The formation and UV-blocking property of flower-like ZnO nanorod on electrospun natural cotton cellulose nanofibers

We report a simple and effective route to fabricate branched hierarchical flower-like nanostructures of ZnO on natural cotton cellulose fiber by combining electrospinning and the low-temperature hydrothermal growth technique. First, natural cotton cellulose nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning cotton cellulose /LiCl/DMAc solution. The electrospun cotton cellulose nanofibers served as flexible substrate, on which the branched, highly uniform, and dense flower-like ZnO were hydrothermally grown. The as-prepared cotton cellulose/ZnO nanocomposite fibers were characterized by SEM, HRTEM, EDS, TG, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. The modified cotton cellulose nanocomposite fibers were not only exhibiting dispersed uniformly, but also rendered excellent protection against UV radiation because of the incorporation of flower-like ZnO nanostructures. Therefore, the as-prepared nanocomposite fibers demonstrate a significant performance in ultraviolet protection and provide a potential application for ultraviolet detection.     

Study on converting cotton pulp fiber into carbonaceous microspheres

Carbonaceous materials were produced by means of the hydrothermal carbonization of cotton pulp fiber at temperatures in the 245–305 °C range. The morphology, chemical and structural characteristics of the hydrothermally carbonized products were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hydrothermal product of cotton pulp fiber is made up of carbonaceous microspheres (size: 3–8 µm). The carbonaceous microspheres have different chemical structure with one of cotton pulp fiber and have amorphous structure. The surface of carbonaceous microspheres contains a high concentration of reactive oxygen groups.     

A comparative study on performance properties of yarns and knitted fabrics made of biodegradable and conventional fibers

Biodegradable products are parts of a natural cycle. The biopolymers and the fibers that can be produced from them are very attractive on the market because of the positive human perception. Therefore, PLA being a well known biodegradable fiber and some conventional fibers were selected for the current study to examine the differences between them and to emphasize the importance of biodegradability beside fabric performance. 14.8 tex (Ne 40/1) combed ring spun yarns produced from biodegradable fiber PLA, new generation regenerated fibers Modal and Tencel, synthetic and blends 50/ 50 % cotton/polyester and 50/50 % viscose/polyester, polyester were selected as yarn types and by using these yarns, six knitted fabrics were produced and some important yarn and fabric properties were compared. In this context, moisture and the tensile behavior of yarns and pilling, bursting strength, air permeability and moisture management properties of the test fabrics are discussed.     

Investigation of inter fiber cohesion in yarns. II. Influence of fiber and process parameters on the cohesion in man made and blended yarns

This paper discusses the inter fiber cohesion in man made and blended yarns. The fiber parameters such as fiber length and fineness influence the cohesion. Studies have been focused on polyester and viscose spun yarns. Though polyester and viscose yarns show similar trend in cohesion, viscose yarns exhibit better cohesion due to their serrated cross section. Studies on the effect of blend proportion of polyester cotton and polyester viscose yarns reveal that increase of polyester and viscose in the respective blends improve the inter fiber cohesion.     

Preparation of Copper Nanoparticles Coated Cotton Fabrics with Durable Antibacterial Properties

When copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were applied as an antimicrobial agent to finish cotton fabrics, there are two issues should be solved: the oxidization and the weak adsorbability onto cotton fiber surface. In the present work, we developed a new method that can achieve both immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs at the same time. As an effective binder, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was covalently linked to cotton fiber surface via an esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of TGA and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. Even after 50 consecutive laundering tests, the modified cotton fabrics still showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both S. aureus and E. coli, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 96 %. It is believed that this methodology has potential applications in a wide variety of textile productions such as sportswear, socks, and medical textiles.     

Manufacturing and analyses of wet-laid nonwoven consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose fibers

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative having water-soluble property, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. It has been used in various medical applications as forms of gel, film, membrane, or powder. In this study, composite CMC nonwovens were produced, by a wet-laid nonwoven process, to improve the wet strength of carboxymethyl cellulose nonwovens. Followed by preparing the CMC fibers from cotton fiber, the composite CMC nonwovens composed of CMC fibers and PE/PP bicomponent fibers were manufactured by using 85/15 % v/v of ethanol/water solution as a dispersion medium. Structural analyses of CMC fibers, such as XRD, TGA, FT-IR, and degree of substitution indicated that CMC fibers were successfully produced. The wet strength of CMC nonwoven was dramatically increased by blending with the PE/PP fibers without sacrificing the key properties for wound dressing materials such as liquid absorption, gel blocking and liquid retention. It is expected that the composite CMC nonwovens will be a good candidate for wound dressing materials for mild exudate condition.     

菜籽饼粕脱毒植酸提取和浓缩蛋白分离蛋白的制备

用稀盐酸浸提菜籽饼粕进行脱毒、植酸提取及浓缩蛋白、分离蛋白制备。脱毒粕可干燥作饲料或经匀浆、离心分离和过筛的方法制取浓缩蛋白，制浓缩蛋白后的残渣再匀浆用稀碱萃取，调等电点沉淀出分离蛋白。总蛋白质提取率≥91％，制取的浓缩蛋白含蛋白质61％，硫甙低于0．4％，植酸低于1％；分离蛋白含蛋白质90％，硫甙低于0．03％，植酸低于0．5％。     

Nanofibrillation of cotton fibers by disc refiner and its characterization

Nanofibrils of cellulose were prepared from short staple cotton by refining process using a lab disc refiner that exerts a combination of shear and frictional forces. The nanofibrils were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From SEM and AFM, it was found that starting average diameter of the cotton fiber (∼25 μm) was reduced to 242 nm after 30 passes of refining. FTIR analysis revealed the increase in amorphous nature of cotton cellulose due to refining process. Supportively, XRD analysis showed a steady decline in percent crystallinity of the cotton fibers as the cotton fibres were passed through the refiner for more number of passes. Similarly, degree of polymerization (DP) was reduced from 2720 to 740 due to the refining process. Nanofibrils of cellulose from short staple cotton have a huge potential for application in nanofilters and as biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites.     

Relationship between dietary fiber levels and protein digestibility in selected foods as determined in rats

Samples of 15 food products and feces obtained by feeding them to rats were analysed for dietary fiber fractions. The food products were added as the sole source of protein in 8% protein diets, making up 8.8–51.6% of the diets. Diets were supplemented with 0.54–5.00% purified cellulose to make them more comparable in total fiber. Fiber analyses of food products revealed that the protein sources provided 0.06–7.27% total dietary fiber. The true protein digestibility in rats was negatively correlated with the total food fiber level (r=–0.69,P<0.01) or with the food cellulose level (r=–0.82,P<0.01) but it was positively correlated (r=+0.81,P<0.01) with the purified cellulose level. No relationship was found between protein digestibility and fiber fermentability. Results indicate that several food fiber fractions and possibly associated substances influenced protein digestibility. Purified cellulose did not have the same physiological behavior as food cellulose from the viewpoint of protein digestibility and fiber fermentability.     

Sound absorption and viscoelastic property of acoustical automotive nonwovens and their plasma treatment

Sound absorption property, viscoelastic property and the effect of plasma treatment of four automotive nonwoven fabrics on these properties are discussed in this research paper. Needle-punched fabrics used for vehicle headliner include 2 polyester fabrics made of hollow polyester fibers or solid polyester fibers, and 2 polypropylene-composite cellulose fabrics made of jute fibers or kenaf fibers, manufactured with the same web structure of apparent fabric density and fabric thickness. Hollow polyester fiber fabric has the highest sound absorption and the highest loss factor, the second highest is jute fiber fabric. The viscoelastic property is found to be related to the sound absorption property of fabric. The plasma treatment on nonwoven fabrics changes their sound absorption and viscoelastic property as well as their fabric weight and pore size. Hollow polyester fabric shows the increased sound absorption and viscoelastic property after the treatment with the increased pore sizes, while regular polyester fabric displays insignificant changes. The cellulose fabrics are more affected by plasma treatment compared to the polyester fabrics in terms of fabric weight loss and pore size, and jute fabric is more affected than kenaf fabric due to fiber weakness. The jute fabric demonstrates the decreased sound absorption and viscoelastic property, while kenaf fabric shows the increased sound absorption with the unchanged viscoelastic property after the treatment.     

茶籽壳酸水解制备木糖工艺研究

以超声波为辅助手段,稀盐酸为催化剂,常压水解茶籽壳制备木糖,利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法（DNS法）对水解液中的木糖进行检测。通过正交试验考察了超声预提时间、酸浓度、茶籽壳粉碎度、水解时间等对木糖产率的影响。研究表明各因素对木糖得率的影响由大到小的顺序依次为水解时间、酸浓度、粉碎度、超声预提时间;最佳制备条件为：超声预提时间为45min,功率为50kHz,温度为25~30℃;酸浓度为0.6mol/L;粉碎度为40目;水解时间为3h。在此条件下,木糖产率最高,达28.44%。研究为茶籽壳的利用提供了一种简便易行的参考方法。     

Extraction of cellulose nanowhiskers from natural fibers and agricultural byproducts

In this work the feasibility of extracting cellulose from cotton, sisal and flax fibers, corn stover and rice husk by means of usual chemical procedures such as acid hydrolysis, chlorination, alkaline extraction, and bleaching was analyzed. Cellulose nanowhiskers from these sources, and from commercial cellulose, were produced by the acid hydrolysis of the obtained celluloses. The final products were characterized by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The chemical procedure used to obtain cellulose nanowhiskers was effective in all cases but differences on the thermal stability, chemical composition, crystallinity and morphology were found due to the dissimilar nature of the different sources. Thus, this work demonstrates that the morphology and physical properties of cellulose nanowhiskers synthesized by the same conditions are strongly dependent on their source.     

Preparation of adsorbent based on cotton fiber for removal of dyes

Synthetic dyes are used extensively in modern industries, which are toxic and harmful to environment and human. Cotton fiber is a kind of abundant, renewable and eco-friendly cellulose fiber in nature, however, the adsorption capacity of raw cellulose for pollutants was often low. Therefore, an efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes was successfully prepared by grafting beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (NH₂-HBP) onto cotton fibers in this study, which was effective to anionic dyes and cationic dyes. The adsorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM and XPS analysis. The results of adsorption experiments showed that the adsorbent based on cotton fiber exhibited better adsorption performance for Congo red(CR) and methylene blue(MB). The experimental results revealed that the pH value had a great influence on the adsorption capacity.     

Properties of thermoplastic composites with cotton and guayule biomass residues as fiber fillers

This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using residual plant fibers from agricultural waste streams as reinforcement in thermoplastic composites. Three groups of plant fibers evaluated included cotton burrs, sticks and linters from cotton gin waste (CGW), guayule whole plant, and guayule bagasse. The plant fibers were characterized for physical (bulk density and particle size distribution) and chemical properties (ash, lignin and cellulose contents). A laboratory experiment was designed with five fiber filler treatments, namely control (oak wood fiber as the filler - OWF), cotton burr and sticks (CBS), CBS with 2% (by weight) second cut linters (CBL), CBS with 30% (by weight) guayule whole plant (CGP), and CBS with 30% (by weight) guayule bagasse (CGB). The composite samples were manufactured with 50% of fiber filler, 40% of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and 10% other additives by weight. The samples were extruded to approximately 32 × 7 mm cross-sectional profiles, and tested for physico-mechanical properties. The CBS and CBL had considerably lower bulk density than the other fibers. Cotton linters had the highest α-cellulose (66.6%), and lowest hemicellulose (15.8%) and lignin (10.5%) of all fibers tested. Guayule whole plant had the lowest α-cellulose and highest ash content. Both CBS and guayule bagasse contained α-cellulose comparable to OWF, but slightly lower hemicellulose. Evaluation of composite samples made from the five fiber treatments indicated that fibers from cotton gin byproducts and guayule byproducts reduced the specific gravity of the composites significantly. However, the CBS and CBL samples exhibited high water absorption and thickness swelling, but the addition of guayule bagasse reduced both properties to similar levels as the wood fiber. The CGP exhibited significantly lower coefficient of thermal expansion. Composite samples with the five different fiber fillers showed similar hardness and nail holding capacity, yet oak fibers imparted superior strength and modulus under flexure and compression with the exception of the compressive modulus of CGB composites. In general, both cotton ginning and guayule processing byproducts hold great potential as fiber fillers in thermoplastic composites.     

棉纤维的功能性技术研究进展

棉纤维是一种天然纤维素类大宗纤维,其性能优异及衍生物结构复杂,在棉织物等方面有着广泛应用;也是化学工业的重要原料.作者通过查阅文献资料,针对棉纤维的溶解、物理改性、化学改性方面的研究进展进行了综述,并分析了棉纤维功能性的改性技术发展趋势.同时,基于现有研究,梳理了今后研究者需要去解决的关键问题,为研究棉纤维功能性的改性...     

Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose superabsorbents from waste textiles

Production of superabsorbent polymers from cotton and viscose waste textiles was investigated. The cellulose wastes were carboxymethylated, crosslinked by divinylsulfone, and then converted to superabsorbent material using air-drying, freeze-drying, or air-drying after phase inversion. The separation of cellulose from synthetic polymers in the textile (polyester) was carried out by direct dissolution of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), or separation by dissolution in water after carboxymethylation of the textiles. The progress of the carboxymethylation reaction was evaluated by measurement of the degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The DS values of 0.50–0.86 confirmed the prosperous substitution of hydrophilic carboxymethyl groups into the cellulosic chains. The water binding capacity and the swelling rate of the superabsorbents prepared under different conditions were measured. Under the best condition the superabsorbent obtained from waste textiles showed an ultimate water binding capacity of 541 g/g which was notably higher than that of the reference superabsorbent derived from cotton linter (470 g/g). The amount of absorbed water by this product exceeded that of the reference sample after 60 min immersion.     

广西南部陆地棉和海岛棉的杂种优势利用

利用广西南部充足的光热资源,为陆海杂交种的选育及其宿生栽培利用提供参考。研究陆地棉和海岛棉及种间杂种的主要性状表现,并对一、二年生海岛棉及陆海杂种的主要性状进行比较。结果表明：（1）相对陆地棉和海岛棉亲本,陆海杂种具有出苗率较高、生长速率较快、植株比较粗壮的特点,生育期长于陆地棉而短于海岛棉,且其产量较高、品质较好;（2）二年生与一年生棉花相比,皮棉产量增高64.97％～94.11％;而纤维品质均无显著差异。因此,陆海杂种及其宿生栽培在广西南部具有良好的应用前景。     

Preparation and characterization of aminobenzyl cellulose by two step synthesis from native cellulose

Synthesis and structural characterizations of nitro- and aminobenzyl cellulose were carried out. Cellulose derivatives were synthesized by etherification. Nitrobenzylation produced 80 % yield by treating a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose, 4-dimethyl aminopyridine, and 4-nitrobenzyl chloride at 80 °C for 10 h. Nitrobenzyl cellulose was then reduced to aminobenzyl cellulose with 93 % yield using indium metal in ethanol and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. In addition to their structural characterizations by FT-IR and ¹³C CP/MAS NMR, TGA will also be described. These reactions serve as models for future cotton fiber finishing technology with applications in flame resistance.     

Syntheses of flame-retardant cellulose esters and their fibers

3-(Hydroxyphenylphosphinyl)-propanoic acid (3-HPP) esters of cellulose (HPP-Cellulose) were synthesized homogeneously in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride by in situ activation. The chemical structure of the cellulose esters is characterized by FTIR and NMR. The degree of substitution was easily controlled within 0.38-1.51 by varying the molar ratio of 3-HPP/anhydroglucose unit, reaction time, and temperature. All the products showed excellent solubility in common organic solvents. The results of TGA, DTG, LOI, and cone calorimeter test show that 3-HPP has a positive influence on the thermal properties and flame retardance of cellulose. Based on the volatilized products analysis by TGA-IR, the presence of 3-HPP reduces the intensity of volatilized product and accelerates the dehydration action. Moreover, the addition of cellulose (3 wt%) is beneficial to prepare HPP-Cellulose fibers using a dry-wet spinning technique, and the blended fibers possess good mechanical properties as well as flame resistance.     

Potential of using polyester reinforced coconut fiber composites derived from recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste

Unsaturated polyester resin synthesized from glycolyzed product of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was used as a matrix to form coconut fiber/polyester composites. PET wastes were recycled through glycolysis and polyesterification reaction to produce a formulation for unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). FTIR spectra of glycolyzed product and prepared resin revealed that cross-links between unsaturated polyester chain and styrene monomer occurred at the saturated sites which resulted in the forming of cross linking network. To improve the adhesion between coconut fiber and polyester resin, various concentrations of alkali, silane and silane on alkalized fiber were applied and the optimum concentration of treatments was determined. The influence of water uptake on the sorption characteristics of composites was studied via immersion in distilled water at room temperature. Surface treatment of coconut fiber caused a significant increase in the tensile properties with the optimum treatment is 0.5 % silane on the 5 % alkalized coconut fiber/polyester composites. It was also observed that the treated fiber composites showed lower water absorption properties in comparison to those of untreated fiber composites. This observation was well supported by the SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces. From the study, it was concluded that polyester reinforced coconut fiber composites derived from recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste may have the potential application in the fields of construction and automotive interior substrates.