Contemplations and speculations on novel approaches in the control of fungal plant diseases

Plant disease control can, in principle, be achieved by direct and indirect methods. Novel approaches in direct plant disease control are illustrated by the group of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Consideration of their stereochemistry leads to speculations on a more rational design of chiral fungicides, with possibly optimised activity against a wider range of fungi. Studies on the mode of action of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, and of the mechanism of resistance to them in fungi, suggest that these phenomena are not causally related. At least in laboratory mutants, resistance seems to be associated with altered membrane function, which may account for reduced fitness, and, in pathogens, for reduced virulence as well. The results of these studies strengthen the conclusion that knowledge of the modes of action and mechanisms of resistance, at the physiological, biochemical and molecular level, should provide a rationale on which to base the design of new systemic fungicides. As a matter of more immediate practical importance, the implications of the use of fungicide-synergist combinations in plant disease control are briefly discussed. With respect to indirect plant disease control, novel approaches should be directed towards the activation of host resistance. However, prospects seem to be limited for the successful application of alternative chemicals that act on host resistance mechanisms by, for instance, inducing phytoalexin synthesis. Controlled activation of host resistance by localised sensitisation of resistance mechanisms may, however, become a promising new method of plant disease control in the future.     

广西一点红真菌性病害病原鉴定续报

在已报道的一点红真菌性病害病原菌鉴定的基础上,对最新研究和鉴定的真菌性病害病原菌鉴定进行续报,它们分别是枝枯病、菌核病和炭疽病。枝枯病的病原为洋扁豆大褐斑病菌[Diaporthe phaseolorum(Cke.et Ell.)Sacc.],菌核病的病原为核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary],炭疽病的病原为围小丛壳菌(Glomerella cingulata),其无性态为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。     

辽东木叶斑病害在辽宁省的发生种类初步调查与鉴定

辽东楤木是一种经济价值较高的野生植物。本文通过对辽宁省栽培的辽东楤木的全生长期的多点实地调查,总结了叶部病害的发生症状特点,并将采集到的罹病叶片病斑进行了病原菌的分离、鉴定,经柯赫氏法则证实分离出的4个属真菌是导致叶部病斑发生的病原菌,为生产上有效预防辽东楤木病害的发生提供依据。     

辽东楤木叶斑病害在辽宁省的发生种类初步调查与鉴定

辽东楤木是一种经济价值较高的野生植物。本文通过对辽宁省栽培的辽东楤木的全生长期的多点实地调查,总结了叶部病害的发生症状特点,并将采集到的罹病叶片病斑进行了病原菌的分离、鉴定,经柯赫氏法则证实分离出的4个属真菌是导致叶部病斑发生的病原菌,为生产上有效预防辽东楤木病害的发生提供依据。     

天然产物防治果蔬采后病害研究进展

果蔬采后病害的防治正朝着安全、环保的方向发展,各种生物防治方法成为研究的热点,天然产物用于控制果蔬采后病害的研究也受到了越来越多的关注。本文综述了风味化合物、精油、乙酸、茉莉酸类化合物、芥子油甙、蜂胶、植物提取物、壳聚糖、醋酸瓜类萎蔫醇等天然产物在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究、开发与应用,为未来的商业化开发提供新的思路。     

Recent studies on biological control of plant diseases in Japan

Microorganisms play an enormously important role in plant disease control. Research on biological control of plant pathogens has received major impetus and attracted many researchers during the past few decades due to the increased public concern on hazards associated with the use of synthetic pesticides. From research on utilizing specific antagonistic microorganisms, many effective biological control agents (BCAs) have been found and are increasingly implemented in integrated pest management strategies to control plant diseases. Here current research results on biological control against plant diseases carried out in Japan are reviewed by focusing on major categories of BCAs: fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes and attenuated viruses.     

水生蔬菜田杂草发生特点及控制技术

水生蔬菜田杂草种类多，发生量大，具有明显的萌发高峰。由于受杂草的危害，水生蔬菜常表现为植株变矮、地下营养体变小，产量显著下降，品质变劣，经济效益大幅度降低。水生蔬菜田杂草的防除，宜采取“前期药除，中期水控，后期拔除”的防除策略。     

Genetic relationships between the dominant genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Hokkaido, Japan

The genetic characteristics of the dominant genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Japan (US-1, JP-1, Japanese A1-A, A1-B) were compared. Differences were evident in the peptidase genotype, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and RG57 DNA fingerprints. Almost all of the fingerprint bands for the Japanese genotype A1-B were also present in JP-1 and Japanese A1-A, and few bands were unique to Japanese A1-B. These results suggest that the Japanese A1-B genotype was generated from sexual reproduction involving Japanese A1-A and JP-1 or related genotypes.     

我国茶树叶部主要真菌病害及绿色防控现状、挑战及展望

茶树是我国重要的经济作物, 而真菌病害是造成茶叶品质下降和经济损失的主要因素之一。因缺乏安全、有效、经济的绿色防控措施, 限制了我国茶产业的高质量发展。为破解我国茶树病害绿色防控的难题, 推动茶产业高质量发展, 本文概述了茶树叶部主要真菌病害的发生流行、病害病原的鉴定和致病机制的研究工作, 系统梳理了茶树健康栽培、病害免疫诱抗、生物防治和化学防治等技术的现状, 重点探讨了我国茶树真菌病害治理所面临的挑战, 并展望了我国茶树真菌病害绿色防控的对策和实现路径。     

Application and mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles in the control of bacterial and fungal crop diseases

Nanotechnology is a young branch of the discipline generated by nanomaterials. Its development has greatly contributed to technological progress and product innovation in the field of agriculture. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles (NPs) can be used to develop nanopesticides for plant protection. Plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal infestations are the main types of crop diseases. Once infected, they will seriously threaten crop growth, reduce yield and quality, and affect food safety, posing a health risk to humans. We reviewed the application of metal-based nanoparticles in inhibiting plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles from two aspects: the direct interaction between nanoparticles and pathogens, and the indirect effects of inducing plant resilience to disease. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

The postharvest phase: Emerging technologies for the control of fungal diseases

Postharvest biological treatment entails a range of different approaches, including strengthening of the commodity’s natural defense mechanisms and application of antagonistic microorganisms and natural antimicrobial substances. Postharvest biological treatment has highlighted the potential of antagonistic microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and yeasts) against a limited number of pathogens, and only on specific hosts. Further studies are therefore required to identify antagonists with a broad spectrum of activity. The resistance of fruits and vegetables to postharvest diseases is closely linked to the ripening process, and drops markedly with the onset of tissue senescence: It is now possible to protect the product by inducing disease resistance. Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial effect on the main postharvest pathogens. Detailed studies have been conducted on aromatic compounds, essential oils and volatile substances. Combination of the above complementary techniques could well lead to effective control of postharvest fungal diseases.     

香蕉叶斑病的药剂防治研究

通过室内筛选和田间试验,得到防治香蕉叶斑病的3种化学药剂组合和1种生物农药组合。复配药剂12.5%腈菌唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂、40%氟硅唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂和12.5%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂+12.5%腈菌唑乳油2年的田间防效均在71.6%～75.7%,显著高于1%中生菌素水剂+4%枯草芽胞杆菌水剂的防效。     

宁波地区蔬菜主要病原线虫的分离和种类鉴定

对宁波14个主要蔬菜基地进行土壤和植株取样,通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定明确了宁波地区蔬菜主要病原线虫为南方根结线虫［Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White)］和咖啡短体线虫［Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmer mann)］。南方根结线虫主要分布在江北费市、宁海冠庄、宁波梅墟和镇海九龙湖,咖啡短体线虫分布在江北费市。南方根结线虫的寄主为番茄、黄瓜、豇豆和白菜,咖啡短体线虫的寄主为萝卜和大豆。     

新疆设施蔬菜根结线虫病发生调查及病原鉴定

对新疆蔬菜根结线虫病的发生情况进行了调查,发现蔬菜根结线虫在和田、阿克苏、库尔勒、吐鲁番、伊犁等南北疆设施蔬菜上均有分布和发生危害,露地蔬菜尚未见发生。从各发生地温室中采集14份蔬菜根结线虫样本,寄主主要是番茄,另外还有豇豆、黄瓜、生菜、香芹、苦瓜。采用形态学以及根结线虫特异性引物PCR相结合的方法进行鉴定,结果表明新疆设施蔬菜上有南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)和北方根结线虫(M.hapla)两种,优势种群为南方根结线虫。