青海藏羊血清运铁蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对青海省三角城种羊场和达日县的１９６份藏羊血样进行了血清运铁蛋白多态性的研究。结果发现：①在被检藏羊的血清运铁蛋白位点上共发现ＴＦ￣Ｉ，ＴＦ￣Ａ，ＴＦ￣Ｇ，ＴＦ￣Ｂ，ＴＦ￣Ｌ，ＴＦ￣Ｃ，ＴＦ￣Ｄ，ＴＦ￣Ｍ，ＴＦ￣Ｅ，ＴＦ￣Ｑ和ＴＦ￣Ｐ１１个等位基因，其中ＴＦＣ（０．３２４０），ＴＦ￣Ｂ（０．２６７９）和ＴＦ￣Ｄ（０．２１６８）为优势等位基因；②共发现ＴＦＩＥ，ＴＦＡＡ，ＴＦＡＢ，ＴＦＡＣ，ＴＦＡＤ，ＴＦＡＭ，ＴＦＧＢ，ＴＦＧＬ，ＴＦＧＣ，ＴＦＧＤ，ＴＦＢＢ，ＴＦＢＣ，ＴＦＢＤ，ＴＦＢＭ，ＴＦＬＣ，ＴＦＬＤ，ＴＦＬＥ，ＴＦＣＣ，ＴＦＣＤ，ＴＦＣＥ，ＴＦＣＱ，ＴＦＣＰ，ＴＦＤＤ，ＴＦＤＭ，ＴＦＤＥ和ＴＦＤＱ２６种基因型，其中ＴＦＢＣ（２０．４１％）、ＴＦＣＣ（１３．７８％）和ＴＦＢＤ（１１．７４％）为优势基因型。     

大通家牦牛及含野血牦牛血清运铁蛋白多态性的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对大通家牦牛，１／２野血牦牛及１／４野血牦牛的血清运铁蛋白多态性进行了研究。结果发现：１．大通家牦牛，１／４野血牦牛的血清运铁蛋白位点有ＴＦＡＤ和ＴＦＤＤ两种基因表型，以ＴＦＤＤ为优质基因型，ＴＦ＾Ａ和ＴＦ＾Ｄ的基因频率分别为０．００４４和０．００９１及０．９９５６和０．９９０９；２．１／２野血牦牛血清运铁蛋白位点呈现单一的ＴＦＤＤ；３．大通家牦牛，１／４野血牦牛和１／２野     

青海细毛羊血清运铁蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对４０１只青海细毛羊的血清运铁蛋白多态性进行了研究。结果表明：①青海细毛羊血清运铁蛋白座位上有ＴＦＡ，ＴＦＧ，ＴＦＢ，ＴＦＣ，ＴＦＤ，ＴＦＭ，ＴＦＥ和ＴＦＱ８个等位基因，其中ＴＦＣ（０．３８７８）和ＴＦＡ（０．２４９４）为优势等位基因；②已发现ＴＦＡＡ，ＴＦＡＧ，ＴＦＡＢ，ＴＦＡＣ，ＴＦＡＤ，ＴＦＡＭ，ＴＦＡＥ，ＴＦＡＱ，ＴＦＧＧ，ＴＦＧＢ，ＴＦＧＣ，ＴＦＧＤ，ＴＦＢＢ，ＴＦＢＣ，ＴＦＢＤ，ＴＦＢＭ，ＴＦＣＣ，ＴＦＣＤ，ＴＦＣＭ，ＴＦＣＱ，ＴＦＤＤ，ＴＦＤＭ，ＴＦＤＥ２３种基因型，以ＴＦＡＣ（２０．９５％）的出现频率最高；③ＴＦ座位的基因杂合度为０．７３８１；④在公羊组和母羊组，ＴＦ基因型与体重、毛长和产毛量之间无显著性联系。     

天峻牦牛血清运铁蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法对青海省天峻县８８头牦头的血清运铁蛋白进行了分型，结果发现，被检牦牛的ＴＦ位点单一的ＴＦＤＤ型，ＴＦ等位基因频率等于１．０００。     

青海东部黄牛血清运铁蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法对３５７头青海东部黄牛血清运铁蛋白的多态性特征进行了研究。结果发现：（１）青海东部黄牛血清运铁蛋白的多态性受ＴＦ＾Ａ,ＴＦ＾Ｂ,ＴＦ＾Ｄ,ＴＦ＾Ｆ５个等位基因控制,有１２种基因型,其中ＴＦ＾Ｄ为优势等位基因（０．６０５０）,ＴＦ ＤＤ型为优势基因型（３４．４５％）;（２）青海东部黄牛ＴＦ基因座群体间基因分化程度（Ｇｓｔ为０．０５％）以及第一个等位基因的分化程度（最大     

青海黑白花奶牛的血液生化遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和火焰光度法，对青海黑白花奶牛的ＨＢ，Ｋ，ＴＦ，ＰＴＦ，ＡＭＹ１和Ｈｐ６个血液生化遗传位，点的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：青海黑白花奶牛除Ｋ位点以下，其它５个位点都有多态性。各位点的优势等位基因频率为：Ｈ８￣Ａ０．９９６１；Ｋ￣Ｌ１．００００；ＴＦ￣Ｄ０．４９０９，ＴＦ￣Ａ０．９８７７；ＰＴＦ￣Ａ０．７２６８；ＡＭＹ１￣Ｂ０．５４１４。６个血液生化遗传位，点的平均杂合度为０．２８７７．有效等位基因数为１．４０４。     

青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及基因分化

通过对柴达木黄牛和青海东部黄牛ＨＢ,ＫＥ,ＴＦ,ＰＴＦ,ＰＡ,ＡＭＹ１,ＡＬＰＡ,ＡＬＰＢ,ＲＢＣ－ＬＤＨ１,Ｓ－ＬＤＨ１,α－ＬＡ,β－ＬＧ,αｓ１－ＣＮ和β－ＣＮ１４个生化遗传基因座多态性的分的,研究青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及两个群体间的基因分化。结果发现：（１）青海本地黄牛１４个生化遗传基因座的Ｐｐｏｌｙ为８５．７％,Ｈ为０．２６６２,Ｎｅ为１．４８６１个,Ｈ．Ｉ．为０．５７９８;（２）柴达木黄牛与青海东部黄牛两群体之间的遗传距离为０．００５８,基因分化系数为０．００７１,表明青海本地黄牛两群体间的基因分化程度极小。     

乐都本地山羊血清运铁蛋白多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对８０只乐都本地山羊血清运铁蛋白的多态性进行研究。结果：被检山羊中有ＴＦＡＡ和ＴＦＡＢ两种基因型，以ＴＦＡＡ型为优势基因型（８６．３％）；ＴＦＡ和ＴＦＢ等位基因频率分别为０．９３１和０．０６９；基因杂合度和有效等位基因数分别为０．１２８和１．１４７。聚类分析表明，乐都本地山羊与藏山羊、英国阿尔卑山羊有较紧密的遗传联系。     

双疗程法治疗肉鸡大肠杆菌病

作者进行了双疗程法治疗肉鸡大肠杆菌病的试验，试验鸡共５０００只，设９个治疗组，１个对照组，每组５００只ＡＡ肉鸡。试验组鸡群于１￣７天，２２￣２８天，分别选用敏感抗菌素氟哌酸（ＦＰＡ，５０ＰＰＭ），强力霉素（ＤＯＣ。７５ＰＰＭ，），氯霉素（ＣＭＶ，７５０ＰＰＭ）进行双疗程治疗，取得了满意的效果。ＤＯＣ－ＣＭＴ、ＣＭＴ－ＤＯＣ、ＦＰＡ－ＤＯＣ、ＤＯＣ－ＦＰＡ、ＦＰＡ－ＣＭＴ、ＣＭＴ－ＦＰＡ、ＤＯＣ－Ｄ     

共和本地山羊血清运铁蛋白多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对７８只共和本地山羊血清运铁蛋白的多态性进行了研究，结果发现：被检山羊有ＴＦＡＡ、ＴＦＡＢ、ＴＦＢＢ三种基因型，以ＴＦＡＡ型为优势基因型（７０．５％）；ＴＦＡ和ＴＦＢ等位基因频率分别为０．８３３３和０．１６６７；基因杂合度和有效等位基因数分别为０．２７７９和１．３８５。经遗传距离计算和聚类分析表明，共和本地山羊和藏山羊、乐都本地山羊有较近的亲缘关系。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -