Spatial variability in commercial orange groves. Part 1: canopy volume and height

Precision Agriculture - Characterizing crop spatial variability is crucial for estimating the opportunities for site-specific management practices. In the context of tree crops, ranging sensor...     

Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil fertility and plant nutrition is critical for planning and implementing site-specific vineyard management. To better understand the key drivers behind vineyard variability, yield mapping from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 (the monitor broke down in 2006) was used to identify zones of different productive potential in a Pinot Noir field located in Raimat (Lleida, Spain). Simultaneously, the vineyard field was sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007, applying three different schemes (depending on the number of target vines in different grape yield zones). The sampling carried out in 2002, which involved different soil, topographic and crop properties (mineral contents in petiole), made it possible to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the grape yield variability. The zones of lowest yield coincided with locations in which the nutritional status of the crop exhibited the lowest values, particularly with respect to petiole contents of calcium and manganese. Sampling systems adopted in 2003 and 2007 (grape quality and soil attributes) confirmed the inverse spatial correlation between grape yield and some grape quality parameters and, more importantly, showed that the percentage of soil carbonates had a great influence on grape quality probably due to the reduced availability of manganese in calcareous soils. Site-specific vineyard management could therefore be considered using two different strategies: variable-rate application of foliar fertilizers to increase the yield in areas with low production and also foliar or soil fertilizers to improve the quality specifications in some areas.     

Spatial variability of soil properties and yield of a grazed alfalfa pasture in Brazil

Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil properties and of forage yield is needed for informed use of soil inputs such as variable rate technology (VRT) for lime and fertilizers. The objective of this research was to map and evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties, yield, lime and fertilizer needs and economic return of an alfalfa pasture. The study was conducted in a 5.3 ha irrigated alfalfa pasture in Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil that was directly grazed and intensively managed in a 270-paddock rotational system. Alfalfa shoot dry matter yield was evaluated before grazing. Soil samples were collected at 0–0.2 m depth, and each sample represented a group of 2 or 3 paddocks. Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with a contact sensor. The cost of producing 1 ha of alfalfa was estimated from the amount of lime and fertilizer needed and was then used to estimate the total cost of production for the dairy system. The alfalfa dry matter yield was used to simulate the pasture stocking rate, milk yield, gross revenue and net profit. The spatial variability of soil properties and site-specific liming and fertilizer needs were modeled using semi-variograms with VESPER software, the soil fertility information and economic return were modeled with SPRING software. The results showed that geostatistics and GIS were effective tools for revealing soil and pasture spatial variability and supporting management strategies. Soil nutrients were used to classify the soil spatial distribution map and design site-specific lime and fertilizer application maps. Spatial variation in forage and spatial estimates of stocking and milk yield are adequate pasture management tools. Spatial analyses of needs, forage availability and economic return are management tools for avoiding economic problems, as well as potential environmental problems, caused by unbalanced nutrient supplies and over- or under-grazing.     

Variable-rate seeding in soybean according to soil attributes related to grain yield

Precision Agriculture - Defining the ideal soybean stand is essential for obtaining maximum grain yield. As a hypothesis of the work, it was questioned whether it is possible to vary seeding...     

Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes

Biochar is considered as a beneficial soil amendment for crop production. However, limited information is available on the effects of continuous applications of biochar on rice. In this study, a fixed field experiment was conducted in the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017. Grain yield and yield attributes with a widely-grown rice cultivar Zhongzao 39 were compared, with and without applications of biochar in each season. The results showed that grain yield initially decreased with biochar applications in the first three seasons due to decreases in grain weight and harvest index. Although there were further relative decreases in grain weight and harvest index for rice that was supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons, grain yield was increased(by 4–10%) because of increases in sink size(spikelets per m2) and total biomass. The increased sink size in rice whose soil had been supplied with biochar in the fourth to sixth seasons was achieved by increasing panicle size(spikelets per panicle) or number of panicles, or both. Our study suggests that the positive effects of biochar application on rice yield and yield attributes depend on the duration of biochar application. Further investigations are needed to determine what are the soil and physiological processes for producing yield responses associated with ongoing applications of biochar. Also, it should be evaluated the performance of biochar application combined with other management practices, especially those can increase the grain weight and harvest index in rice production.     

微地形土壤养分空间变异特征及养分管理研究

选取安徽省郑蒲港新区作为研究区域,运用地理信息系统与地统计学相结合的方法,选取土壤有机质、p H、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾作为研究对象,选择不同的插值模型,并分析了各土壤要素的空间变异特征。结果表明,受到土地平整和施肥等人为因素影响,地形因子(高程、坡度)对土壤养分的影响程度较小,研究区河流隔开采样数据出现空间不连续,采用区域分块插值的核平滑方法插值模型最为稳定,更加符合研究区实际情况,不会出现为满足假设条件而出现系数为负的插值方程。研究区5种土壤元素均呈现南北低中间高的趋势,土壤速效钾和有效磷的变异系数较高,碱解氮和有机质变异性较弱,p H变异性最弱。占研究区90%以上的土壤4种养分元素均土壤有机质含量均处在中上水平以上,只有占研究区面积的19.66%和72.30%的碱解氮,分别处在中上、中下水平,研究区面积的61.6%和35.67%的p H分别处于酸和弱酸级水平。     

玛纳斯河流域土壤水分及斥水性空间变异性研究

【目的】研究新疆玛纳斯河流域七大灌区内的土壤含水率及斥水性(用滴水穿透时间表示)的空间变异规律。【方法】在玛纳斯河流域七大灌区布设了400个土壤样点,分别用烘干法和滴水穿透时间法测定各土样的土壤含水率和滴水穿透时间,应用经典统计学方法和考虑高程影响的CoKriging方法分析各灌区土壤含水率及滴水穿透时间的变异规律。【结果】新疆玛纳斯河流域0~10,10~20cm土层土壤含水率均值分别为12.00%和15.60%,平均土壤含水率以10~20cm土层更高;滴水穿透时间均值为1.64s,整体属于不斥水土壤。通过不同趋势效应下预测误差值及块金效应的比较,结果显示,0~10,10~20cm土层土壤含水率空间变异的最优模型分别为0阶指数模型和0阶球状模型,土壤滴水穿透时间空间变异的最优模型为2阶指数模型。0~10cm土层土壤含水率变化呈现出从东南和西北分别向西南和东北方向逐渐减小的趋势,10~20cm土层土壤含水率的变化呈现出从东向西、从南向北逐渐减小的趋势;0~10cm土层土壤含水率变异程度大于10~20cm土层。滴水穿透时间的变化呈现出从东南和西北分别向西南和东北方向逐渐减小的趋势,与0~10cm土层含水率的分布格局相似。【结论】灌区0~10与10~20cm土层土壤含水率的空间分布格局类似,滴水穿透时间的空间分布属于强变异。     

Spatial variability of soil properties in red soil and its implications for site-specific fertilizer management

Assessing spatial variability and mapping of soil properties constitute important prerequisites for soil and crop management in agricultural areas. To explore the relationship between soil spatial variability and land management, 256 samples were randomly collected at two depths(surface layer 0–20 cm and subsurface layer 20–40 cm) under different land use types and soil parent materials in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, a red soil region of China. The pH, soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), cation exchange capacity(CEC), and base saturation(BS) of the soil samples were examined and mapped. The results indicated that soils in Yujiang were acidified, with an average pH of 4.87(4.03–6.46) in the surface layer and 4.99(4.03–6.24) in the subsurface layer. SOM and TN were significantly higher in the surface layer(27.6 and 1.50 g kg~(–1), respectively) than in the subsurface layer(12.1 and 0.70 g kg~(–1), respectively), while both CEC and BS were low(9.0 and 8.0 cmol kg~(–1), 29 and 38% for surface and subsurface layers, respectively). Paddy soil had higher pH(mean 4.99) than upland and forest soils, while soil derived from river alluvial deposits(RAD) had higher pH(mean 5.05) than the other three parent materials in both layers. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were exponential for pH and TN, and spherical for BS in both layers, while spherical and Gaussian were the best fitted for SOM and CEC in the surface and subsurface layers. Spatial dependency varied from weak to strong for the different soil properties in both soil layers. The maps produced by selecting the best predictive variables showed that SOM, TN, and CEC had moderate levels in most parts of the study area. This study highlights the importance of site-specific agricultural management and suggests guidelines for appropriate land management decisions.     

北京市房山区土壤养分的时空变异

[目的]为了给北京房山该区域科学施肥及改善土壤生态环境提供依据.[方法]基于2007年及201 9年北京市房山区土壤养分数据,结合地统计学和GIS方法,探明研究区土壤养分的时空变化特征.[结果]结果表明:研究区有机质和全氮总体上处于高等含量水平,速效钾总体上处于极高含量水平,而有效磷则处于中等较低含量水平,各养分含量均呈现显著的空间和时间变异.土壤有机质和全氮总体分布呈现山区高平原低的趋势,有效磷呈平原耕地高于山区的趋势,速效钾在整个地区都处于较高水平.有效磷的变异系数最大,属于高变异强度,其余养分含量均属于中等变异强度.研究区各项养分块基比在0.63～0.73之间,呈中等空间相关,空间变异情况受随机性因素和结构性因素共同影响,其中施肥管理、种植制度、土地利用方式等人为因素占主导.[结论]12年来,该区各养分含量总体呈上升趋势,有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量分别在55％、67％0、45％、94％的耕地中有明显升高,但研究区内仍有31％的耕地出现了有效磷含量的下降.     

浙江宁海农用地土壤有机质和土壤养分空间变异分析

研究农用地土壤有机质和养分的空间变异,为农田管理和测土施肥提供依据,减少农民不必要的成本投入,有利于生态环境保护。以浙江省宁海县为例,采用地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析、地统计学和Kriging插值方法对耕层土壤的有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾等4种养分要素的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾变异函数曲线的理论模型符合指数模型,速效磷经对数转换后符合球状模型。土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷的块金值/基台值分别为50.5%,59.7%,50.5%,都具有中等的空间相关性,速效钾的块金值/基台值为77.3%,空间相关性较弱。利用Kriging插值方法,考虑趋势性各向异性,获得了各土壤养分质量分数的空间分布图,分析了空间分布规律,并对高程和土地利用类型对土壤养分空间分布影响进行了分析。研究区土壤养分的空间分布是自然和人为利用因素共同作用的结果。图4表4参7     

典型区域土壤重金属空间变异与多变量均质性分区研究

为合理优化筛选土壤长期监测点位,对土壤监测区域开展均质性分区研究,以某山区金属矿下游耕地土壤中As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni、Hg 8种重金属元素含量作为研究变量,采用地统计分析方法对其开展空间结构特征分析,采用主成分-模糊聚类分析方法对土壤空间进行均质性分区研究。结果表明:研究区域8种重金属元素均具有空间自相关性,Hg、Cu、Ni、Cr为中度变异,As、Pb、Zn、Cd为高度变异;通过主成分-模糊聚类分析将8个重金属指标转化为3个综合指标,最终将研究区域合理划分为3个近似均质性的分区,As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni、Hg平均含量为分区1分区2分区3,Cr平均含量为分区3分区2分区1。通过主成分-模糊聚类分析方法得到的分区与实际土壤重金属含量空间分布情况相吻合,该方法可用于空间变异特征较复杂的土壤重金属多变量均质性分区。     

沼肥对早熟蜜柑土壤肥力及产量品质的影响

1999-2004年间在早熟蜜柑上进行施用沼肥、猎粪等有机肥试验，结果表明，施用沼肥可显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮的含量及土壤酶活性；可提高早熟蜜柑叶片叶绿素含量，持续稳定提高早熟蜜柑的产量，改善果实品质，以每公顷施用沼渣112500kg和沼液的处理效果最佳。     

Spatial variability and temporal stability of apparent soil electrical conductivity in a Mediterranean pasture

The general objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the specificity of the spatial and temporal dynamics of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by a electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, over 7 years, in variable conditions (of soil moisture content (SMC), soil vegetation cover and grazing management) and, consequently, (ii) the potential for implementing site-specific management (SSM). The DUALEM 1S sensor was used to measure the EC_a in a 6 ha pasture experimental field four times between June 2007 and February of 2013. Soil spatial variability was characterized by 76 samples, geo-referenced with the global positioning system (GPS). The soil was characterized in terms of texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study shows a significant temporal stability of the EC_a patterns under several conditions, behavior that is an excellent indicator of reliability of this tool to survey spatial soil variability and to delineate potential site-specific management zones (SSMZ). Significant correlations were obtained in this work between the EC_a and relative field elevation, pH, silt and soil moisture content. These results open perspectives for using the EMI sensor as an indicator of SMC in irrigation management and of needs of limestone correction in Mediterranean pastures. However, it is interesting to extend the findings to other types of soil to verify the origin of the lack of correlation between the EC_a data measured by DUALEM sensor and properties such as the clay, organic matter or phosphorus soil content, fundamental parameters for establishment of pasture SSM projects.     

关中平原区土壤5种微量元素的空间变异及分布评价

为了揭示黄土高原地区农田土壤微量元素空间变异规律及分布特征,选择陕西省扶风县揉谷乡新集村为试验区,在219 hm2耕地上用网格法采集364个耕层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,对其5种微量元素B、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu有效含量的空间变异进行地统计学分析,并结合Kriging插值结果对其不同级别含量的分布状况进行评价。结果表明,土壤有效B、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu的理论半方差模型分别符合线性、指数、球状、指数和线性模型,有效B和Mn具有中等的空间相关性,有效Cu、Fe和Zn具有强烈的空间相关性;5种微量元素最大相关距离依次为:B、Cu>Zn>Mn>Fe,最大相关距离为648~1 855.1 m;5种微量元素表现出条带状和斑块状空间分布;有效Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu的含量分布与土壤水分有关,有效B的分布与土壤酸碱度有关。     

柚子园主要土壤肥力属性空间变异及合理取样数研究

对柳州市一个面积约20hm2的柚子园采用50m×50m网格取样,布设76个采样点,对土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的空间变异性及合理取样数作初步研究。结果表明,该柚子园土壤pH、有机质以及大量营养元素含量变异系数范围为6.45%~59.48%。地统计分析表明,这些土壤肥力属性均在一定范围内存在空间相关性,土壤速效钾的空间相关性弱,而有机质、碱解氮具有中等的空间相关性,土壤pH、速效磷空间相关性强。同时探讨了研究区域土壤的pH值、有机质和大量营养元素的合理取样数,结果显示,在95%置信水平下,土壤碱解氮选用5%的相对误差,土壤pH选用10%的相对误差,其余指标选用15%的相对误差水平,土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的推荐取样数分别为2、6、34、28、35个。     

黄土高原沟壑区土壤养分空间变异及其与地形因子的相关性

【目的】研究黄土高原沟壑区土壤养分空间分布特征及变异规律,分析地形因子对土壤养分空间分布的影响,为土壤养分的有效利用与管理提供理论依据。【方法】运用地统计学和GIS技术相结合的方法,研究地处黄土高原沟壑区的安塞县土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的空间变异特征,并利用数字高程模型(DEM)提取坡度、水平曲率、垂直曲率、地形湿度指数和河流动能指数等5个地形因子,分析土壤养分含量与这些地形因子之间的相关性。【结果】(1)土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种土壤养分的变异系数为14.14%～26.84%,块金效应值为16.45%～45.87%。(2)研究区西南部土壤养分含量较高,北部土壤养分含量相对较低。(3)坡度与有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量呈显著或极显著负相关;水平曲率与有机质和速效钾含量呈显著负相关;地形湿度指数与有机质和速效钾含量呈显著正相关。【结论】安塞县土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾养分均具有中等变异性,速效钾具有很强的空间相关性;坡度较小、土壤水分较多、水土流失较轻微的地区,土壤养分含量较高;在施肥时,应增大研究区北部氮、磷的施用量。     

小麦籽粒灌浆期冠层温度与产量相关性状的关系

为了揭示小麦冠层温度对产量作用的实质,探索小麦低温育种工作的技术路线,以18个小麦品种为材料,对籽粒灌浆各阶段的冠层温度和源库活性指标分别进行了主成分分析,并对二者之间的关系进行了相关分析,对冠层温度指数与产量构成因素的关系进行了通径分析和决策分析,对品种的产量结构进行了系统聚类分析。结果表明,小麦籽粒灌浆期冠层温度指数与各源库活性综合指标的相关系数均达到极显著水平;冠层温度指数与籽粒充实指数的直接通径系数和相关系数均达到显著负相关,而与潜在库容的直接通径系数和相关系数均未达到显著水平,各因素对籽粒充实指数的决定作用顺序为冠层温度指数>千粒库容>千粒重,各因素对潜在库容的决定作用顺序为千粒库容>单位面积穗数>穗粒数;参试品种被分为4类,各类之间的产量及产量结构差异明显。可见,小麦冠层温度主要通过籽粒充实指数间接作用于产量,低冠层温度和大潜在库容的优化组合是高产品种的重要特征。     

克拉玛依干旱生态农业区土壤有机质与全氮空间变异特征研究

在新垦荒地以 15m× 15m的网格采样 ,对不同层次土壤有机质与全氮空间变异性进行研究。结果表明 :新垦荒地土壤有机质与全氮含量均为低水平 ,且在土壤表层富集作用不明显 ;不同层次土壤有机质与全氮的空间变异特征具有一定的差异 ,但结构性因素对有机质与全氮的空间变异起主导作用。     

德阳旌阳区土壤氮素空间变异特征及影响因素分析

根据德阳市旌阳区1803个土壤采样点数据,采用地统计学和回归分析方法,对其土壤全氮和碱解氮的空间变异特征进行分析,探讨不同因素对其空间变异的影响。结果表明,研究区土壤全氮和碱解氮含量范围分别为0.52-4.38 g/kg和15.00-326.74 mg/kg,均处于较丰富的水平。土壤全氮和碱解氮的块金值与基台值之化分别为0.264和0.505,具有中等空间相关性,受结构因素与随机因素共同影响。空间分布上均表现为西部平原区明显高于东部丘陵区。土壤母质可独立解释25.7%和12.2%的全氮和碱解氮空间变异。地形因素的解释能力分别为16.7%-29.7%和7.6%-16.2%,其中坡度因子的解释能力最大。土类、亚类和土属对全氮和碱解氮空间变异的独立解释能力分别为23.4%、28.0%、36.6%和12.5%、13.8%、18.6%。种植制度对全氮空间变异的解释能力为33.8%,小于土属的影响程度;对碱解氮的解释能力为22.4%,大于各种结构因素的独立解释能力。研究结果表明研究区土壤全氮空间变异主要受母质、地形等结构因素的综合影响,而人为活动因素是碱解氮空间变异的主控因素。     

儋州市橡胶园土壤磷素空间变异及分区管理研究

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对面积约720km2的儋州市橡胶园土壤磷素营养进行了空间变异特征与分区管理技术研究。结果表明,儋州市橡胶园各土层全磷含量、速效磷含量分别为中等程度变异和强变异;土壤磷素营养缺乏,各土层全磷含量78.56%以上地区处于极低水平,5.08%以上地区速效磷含量在0~20cm、20~40cm土层为中等含量水平,但有小部分处于较好和极低水平;土壤全磷和速效磷含量的最大相关距离在10.34~69.24 km之间,全磷含量基本趋于大块状变异为主,而速效磷含量空间分布为大块状和小块状交叉分布。采用空间叠加方法,进行了橡胶园土壤磷素管理分区,整个研究区域可分为11个磷素管理区,每个分区内具有不同的土壤磷素营养状况,需采取不同的磷素营养管理措施。