Effect of fibre diameter and cross-sectional shape on moisture transmission through fabrics

The current work incorporates an experimental study on the effect of fiber cross sectional shape and fibre diameter on moisture transmission properties of the fabric. Water vapour transmission of the fabrics was measured using the PERMETEST. In plane liquid flow through the fabric was measured using a gravimetric in-plane wicking tester and vertical movement of liquid along the fibres against gravity was also observed using a vertical wicking tester. With the change in shape factor and fibre diameter, it is seen that with increase in fibre specific surface area wicking rate through fabric increases, whereas water vapour permeability of the fabric reduces.     

Impregnation of zinc oxide mediated chitosan nano-composites on polyester fabric for performance characteristics

Present study dealt with the fabrication of chitosan/zinc oxide nano-composites (CZNCs) using a facile preparation method. The structural features of nano-composites were investigated by using advanced analytical techniques. The developed nano-composites exhibited hexagonal structural pattern with an average particle size of about 51 nm. The developed CZNCs were dispersed in 2-propanol and applied on polyester by using the pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabric specimens were characterized for surface, functional and textile properties including antibacterial activity and (ultra violet) UV- blocking. The nano-composite treated polyester fabric exhibited durable antibacterial, UV- blocking and textile properties with fair whiteness index.     

Development of moisture transition ability on porous complex structured woven fabric with convergence of pattern,porosity, and plasma technology

A porous complex structured woven fabric was manufactured to maximize the moisture transition ability of the prepared fabric by increasing the absorptive property of the fabric through surface modification using plasma, which is a dry modification method. Porous single and complex structured woven fabrics were produced by applying pattern, porosity, and plasma technology, including fabric patterning based on the sheath/core complex structure, the formation of porosity by removing the weft thread or warp thread, and hydrophilic surface treatment using plasma and the improvement in water absorption of different fabrics by the porous and plasma treatment was investigated. Therefore, two different types of fabrics were prepared. One is the porous single structured FAB-SINGLE fabric which was taken out in the direction of the Polyester (PET) warp thread of a general single structure to form a porous. Another is FAB-COMPLEX fabrics that the water-soluble polylactic acid (PLA) yarns with a 1.7 to 2.0 times longer absorption distance than that of PET yarns were inserted into the weft threads, and the PLA yarns were dissolved in a solvent to form the porous complex fabric. And then the physical properties and water absorption of the two types of fabric were compared after the plasma treatment. The results showed that when the FAB-SINGLE fabric, which has porosity induced by the removal of the warp threads in a certain gap, was plasma treated for 5 min, the contact angle was decreased to the extent that a measurement of the contact angle was impossible, whereas the fabric that had not undergone a plasma treatment had a contact angle of 123.6 o. The contact angle of the FABCOMPLEX with porosity caused by the dissolution of the PLA yarns was reduced from 76.8 o to 0 o after 3 minutes of a lowtemperature plasma treatment, indicating that the hydrophilic property was increased. In addition, the water absorption measurements showed that the absorption height was increased from 2.3 cm of the fabric sample that had not been treated with plasma to the highest absorption height of 8.3 cm, suggesting that the water absorption also increased with the improvements in moisture transition ability by the plasma treatment. The physical tensile strength of the fabrics was not changed by the plasma treatment, despite the changes on the fabric surface, suggesting that the combination of double complex structures and the plasma treatment helped improve the water absorption.     

Development of a Human-Clothing-Environment simulator for dynamic heat and moisture transfer properties of fabrics

A vertical skin model with two detachable environmental chambers was developed to simulate a Human-Clothing-Environment system and to evaluate heat and moisture transport properties of textile materials under severe conditions and during transient states. The construction of the system was described and data reproducibility and accuracy of the instrument were verified by using PEG treated nonwovens. Also advantages over a traditional static type experiment were demonstrated based on a series of experiments.     

Effect of enzyme treatment and wood pulp variation on physical characteristics and fabric hand of lyocell fabrics

The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of three different levels of enzyme treatment on the physical characteristics and the end-use suitability of the lyocell fabrics made with four different types of commercial wood pulp. The appropriate enzyme concentration for obtaining an optimum as well as consistent physical characteristics and fabric hand trait was 3 g/l for the concentration levels tested in the present investigation. Weight loss was more affected by higher enzyme concentration than other physical properties. H2 was least affected by enzyme treatment for all three physical properties and fabric hand. 5 g/l concentration exhibited little difference from 3 g/l in the physical characteristics, whereas the KES-FB values indicated a significant loss of fabric hand in most PHVs with the 5 g/l concentration level. Among different garment parameters, all four fabric types were relatively inappropriate for the men’s slacks (MS) fabric due to the lower hand value of koshi required by the MS parameter. However, despite the relatively low koshi values, high fukurami values required for men’s dress shirt (MWDS) resulted in the highest THV among the four garment parmeters. The four fabric types, which represent the usage of four different wood pulps, in general seem to exhibit a higher applicability to women’s winter thin dress (WWTD) than women’s winter suit (WWS) garment parameter.     

Electrical characteristics and signal transmission characteristics of hybrid structure yarns for smart wearable devices

Twisted Copper Filaments (TCF) have been made by a yarn covering process in order to transmit signals and powers for electronic textiles. The 560 den. poly urethane filaments were covered in S-twist direction by urethane-coated copper wires. Two TCF twisted in Z direction were further covered in S direction by PET filaments to make final hybrid structure yarns (HSY). The HSY prepared was proportionally increased in apparent resistance along with measurement length, and showed resistivity of 0.00414 Ω·m. The number of ply was critical in terms of resistance variation, showing a linear increase of resistance with ply number. The twist factor, however, was not so significant without a slight decrease for severe twist level. Resonance Frequency, S11 (reflection), S21 (transmission) were measured and compared in order to examine the feasibility of applying to electrical signal transmission for wearable textiles. As expected, amplitude of resonance frequency was significantly decreased mainly due to increase of capacitance caused by length increase. It has been shown that S11 and S21 has been increased and decreased, respectively due to increase of transmission distance. While resonance frequency has been kept along with the ply number, S11 and S21 were decreased and increased, respectively according to decrease of copper fiber. Final filaments were found to be changed in resonance frequency mainly due to the change of di-electricity and thus capacitance caused by PET covered on it. It have been concluded that while resonance frequency was primarily determined by filament length and dielectric constant of covering yarns, S11 and S21 were mainly determined by measurement length and ply number.     

The effects of humidity on the surface modification of wool fabric through atmospheric pressure plasma jet

Current research was carried out on hydrophilic wool fibers at three different humidity conditions through atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). Samples were taken to evaluate surface microscopic morphology, surface roughness, directional friction effect (DFE), and surface chemical composition. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fiber friction coefficient test (FFT) results show that wetting pretreatment has significant effect on surface etching and DFE, but very limited effect on surface roughness. Allwörden reaction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that extra moisture changes C, O, N, S contents and their related characteristic functional groups, therefore increases etching degree on wool fiber surface scales. It was concluded that APPJ treatment is effective in processing wool fiber with high moisture contents.     

Assessment of the surface roughness of cotton fabrics through different yarn and fabric structural properties

The effects of some yarn properties (i.e. type, count, twist level, ply number, unevenness and crimp) and fabric constructional properties (i.e. cover, thickness and balance) on surface roughness values of cotton woven fabrics were investigated. A general overview of the results showed that surface roughness values of fabrics were affected from yarn and fabric properties and the effects were related to fabric balance, fabric cover (not cover factor), fabric thickness and crimp values of yarns in fabric structures. Surface roughness values of fabrics decreased as yarn fineness and yarn twist levels increased but as yarn ply number decreased. Also, surface roughness values gradually decreased from open-end yarn constituting fabrics to combed yarn constituting fabrics. Results showed that different properties of yarns caused changes in yarn crimps in fabric structure and also governed the changes in fabric balance, as well as changes in roughness of fabric surfaces. The changing properties of yarns and impact of these properties on fabric construction affected the formation of cotton fabric surfaces from smooth to coarse.     

Study on antibacterial and comfort performances of cotton fabric finished by chitosan-silver for intimate apparel

The fabric used for intimate apparel is widely required to have excellent antibacterial and comfort performances. In order to improve its antibacterial ability, this paper studied chitosan-silver finishing on the cotton knitted fabric. The study indicates that the chitosan-silver attached to the fabric exhibits excellent antibacterial action against the typical bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureu). The anti-bacterial mechanism of chitosan-silver against E. coli and S. aureu were investigated. To guarantee its prominent comfort performance, measurements were made on the finished fabric of its air permeability, water vapor transmission, hydrophily, surface friction and bending ability against the control fabric, which is currently used for intimate apparel. The antibacterial and comfort performances were compared between the tested fabrics. The results show that the air permeability and the hydrophily of the finished cotton fabric are significantly better than the control one, while the water vapor transmission, the surface friction and the adjustable rate remain similar to each other. The bending rigidity of the finished fabric is slightly better due to the attachment of chitosan within accepted threshold. The dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver proves to be useful for a higher synergistic effect of anti-bacteria, lower whiteness degradation and overall optimization of comfort performance. This dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver is valuable for improving antibacterial and comfort performances of intimate apparel.     

Effects of material properties and fabric structure characteristics of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on the skin pressure distributions

Graduated compression stockings (GCS) have been widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous diseases. Their gradient pressure function largely related to their fabric structure and material properties. By combing fabric physical testing and wear trials, this study investigated the GCSs fabric structure and material properties at different locations along the stocking hoses, and quantitatively analyzed the effects of fabrics on skin pressure longitudinal and transverse distributions. We concluded that, Structural characteristics and material properties of stocking fabrics were not uniform along the hoses, but a gradual variation from ankle to thigh regions, which significantly influenced the corresponding skin pressure gradient distributions; Tensile (WT, EM) and shearing properties (G) generated most significant differences among ankle, knee and thigh regions along the stocking hose, which significantly influenced the skin pressure lognitudinal gradient distribution. More material indices generating significant gradual changes occurred in the fabric wale direction along stocking hose, meaning that materials properties in wale direction would exert more important impact on the skin pressure gradient performances. And, the greater tensibility and smoother surface of fabric in wale direction would contribute to put stocking on and off, and facilitate wearers’ leg extension-flexion movements. The indices of WT and EM of stocking fabrics in series A have strong linear correlations with skin pressure lognitudinal distribution, which largely related to their better performances in gradual changes of material properties. Skin pressure applied by fabric with same material properties produced pronounced differences among four different directions around certain cross-sections of human leg, especially at the ankle region; and, the skin pressure magnitudes at ankle region were more easily influenced by the materials properties, which were considered to be largely related to the anatomic structure of human leg.     

Mathematical modelling of combined diffusion of heat and mass transfer through fabrics

This study presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the process of drying of fabrics on a continuously moving flat plate. A mathematical model is developed for heat and mass transfer analysis of fabric in the impingement dryers. For simplicity, it is assumed that during the drying period of the fabric has porous media and on the drying surface the vapour pressure of the evaporating liquid remains at a quasi-saturated value corresponding to the temperature of the liquid. Using the model, the calculated transient fabric temperatures in the impingement dryers agree well with the experimental results.     

高水分蒸煮挤压小麦混合粉的研究

食品蒸煮挤压技术是多学科交叉所产生的一门高新技术,蒸煮挤压作为一种高温短时的加工方法,能够将输送、压缩、混合、蒸煮、杀菌、成型等多种操作单元同时完成。本实验优化了双螺杆机的加工工艺参数,DS56-Ⅲ型双螺杆挤压膨化机挤压腔内限流区的温度在125℃．含水率为40％、螺杆转速为215rpm,该条件下得到的最好产品膨化度为2．51,经过蒸煮挤压后的食品含水率为35％～37％。     

蜡螟生物学特性研究

于2003年对蜡螟进行了饲养观察,结果表明：在20±1℃条件下,成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹的平均历期分别为8.5±0.71,8±1.95,61±8.53,15.3±2.34 d;在25±1℃条件下,其成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹的历期分别为6±1.62,6.5±2.64,53±9.42,12.2±0.86 d;在30±1℃条件下,其成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹的历期分别为8±2.94,4.5±1.32,27±8.60,6.5±1.21 d。掌握了蜡螟的生物学特性,并提出了防治方法。     

Effect of fabric sound and touch on human subjective sensation

In order to investigate the relationship between subjective sensation for fabric sound and touch and the objective measurements, eight different apparel fabrics were selected as specimens. Sound parameters of fabrics including level pressure of total sound (LPT), level range (ΔL), and frequency differences (Δf) and mechanical properties by Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) were obtained. For subjective evaluation, seven aspects of the sound (softness, loudness, pleasantness, sharpness, clearness, roughness, and highness) and eight of the touch (hardness, smoothness, fineness, coolness, pliability, crispness, heaviness, and thickness) were rated using semantic differential scale. Polyester ultrasuede was evaluated to sound softer and more pleasant while polyester taffeta to sound louder and rougher than any other fabrics. Wool fabrics such as worsted and woolen showed similar sensation for sound but differed in some touch sensation in that woolen was coarsest, heaviest, and thickest in touch. In the prediction model for sound sensation, LPT affected postively subjective roughness and highness as well as loudness, whileΔL was found as a parameter related positively with softness and pleasantness. Touch sensation was explained by some of mechanical properties such as surface, compressional, shear, and bending properties implying that a touch sensation could be expressed by a variety of properties.     

人参、西洋参制品糖含量特性研究

目的为了解市售人参、西洋参制品糖分含量特性,方法采用比色法对60个人参、西洋参样品总糖和还原糖含量进行测定。结果蜜制参类制品总糖含量显著高于其它类制品,红参、生晒参、鲜参、保鲜参和活性参间总糖含量差异不显著。生晒参、鲜参、保鲜参和活性参还原糖含量小于6％,红参还原糖含量不高于16％,蜜制参还原糖含量均大于24％。结论还原糖含量应作为人参、西洋参制品质量的评价指标。     

The relation between thermal protection performance and total heat loss of multi-layer flame resistant fabrics with the effect of moisture considered

Eight multi-layer, flame resistant fabrics were tested for thermal protective performance (TPP) and total heat loss (THL) under four levels of moisture content of the fabrics. Moisture level in the fabrics was statistically significant correlated with both TPP and THL values. With moisture level taken into account, there was no significant negative correlation between TPP and THL. The relation between thermal protection and total heat loss performances of multi-layer fire resistant fabrics was much more complicated considered with variable factors of user situation.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of vat dyes on meta-aramid woven fabric

meta-Aramid fibers have an excellent heat-resistant property and are widely used for protective clothings such as fire-fighter suit and racing suit. They can also be used as military uniforms such as flight suit or army uniform. Vat dyes are specially used for military uniforms owing to outstanding fastness properties, earth tone shade, and near infrared (NIR) camouflage. In this study, 100 % meta-aramid woven fabric was dyed with three vat dyes using an exhaustion method and their dyeing and fastness properties were investigated. Color yields of the vat dyes on the meta-aramid fabric were found to be dependent upon dyeing temperature, liquor ratio, amount of reducing agent, and amount of salt. Dyeing behavior of the vat dye on the meta-aramid fiber was very similar to that on cellulose fibers. It was found that the meta-aramid fabric dyed with 1% owf of C.I. Vat Green 1 satisfied the tolerance of the reflectance spectrum of forest green color in the Korean military standard. Thermal stability and mechanical property of the meta-aramid fabric did not significantly affected by the vat dyeing process. Wash and perspiration fastness was generally good but rubbing and light fastness was unsatisfied.     

Study of the near-infrared transmission of woven fabrics based on statistical analysis

47 kinds of woven fabrics were prepared with different fibers, thicknesses, weights per square meter and percentage covers. Statistical analysis method was employed to study the influence of the material and structure parameters on near-infrared transmission of these fabrics. Firstly, the effect of materials on near-infrared transmittance was determined through the contingency table analysis. Then the parameters significantly influencing near-infrared transmittance were found out and correlations among them were discussed by direct correlation and partial correlation analysis. Finally, regression equation of the near-infrared transmittance was established using factor analysis and principal component extraction. Results show that materials have little influence on near-infrared transmittance of woven fabrics. However, thickness, weight per square meter and percentage cover of the fabrics are closely related to near-infrared transmittance. Because there are correlations among thickness, weight per square meter and percentage cover, two new factors are extracted to establish the regression equation. The equation has an error rate of less than 5 % and thus can predict near-infrared transmittance precisely.