温室盆栽方法, 研究了不同环境材料[腐殖质类材料(HA)、高分子材料(SAP)、煤基复合材料(FM)及粉质矿物材料(FS)]及其复合处理对Pb-Cd复合污染土壤中玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、品质及根系土壤环境的影响。结果表明, 添加环境材料组合F22(FM+SAP)、F23(FS+SAP)及F32(HA+SAP+FS)能促进苗期玉米生长, 长势好于对照; 所有环境材料处理中玉米地上部粗灰分含量都低于对照, 添加单一环境材料对玉米地上部粗淀粉含量的提高效果高于对照、优于组合; 处理FM、F33(SAP+FM+FS)及F4(HA+SAP+FM+FS)对土壤中Pb固定效果显著, 抑制土壤中Pb向玉米体内迁移; 单一处理FM、FS及组合F33(SAP+FM+FS)对土壤重金属Cd固化效果明显, 抑制土壤中Cd向玉米体内迁移。环境材料的添加在一定程度上有助于土壤基本理化性质的改善, 促进土壤改良, 同时环境材料对阻止土壤重金属向植物体迁移有一定作用。     

不同土壤对Cr吸附的动力学特征

该文采用振荡平衡法比较了来自中国15 个省区16 种土壤对Cr（VI）的吸附及其动力学特性,并探讨了土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量和有机质对Cr（VI）吸附及其动力学参数的影响。结果表明：具有较低土壤pH值和较高物理黏粒含量的土壤对Cr（VI）具有较大的表观吸附量,而土壤阳离子交换量和有机质因素对土壤Cr（VI）的表观吸附量影响较小。酸性土壤对Cr（VI）吸附能力较强,可以采用一级动力学方程和抛物线方程描述Cr（VI）在酸性土壤中的动力学行为,且土壤的表观吸附速率和平衡时的吸附量与土壤的pH值呈显著（p＜0.05）负相关关系,而与物理黏粒含量呈显著（p＜0.01）正相关关系;而碱性土壤对Cr（VI）吸附能力较小,很难用动力学方程描述其吸附动力学特性。可见,土壤pH值不仅影响土壤对Cr（VI）的表观吸附量,并且对Cr（VI）表观吸附动力学特征产生了较大影响。     

影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的因素及镉污染土壤的植物修复

阐述了镉的来源及其对人类的危害,并对影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的土壤因素中的pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、有机物质、营养物质浓度对镉的植物有效性的作用作了详细的阐述。此外对其它如EDTA、淤泥等对土壤中镉的植物有效性的影响和镉污染土壤的植物修复等方面也进行了综述,并对镉污染土壤的修复治理与趋势进行了展望。     

低量施氮对小青菜生长和氮素损失的影响

采用田间试验和微区试验相结合,研究了低量施氮对小青菜(Brassica.chinensis)产量、氮肥利用率和氮素损失的影响,其中氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了小青菜的产量和吸氮量,在75和150kg/hm2氮肥水平下,氮肥利用率分别为46.8%和39.4%。由于试验地土壤pH低(5.38),各处理的氨挥发均很低且差异不大,施用氮肥没有增加氨挥发。试验地土壤反硝化损失和N2O排放量较高,分别为N4.34kg/hm2/sup和N2.65kg/hm2,施用氮肥没有增加反硝化损失和N2O排放,表明氮源不是反硝化作用的限制因子。在N75和150kg/hm2两个施氮水平下,氮素回收率分别为103%和91.3%,并且土壤残留氮主要累积在020cm土层,表明肥料氮损失很少,这与氨挥发、反硝化损失较低的结果相吻合。     

Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in the seleniferous region of northwestern India from 2001 to 2006 to evaluate the efficiency of four cropping systems in removing Se from contaminated soil containing 2843–4345 μg Se per kg in the surface layer (0–15 cm). Rapeseed (Brassica napus) followed by arhar (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) or cotton (Gossypium arboretum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by rice (Oryza sativa) were the four cropping systems. The total biomass generated by Brassica‐based systems ranged from 16 to 21 t/ha when harvested at maturity. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice sequence were 22–26 t/ha. Among the different crops at both the experimental sites, the highest Se content was recorded in leaves (157–209 mg/kg), grains (64–201 mg/kg) and stems (42–93 mg/kg) of Brassica and the lowest in the shoots (10–27 mg/kg), grains (5–13 mg/kg) and straw (13–20 mg/kg) of the rice crop. Except for S and P, concentrations of other nutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were not significantly affected by variations in the Se content of plants. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between Se and S (r = 0.838, P ≤ 0.001), Se and P (r = 0.817, P ≤ 0.001) at the peak flowering stage (n = 16), and r = 0.743, P ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.498, P ≤ 0.05, respectively, at the maturity stage (n = 16). Total Se removal through harvested biomass of rapeseed‐based cropping sequences varied from 716 to 1374 g/ha/yr at peak flowering and 736–949 g/ha/yr at the maturity stage. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice system were 435–492 and 370–517 g/ha/yr, respectively. The amount of Se recycled through leaf senescence ranged from 255 to 500 g/ha/yr for Brassica‐based cropping systems. In the wheat–rice system, Se addition through irrigation varied from 170 to 243 g/ha/yr and was three to four times more than that added in Brassica‐based systems. On completion of the phytoremediation experiments at site I, Se removal through harvested biomass at maturity was 1.7–5.1% of total Se in the soil down to a depth of 120 cm and 4.8–13.2% at site II. Analysis showed that Se losses under different crop rotations were 18.5–24.5% at site I and 21–33% at site II of total soil Se. Thus, at both sites 16–20% of total Se lost from the soil was unexplained. Results show that Brassica‐based cropping systems lead to significant reductions in Se capital of contaminated soil over 2–3 years. Although a long‐term commitment is required, adoption of Brassica‐based systems as a regular agricultural practice must lead to sustainable management of seleniferous soils.     

Assessment of heavy metal uptake and translocation in Dyera costulata for phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soil

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread global problem causing serious environmental concern. Cadmium, one of the heavy metals, is water soluble and can be transferred from soil to plants and enter into the food chain. It is detrimental to human health because it accumulates in the body and can cause renal tubular dysfunction, pulmonary emphysema and osteoporosis. This heavy metal needs to be cleaned up for a clean and safe environment. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of Dyera costulata as a phytoremediator to absorb cadmium from contaminated soils. Dyera costulata seedlings were planted on six different growth media (soil + different levels of cadmium): Control, 25 ppm Cd, 50 ppm Cd, 75 ppm Cd, 100 ppm Cd and 150 ppm Cd. The highest growth performance mainly height, basal diameter and number of leaves were in the control, 50 ppm Cd and 25 ppm Cd treatments, respectively. The highest accumulation of cadmium (52.9 ppm) was in the 75 ppm Cd treatment. Among the plant parts, leaves showed the highest concentration of cadmium. Dyera costulata showed high translocation factor and low bioconcentration factor values in soil at high cadmium concentrations and was also able to tolerate and accumulate high concentrations of cadmium. The roots of Dyera costulata were found to be suitable for the absorption of cadmium in contaminated soils. This species can be an efficient phytoremediator for soils contaminated with cadmium.