保安湖鳜鱼脑垂体周年变化的组织学观察

对性成熟雌性鳜鱼的脑垂体进行了组织学研究。鳜鱼脑垂体由神经垂体和腺垂体两大部分组成。腺垂体分为前叶，间叶和过渡叶。间叶中含有嗜酸性细胞，嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞。其中嗜碱性细胞的形态和数量在年周期中有明显变化，并与生殖活动密切相关。     

Amiloride directly inhibits the Na,K-ATPase activity of rabbit kidney proximal tubules

Amiloride inhibited the ouabain-sensitive rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) of a suspension of rabbit intact proximal tubules in the presence of different concentrations of extracellular sodium. Measurements of the ouabain-sensitive QO2 in the presence of nystatin, the tissue sodium and potassium contents of the tubules in suspension, and the sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) activity of lysed tubule membranes indicated that the effect of amiloride was due to a direct inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase activity of the proximal tubule.     

Diffusible signals, not autonomous mechanisms, determine the main proximodistal limb subdivision

Vertebrate limbs develop three main proximodistal (PD) segments (upper arm, forearm, and hand) in a proximal-to-distal sequence. Despite extensive research into limb development, whether PD specification occurs through nonautonomous or autonomous mechanisms is not resolved. Heterotopic transplantation of intact and recombinant chicken limb buds identifies signals in the embryo trunk that proximalize distal limb cells to generate a complete PD axis. In these transplants, retinoic acid induces proximalization, which is counteracted by fibroblast growth factors from the distal limb bud; these related actions suggest that the first limb-bud PD regionalization results from the balance between proximal and distal signals. The plasticity of limb progenitor cell identity in response to diffusible signals provides a unifying view of PD patterning during vertebrate limb development and regeneration.     

Glycinin在不同食性鱼类肠道分布规律的比较

以草鱼(Cyprinus idellus)、鲤鱼(C.carpio)和埃及胡子鲇(C.lazera)幼鱼为试验对象,添加鱼粉组为对照组,添加6%提纯的大豆球蛋白(Glycinin)组为试验组,设计成2种等氮(草鱼30.06%,鲤鱼36.02%,埃及胡子鲇40.05%)、等能(草鱼16.15 MJ/kg,鲤鱼15.26 MJ/kg,埃及胡子鲇15.86 MJ/kg)的半精制饲料。饲养6周后,解剖鱼体,迅速固定肠道的前、中、后段,制作肠道组织切片。用免疫组织化学方法染色、Olympus显微镜采集图像、Image pro-plus 6.0分析图像中的累积光密度。结果表明:Glycinin在草鱼前肠累积光密度显著高于中肠(P<0.05),与后肠差异不显著(P>0.05);鲤鱼前肠累积光密度显著高于中肠(P<0.05),后肠累积光密度极显著高于中肠(P<0.01),前肠与后肠差异不显著(P>0.05);埃及胡子鲇中肠累积光密度显著高于前肠(P<0.05),后肠与前肠、中肠差异均不显著(P>0.05)。Glycinin在草食性和杂食性鱼类前、中、后肠分布规律呈先下降后上升的趋势,肉食性鱼类前、中、后肠分布规律呈先上升后下降的趋势;草食性、杂食性、肉食性鱼类同一部位的Glycinin的含量呈现逐渐升高的趋势。     

Renl tubular localization of chlormerodrin labeled with mercury-203 by autoradiography

An autoradiographic technique has been developed for determining the intrarenal distribution of therapeutic doses of chlormerodrin labeled with mercury-203. Highest concentrations of mercury were detected in the straight portion of the proximal tubule in the rat and in the convoluted portion of the proximal tubule in the dog.     

中国牦牛（Bos grunniens）前肢脚部动脉的构筑研究

本文解剖观察牦牛前肢脚部动脉构筑标本１０例、黄牛１０例。结果是：１、中国牦牛前肢脚部掌侧动脉主干为正中动脉、指掌侧第Ⅲ总动脉、在近指节骨远端指掌侧第Ⅲ总动脉分为第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指掌侧固有轴动脉，经远指节骨的轴孔入骨质管。２、指掌侧第Ⅲ总动脉在近指节骨中部分出近指节背侧支（即指间动脉）和左右掌侧支；掌侧支分别与指掌侧第Ⅱ、Ⅳ总动脉吻合形成近指节深弓。指掌侧第Ⅲ总动脉在近指节骨远端分出动脉总干（有时为左右动脉干），自总干或干上分出指枕支和蹄冠动脉。指枕支伸至蹄球、蹄底真皮；蹄冠动脉沿蹄冠沟伸至蹄壁真皮。３、第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指掌侧固有轴动脉在骨质管中分支经蹄骨上许多骨孔走出，在蹄真皮中与指枕支、蹄冠动脉分支呈稠密网状吻合。４、指掌侧第Ⅱ、Ⅳ总动脉分别来自掌浅弓和掌深弓，分支至２、５指后，在近指节骨中部参与构成近指节深弓。５、牦牛前脚掌部背侧的血管来自腕背动脉网、掌心深内、外侧动脉、近穿支和远穿支；在指部背侧的血管来自指间动脉、中指节背侧支和蹄冠动脉。     

带非正定临近项的乘子交替方向法的收敛速率

研究了带非正定临近正则项的乘子交替方向法(ADMM)的收敛速度.通过引入松弛因子改进拉格朗日乘子的迭代步长,并在适当的参数条件下建立了带非正定临近正则项的ADMM在遍历意义下的收敛速率.     

Clathrin light chains LCA and LCB are similar, polymorphic, and share repeated heptad motifs

The clathrin light chains fall into two major classes, LCA and LCB. In an intact clathrin triskelion, one light chain, of either class, is bound to the proximal segment of a heavy chain leg. Analysis of rat brain and liver complementary DNA clones for LCA and LCB shows that the two light chain classes are closely related. There appear to be several members of each class having deletions of varying length aligned at the same position. A set of ten heptad elements, characteristic of alpha-helical coiled coils, is a striking feature of the central part of each derived amino acid sequence. These observations suggest a model in which the alpha-helical segment mediates binding to clathrin heavy chains and the amino- and carboxyl-terminal segments mediate interactions with other proteins. They also suggest an explanation for the observed tissue-dependent size variation for members of each class.     

Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity

The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract. Retinal rod and cone cells are not required for photoentrainment. Recent evidence suggests that the entraining photoreceptors are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN. The visual pigment for this photoreceptor may be melanopsin, an opsin-like protein whose coding messenger RNA is found in a subset of mammalian RGCs. By cloning rat melanopsin and generating specific antibodies, we show that melanopsin is present in cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axonal segments of a subset of rat RGCs. In mice heterozygous for tau-lacZ targeted to the melanopsin gene locus, beta-galactosidase-positive RGC axons projected to the SCN and other brain nuclei involved in circadian photoentrainment or the pupillary light reflex. Rat RGCs that exhibited intrinsic photosensitivity invariably expressed melanopsin. Hence, melanopsin is most likely the visual pigment of phototransducing RGCs that set the circadian clock and initiate other non-image-forming visual functions.     

External morphology and microstructure of the compound eye of fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren

The external morphology of the compound eye of the winged female and male Solenopsis invicta Buren and its microstructure in light and dark adaptations were observed using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results indicated that the compound eye located on the lateral side of its head, is the a shape of a half ellipsoid and composed of approximately 510 ommatidia in the female, and a near hemisphere with about 805 ommatidia in the male. The ommatidium was made of a corneal lens, crystalline cone, 8 to 9 retinula cells and basement membrane. The cornea was a colorless, transparent and double convex lens. The crystalline cone, with an inverted cone shape, was approximately 14.50m long, formed by four equal parts, and surrounded by many pigment granules. The rhabdom beneath the crystalline cone, was about 75.00m long, with a thicker middle part and thinner ends. More pigment granules were scattered in the distal and proximal ends and less in the middle, and the basement membrane was on the most bottom area of the ommatidium. The primary pigment cells moved horizontally along the crystalline cone from its distal to proximal end during dark adaptation or moved reversely during light adaptation. There was no significant difference between the pigment granule distribution and the structure of the crystalline cone between female and male ommatidium under the same light or dark adaptation. It is concluded that the fire ant compound eye is an apposition eye, whose light-tuning mechanism is accomplished by the change of crystalline cone and the movement of the pigment cells.     

Initiation of proximal-distal patterning in the vertebrate limb by signals and growth

Two broad classes of models have been proposed to explain the patterning of the proximal-distal axis of the vertebrate limb (from the shoulder to the digit tips). Differentiating between them, we demonstrate that early limb mesenchyme in the chick is initially maintained in a state capable of generating all limb segments through exposure to a combination of proximal and distal signals. As the limb bud grows, the proximal limb is established through continued exposure to flank-derived signal(s), whereas the developmental program determining the medial and distal segments is initiated in domains that grow beyond proximal influence. In addition, the system we have developed, combining in vitro and in vivo culture, opens the door to a new level of analysis of patterning mechanisms in the limb.     

Triiodothyronine: the 3'iodine is proximal to the -ring in crystal structure conformation

The crystal and molecular structure of the thyroid hormone L-triiodothyronine has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The two phenyl rings are almost perpendicular to each other, the acute angle between their normals being 82 degrees. The 3'-iodine is situated proximal to the alpha-ring, rather than distal as inferred from chemical studies. Theoretical calculations indicate this proximal conformation to be energetically favored over the distal one.     

公鸡生殖器官组织结构及其IL-1β和IL-6在生殖器官中的定位

【目的】IL-1β和IL-6在公鸡生殖器官免疫保护中发挥着重要的作用,研究拟揭示公鸡生殖器官的组织构造,以及定位IL-1β和IL-6在其生殖器官中的表达部位。【方法】通过苏木精-伊红染色方法,制作正常生理状态下公鸡生殖器官切片,观察公鸡生殖器官的组织构造以及生殖管道上皮细胞变化规律;同时采用免疫组化定位IL-1β和IL-6在生殖器官的部位。【结果】实验表明,附睾中的管道在公鸡生殖管道中占有很大比例,且生殖管道的上皮细胞的变化特征与其输送精液高度适应;IL-1β和IL-6主要定位于附睾近端输出管上,且IL-1β主要定位于短皱褶的近端输出管,IL-6主要定位于长皱褶的近端输出管上。【结论】结果表明附睾的输出管,尤其是近端可能是清除生殖道中的异常精子、脱落细胞等异物的主要部位。     

肌电图在平山病诊断中的作用

目的探讨肌电图在诊断分析平山病中的作用．方法选取平山病患者21例为观察组,选取同期健康体检人员21例为对照组,均行肌电图检查和神经传导检测;比较两组人员尺神经和正中神经的神经传导结果,分析观察组患者肌电图的异常情况．结果观察组患者尺神经和正中神经的远端运动潜伏期均明显长于对照组;观察组患者尺神经和正中神经的拇短展肌复合肌肉动作电位均明显低于对照组;患肢远端肌自发电位发生率、多相电位增多发生率、平均时限延长发生率、平均电压增高发生率均明显高于患肢近端肌、对侧远端肌、对侧近端肌,患肢近端肌自发电位发生率、多相电位增多发生率、平均时限延长发生率、平均电压增高发生率均明显高于对侧远端肌、对侧近端肌,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．结论肌电图在平山病的诊断分析中具有重要的指导价值,可展现患者电生理上的亚临床变化,为疾病的诊断和治疗提供依据．     

青石斑鱼骨骼发育异常的形态特征

采用二重染色法对青石斑鱼Epinephelus awoara幼鱼的脊柱、尾鳍、背鳍和臀鳍骨骼发育异常进行观察.结果显示:脊柱发育异常包括脊柱前凸、脊柱后凸和脊柱侧凸以及椎骨的愈合、变形等症状;臀鳍畸形症状主要是近端支鳍骨的分叉;背鳍发育异常除了近端支鳍骨的末端发生分叉外,还有近端支鳍骨之间有软骨片存在;尾鳍骨发育异常主要表现为尾上骨数目不等,比正常鱼少一块或两块尾上骨.     

双峰驼后足近趾节间关节解剖

解剖成年双峰驼后足近趾并联是关节８个,并与马、牛、羊、猪、犬等动物的对等器官相比较。结果发现,双峰驼后足之趾关节在形态结构方面的显著特征是缺乏跖侧韧带,这与一般有蹄类差异较大,而与趾行动物类似。     

Structure, dynamics, and reactivity in hemoglobin

The static structure of hemoglobin and its functional properties are very well characterized. It is still not known how energy is stored and used within the structure of the protein to promote function and functional diversity. An essential part of this question is understanding the mechanism through which the overall protein structure (quaternary structure) couples to the local environment about the oxygen binding sites. Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to probe the vibrational degrees of the freedom of the binding site as a function of protein structure. Comparison of the spectra from both equilibrium and transient forms of deoxy hemoglobin from a variety of mammalian, reptilian, and fish hemoglobins reveals that for each quaternary structure there exist two tertiary states stabilized by the presence or absence of an iron-bound ligand. Pulse-probe Raman experiments show that for photodissociated, ligated hemoglobins the local tertiary structure relaxes at a solution-dependent rate extending from tens of nanoseconds to microseconds. In this local environment, the linkage between the iron and the proximal histidine proves to be the single observed structural feature that responds in a systematic and substantial manner to structural changes in the protein. The additional finding of a correlation between the frequency of the iron-proximal histidine stretching motion (nu Fe-His) and various parameters of ligand reactivity, including geminate recombination, implicates the associated localized structural element in the mechanism of protein control of ligand binding. On the basis of these and related finds, a model is presented to account for both coarse and fine control of ligand binding by the protein structure.     

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鱅和尼罗非鲫淀粉酶的比较研究

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙的肝胰脏和肠淀粒酶的最适pH值分别为6.4和6.4,6.4和6.4,7.2和6.8,7.2和6.8。草鱼、鲤和尼罗非鲫的肝胰脏淀粉酶活性明显高于肠淀粉酶(P<0.025),而鲢和鳙的肝胰脏淀粉酶活性明显比肠的低(P<0.05)。尼罗非鲫胃淀粉酶活性明显比肝胰脏和肠的低(P<0.005)。5种鱼的肝胰脏淀粉酶活性由高到低的顺序为:草鱼、鲤>尼罗非鲫>鲢>鳙。草鱼和鲤肝胰脏淀粉酶活性分别是尼罗非鲫、鲢、鳙的2.6和7倍。肠淀粉酶活性由高到低的顺序为:尼罗非鲫>草鱼>鲤>鲢>鳙。尼罗非鲫肠淀粉酶活性分别为草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙的1.11、1.72、1.93、2.41倍。草鱼和鲤肠淀粉酶活性由前肠向后肠逐渐升高,鲢、鳙和尼罗非鲫中肠淀粉酶活性略高于前肠和后肠。     

Distal conformation of the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine

In the crystal structure of the thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine, the 3' iodine is observed in the distal position, away from the alaninebearing ring of the thyroid hormone. This result had been anticipated from stereochemical and biological activity studies. However, previous observations of structures in which the 3' iodine was proximal had cast some doubt on the stability of the 3' distal conformation. This observation suggests that the relative energies of the two conformers is similar and that perhaps the barrier to rotation is not as great as previously supposed since both the distal and proximal conformers have now been observed in the solid state.     

External and internal morphology of the BAR 1002'00 Orrorin tugenensis femur

Late Miocene fossils from the Lukeino Formation in Kenya's Tugen Hills are assigned to Orrorin tugenensis. Of 20 fossils recovered there to date, 3 are proximal femurs. One of these, BAR 1002'00, preserves an intact head connected to the proximal shaft by an elongated neck. Although this fossil is comparable in size to Pan troglodytes, computerized tomography scans of the neck-shaft junction of BAR 1002'00 reveal that the cortex is markedly thinner superiorly than inferiorly, differing from the approximately equal cortical thicknesses observed in extant African apes, approaching the condition in later hominids, and indicating that O. tugenensis was bipedal.