Struvite and prebiotic phosphorylation

Struvite, MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O, rather than apatite or amorphous calcium phosphate is precipitated when phosphate is added to seawater containing more than 0.01M NH(4)(+) ions. Struvite may have precipitated from evaporating seawater on the primitive earth, and may have been important for prebiotic phosphorylation.     

Electrostatic and steric effects in the selective complexation of cations in nonactin

The ester carbonyl stretch frequencies of complexes of the macrotetrolide nonactin with Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+), Tl(+), NH(4)(+), NH(3)OH(+), and (NH(2))(2)CNH(2)(+) have been measured. For the larger alkali cations and the polyatomic cations, the ester carbonyl stretch frequency is linearly proportional to the cation-ester carbonyl electrostatic interaction energy. This constitutes direct evidence that the cation-nonactin interaction is primarily electrostatic, rather than mechanical (steric).     

Primitive earth synthesis of nicotinic acid derivatives

Nicotinonitrile, 2-cyanopyridine, and 4-cyanopyridine can be synthesized under primitive earth conditions by the action of electric discharges on ethylene and ammonia. The electric discharge first synthesizes pyridine and hydrogen cyanide, which react in the discharge to form the cyanopyridines. Nicotinonitrile would have hydrolyzed in the primitive ocean to nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.     

An Inorganic Double Helix: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of Chiral [(CH3)2NH2]K4[V10O10(H2O)2(OH)4(PO4)7]{middle dot}4H2O

Very complicated inorganic solids can be self-assembled from structurally simple precursors as illustrated by the hydrothermal synthesis of the vanadium phosphate, [(CH(3))(2)NH(2)]K(4)[V(10)O(10)(H(2)O)(2)(OH)(4)(PO(4))(7)].4H(2)O, 1, which contains chiral double helices formed from interpenetrating spirals of vanadium oxo pentamers bonded together by P(5+). These double helices are in turn intertwined with each other in a manner that generates unusual tunnels and cavities that are filled with (CH(3))(2)NH(2)(+) and K(+) cations, respectively. The unit cell contents of dark blue phosphate 1, which crystallizes in the enantiomorphic space group P4(3) with lattice constants a = 12.130 and c = 30.555 angstroms, are chiral; only one enantiomorph is present in a given crystal. Magnetization measurements show that 1 is paramagnetic with ten unpaired electrons per formula unit at higher temperatures and that antiferromagnetic interactions develop at lower temperatures.     

Racemization of Amino Acids in Dipeptides Shows COOH > NH2 for Non-Sterically Hindered Residues

The relative rates of racemization for amino acid residues at the NH(2) and COOH ends of 37 different dipeptides were determined. In nine dipeptides containing alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methionine, the amino acid residue racemized faster at the COOH-terminal position than at the NH(2)-terminal position (COOH > NH(2)). The sterically hindered amino acids isoleucine and valine showed NH(2) > COOH. Six proline dipeptides showed NH(2) > COOH. Intramolecular effects have been invoked to explain these surprising results.     

Partial control of an ion-molecule reaction by selection of the internal motion of the polyatomic reagent ion

The ion-molecule reaction NH(3)(+) + ND(3) has been studied at various collision energies (1 to 5 electron volts in the center of mass) with preparation of the NH(3)(+) reagent in two nearly isoenergetic vibrational states. One state corresponds to pure out-of-plane bending of the planar NH(3)(+) ion (0.60 electron volts), whereas the other state is a combination of in-plane and out-of-plane motion (0.63 electron volts). The product branching ratios differ markedly for these two vibrational-state preparations. The differences in reactivity suggest that the in-plane totally symmetric stretching mode is essentially inactive in controlling the branching ratio of this reaction.     

Evolution of a nitrogen atmosphere on titan

Photochemical calculations indicate that if NH(3) outgassed from Titan it should have been converted to a dense N(2) atmosphere during the lifetime of the satellite. A crucial step in the process involves a gas phase reaction of N(2)H(4) with H. The most favorable conditions for this step would be the intermediate production of a CH(4)-H(2) greenhouse capable of raising the gas temperature to 150 degrees K. Subsequently about 20 bars of N(2) could have evolved. The pressure-induced opacity of 20 bars of N(2) should suffice to explain the recently measured 200 degrees K surface temperature. Unlike the situation on Jupiter, NH(3) is not recycled on Titan by reactions involving N(2) or N(2)H(4). This may explain the failure of recent attempts to detect NH(3) in the upper atmosphere of Titan.     

Prebiotic synthesis of methionine

Methionine has been shown to be a product of the action of a spark discharge on a simulated primitive earth atmosphere containing CH(4), N(2), NH(3), H(2)O, and H(2)S or CH(3)SH. Acrolein has also been shown to be a product of the discharge and is proposed as an intermediate in the prebiotic synthesis of methionine and of glutamic acid, homocysteine, homoserine, and alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acid.     

保护地小白菜硝酸盐积累的效应分析与调控

通过营养液配制对小白菜硝酸盐的积累进行调控,为降低小白菜硝酸盐含量提供理论依据。采用416-B混合最优设计,利用SAS软件建立不同氮源（NO3^--N,NH4^＋-N）、磷、钾与保护地小白菜硝酸盐含量关系的数学模型。结果表明,氮是影响小白菜硝酸盐含量的最主要原因,营养液中硝态氮含量与小白菜硝酸盐的积累呈正相关关系;铵态氮则可降低小白菜硝酸盐的积累。磷、钾也是影响小白菜硝酸盐积累的主要因素,在适宜的浓度条件下,有利于硝酸盐含量的降低。不同氮源、磷、钾之间的互作效应也是影响硝酸盐积累的重要因素。通过调节营养液中的不同氮源、磷、钾的数量及相互比例,可对小白菜硝酸盐的积累进行调控,降低其硝酸盐含量。     

磷、钾和不同氮源对小白菜产量和品质的影响与分析

探讨磷、钾和不同氮源(NO3--N、NH4 -N)对小白菜产量的形成对其主要品质的影响,为小白菜生产和进一步的研究提供基础数据。试验利用416-B混合最优设计和SAS分析,建立不同氮源、磷、钾与小白菜产量、Vc含量和硝酸盐的数学模型,并对数学模型进行分析。结果表明,不同氮源、磷、钾的浓度及相互之间的比例是影响小白菜产量和品质的主要原因,氮素是形成产量的重要因素;硝态含量与小白菜产量和硝酸盐的积累呈正相关关系;铵态氮则能增加小白菜产量,降低其硝酸盐积累。磷、钾能明显地改善小白菜的品质。适宜的不同氮源、磷和钾浓度及相互比例,有利于小白菜产量的提高和品质的改善。本试验推荐的理论配方,硝态氮、磷、钾和铵态氮的浓度分别是:7.94 mmo/L、1.12 mmol/L、5.51 mmol/L和2.08 mmol/L。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母对柑橘采后绿霉病的抑制效果

通过活体(in vivo)和离体(in vitro)试验,研究拮抗酵母菌株Kluyverom yces marxianus与不同浓度钼酸铵混合使用对柑橘采后绿霉病(Penicillium digitatum)的防治效果,以及钼酸铵对K.marxianus菌株生长和繁殖的影响.结果表明:不同浓度的钼酸铵对K.marxia...     

Explosive molecular ionic crystals

In ionic crystals of the form M(+)X(-), certain covalently bonded anion groups X(-) are particularly associated with instability. The heavier metal cations M(+) enhance this. Very sensitive explosives occur within the extended azide family, where X(-) = CNO(-), N(3)(-), NCO(-), or NCS(-) (an isoelectronic set of unsaturated linear triatomic anions). Another such family are the globular oxyanions X(-) = ClO(2)(-), ClO(3)(-), ClO(4)(-), NO(3)(-), and MnO(4)(-). Mishandling of NH(4)NO(3) or NH(4)ClO(4) has caused major disasters. An irreversible cyclic mechanism is proposed for such decomposition, involving mechanoelectronic band-gap excitation and coalescence of X with X(-). From an intracrystalline ion-molecule collision complex, the singly charged dianion X(2)(-), exothermic reactions proceed with high yield.     

高浓度铵离子对莴笋生长及其体内养分含量的影响

采用水培法研究了NO3--N和高浓度NH4+-N对莴笋生长及其体内营养元素含量的影响。结果表明:1) 生长在用自来水配制的高浓度NH4+-N营养液中的莴笋后期才受到铵胁迫的影响,同时NH4+-N处理下莴笋对介质中原有的少量NO3--N的吸收率均高于NH4+-N;2) 在NH4+-N的供给量高于植株的需氮量时,莴笋吸收的NH4+-N并不随介质中NH4+-N浓度的升高而增加;3)供给NO3--N 增加了植株对磷、钾、铁、锰的累积量,减少了对氮、钙的吸收量。吸氮量下降与光照较弱、气温较低有关,钙累积量下降可能与自来水含有较多的HCO3-有关;4) 莴笋根、茎、叶柄、叶片4个器官中养分含量基本上不受NH4+-N 浓度的影响,但与氮素形态关系密切。     

Synthesis of amino acid residues with reactive side chains under simple conditions

The side chains of amino acid residues can be converted from nonreactive to reactive species. Under the influence of electrical discharge, alanine is converted to aspartic acid in the presence of CO(2), for example. The possible implications of these findings to events taking place on primitive Earth are discussed.     

甜菜碱盐酸盐对人工瘤胃发酵参数的影响

采用人工瘤胃体外发酵方法对培养液中甜菜碱盐酸盐不同质量浓度(0、16.7和33.4 mg.L-1)下,各时间段(3、6、12、18和24 h)的体外产气量、pH值、干物质降解率、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、乳酸和菌体蛋白含量的测定,探讨甜菜碱盐酸盐对人工瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果显示:培养液中甜菜碱盐酸盐的质量浓度为33.4 mg.L-1时,瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总VFA的浓度显著升高(P<0.01),干物质降解率显著提高(P<0.01),乳酸浓度显著降低(P<0.05);而甜菜碱盐酸盐对瘤胃液pH值、产气量、菌体蛋白含量、NH3-N浓度无显著影响。结论:甜菜碱盐酸盐可改善人工瘤胃发酵性能。     

盐分差异分布下不同形态氮素对棉苗生长及主要营养元素吸收的影响

为探索氮素形态对盐碱地棉苗生长及养分吸收的影响,以鲁棉研28号为试验材料,利用嫁接建立的分根试验系统模拟盐分差异分布,研究了根区盐分差异分布和不同形态氮素(NH4+和NO3-)对棉苗生长和主要营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明:根区盐分差异分布和氮素形态对棉花营养元素吸收及幼苗生长存在互作效应;根区盐分差异分布较均匀分布增强了棉株对主要营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)的吸收、降低了Na+含量、提高了叶片净光合速率(17.1%)并增加了棉株生物积累量(18.5%);NO3--N较NH4+-N处理显著促进了棉苗主要营养元素(N、P、K、Mg、Fe、Mn)的吸收及生物量积累;根区盐分差异分布下,施用NO3--N较NH4+-N提高了棉苗主要营养元素的吸收及叶片光合速率(13.5%)、降低了各器官的Na+含量并促进了棉苗的生物量积累(7.2%)。研究结论是盐分差异分布下,施NO3--N较NH4+-N更有利于棉花主要营养元素的吸收及幼苗生长。     

不同类型土壤N、K的转化特征

土壤硝化力主要受土壤ｐＨ值制约，红壤硝化力最强，冲积土次之，滨海盐土最弱．土壤对ＮＨ＋４和Ｋ＋的固定，主要决定于粘粒矿物的类型和含量．红壤固定容量小，保肥稳肥能力弱，Ｎ素损失量高；冲积土和滨海盐土固定容量大，保肥稳肥能力强，Ｎ素损失少．提高供Ｋ水平，将会促进Ｎ素释放，抑制铵固定．而提高土壤Ｎ素水平，由于Ｎ素转化的复杂性，对Ｋ＋的固定与释放的影响没有明显的规律性     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH+4释放的影响

[Objective] The aim of the research was to reveal the influence mechanism of sediment-water exchange of nutrients in Chaohu Lake. [Method] The effects of environmental factors (overlying water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration) on NH 4 release in sediment from Chaohu Lake were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. [Results] With the rising of temperature and the decrease of NH 4 concentration in overlying water, NH 4 released from sediment increased significantly. pH had a great effect on NH 4 release with a complicated mechanism. The largest release amount of NH 4 under anaerobic condition was about 6 times as much as that under aerobic condition. [Conclusion] This research would provide theoretical support for environmental management of Chaohu Lake in the project of leading water from the Yangtze River to Chaohu Lake.     

三峡库区重庆主城江段的水质分析

为了探明2010年三峡水库175m蓄水完成后重庆主城江段水质的变化特征及其成因,采用《水质采样方案设计技术规定HJ495-2009》规定的方法,于2011年1—12月逐月采集表层水样,初步研究了溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和总磷(TP)含量等指标的变化特征及其可能成因。结果表明:与2009年相比,2011年水体中DO、CODMn和NH4+-N的含量无明显变化,TP的含量出现下降。重庆主城江段水质整体污染较轻,TP的含量高于富营养化的限值,DO的含量在3—8月较低,NH4+-N的含量在1—2月较高,CODMn和TP的含量在5—10月较高。DO、CODMn、NH4+-N和TP的含量在不同水期均有显著性差异;在调查时空内,NH4+-N和DO的含量呈显著正相关(R=0.742,P<0.01),TP和CODMn的含量相关性由2009年的弱负相关(R=-0.036)转变为2011年的显著正相关(R=0.673,P<0.01)。     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH4+释放的影响

[目的]为揭示环境因子对巢湖沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的影响机制。[方法]在实验室控制条件下,研究各环境因子(上覆水浓度、温度、pH值、DO条件)对巢湖沉积物湿样中NH4+释放的影响。[结果]随着温度的上升和上覆水NH4+浓度的降低,沉积物中NH4+释放量显著增加;pH值对NH4+释放的影响比较复杂;沉积物中NH4+最大释放量在厌氧条件下是好氧条件下的6倍左右。[结论]该研究为"引江济巢"工程中巢湖的环境管理提供了一定的理论依据。