大麻籽油不皂化物的分离与分析

采用薄板层析、气相色谱对大麻籽油中甾醇、4－甲基甾醇及三萜醇等不皂化物的成分进行了分离和分析。并用气相色谱－质谱联用确定了甾醇中的6种化合物。     

芥菜籽油和亚麻仁油中脂肪酸和不皂化物成分的分析

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱对芥菜籽油和亚麻仁油中的脂肪酸和甾醇、４—甲基甾醇、三萜醇等不皂化物成分进行了分离、鉴定和测定。     

菜籽油不皂化物中甾醇成分的分析

采用制备型高效液相色谱法将菜籽油不皂化物分离为甾醇、４－甲基甾醇、三萜醇和烃四类。甾醇部分经乙酰化后，由气相色谱法分析，并采用硝酸银硅胶制备薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法进一步分离。分得的主要组分经薄层、气相色谱、溶点、红外光谱和质谱鉴定，并分离得到β－谷甾醇，菜油甾醇，菜籽甾醇和△５－燕麦甾醇等纯品。被认定的有２４－亚甲基胆甾醇、豆甾醇、△７－豆甾烯醇和△７－燕麦甾醇。     

紫苏子油不皂化物的分离与分析

采用快速硅胶柱层析和气相色谱对紫苏子油中甾醇、4 - 甲基甾醇及三萜醇等不皂化物的成分进行了分 离和分析。并用气相色谱- 质谱联用技术确定了甾醇中的7种化合物,它们分别为胆甾醇(Cholesterol) 、菜油甾醇 (Campesterol) 、豆甾醇( Stigmasterol) 、β - 谷甾醇(β - Sitosterol) 、α - 菠菜甾醇(α - Sp inasterol) 、Δ5 - 燕麦甾醇(Δ5 - Avenasterol)和Δ7 - 豆甾烯(Δ7 - Stigmastenol) 。     

微孔草种子油脂肪酸及不皂化物的分析

采用气相色谱法对我国青藏高原特有的野生油料作物微孔草种子油的脂肪酸和不皂化物进行分析。结果表明，其脂肪酸成分以不饱和脂肪酸为主，亚油酸、亚麻酸有较高的含量，三萜醇含有环阿屯酸及其衍生物，4-甲基甾醇以纯叶大戟甾醇和环桉烯醇为主，甾醇以菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇为主。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定中棉所49棉籽仁中的植物甾醇组成

为鉴定中棉所49棉籽仁中的植物甾醇组成,光籽经剥壳、粉碎、过筛、皂化、溶剂萃取并硅烷化衍生后,用HP-5MS柱分离,基于气相色谱-质谱平台,采用内标法进行半定量分析。结果表明：中棉所49棉籽仁中含有胆固醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、Δ5-燕麦甾醇、羽扇豆醇、Δ7-燕麦甾醇、24-亚甲基环木菠萝烷醇和高根二醇这9种植物甾醇。每100 g中棉所49棉籽仁中总甾醇含量为124.870 mg,其中β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇和Δ5-燕麦甾醇的含量较高,分别占甾醇总含量的79.669%、10.647%和4.238%;高根二醇是其特征成分。本研究为棉籽的综合利用和营养评价提供了技术和数据支持,也为鉴定高档食用油提供了新的方法。     

巴西橡胶树胶乳化学成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对巴西橡胶树胶乳氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取物中的化学成分进行分析测定,结合计算机检索技术对其成分进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果表明,氯仿萃取物中共鉴定出33个化学成分,占总量的78.90%。乙酸乙酯萃取物中共鉴定出46个化学成分,占总量的90.15%。其中,τ-杜松醇、(Z)-金合欢醇、角鲨烯、环阿屯醇、24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇等萜类化合物及γ-谷甾醇、β-豆甾醇、菜油甾醇、异岩藻甾醇等植物甾醇在橡胶生物合成途径甲羟戊酸途径中作为中间体或终产物。除24-亚甲基环木菠萝醇以外,几种萜类和甾醇都具有一定药用作用,尤其是角鲨烯,具有抗癌、抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等生理活性,目前已成为天然药物研究的热点。     

岭头单枞乌龙茶香气及化学组成特征

岭头单枞是广东省的优良乌龙茶品种，其成茶具有一种特殊的蜜香。对其鲜叶和成茶分析结果表明，其醚浸出物较高，儿茶素含量较低。检出了７８种香气成分，秋茶的含量及种类比春茶丰富。成茶中含量较多的有：芳樟醇及其氧化物（秋茶１３．４１％，春茶９．４５％）、法呢烯（秋茶１０．７６％，春茶４．７１％）、橙花叔醇（秋茶８．５８％）、己酸，２－丙烯酯（秋茶１０．５６％）、十六碳酸（秋茶５．１２％、春茶１．５７％）、植醇（秋茶３．０４％，春茶８．６１％）、亚油酸甲酯（秋茶５．７％）、γ－亚麻酸甲酯（秋茶３．３５％）等，尤其是最后两种成分，在其他茶叶中少有检出。     

丹桂与名优乌龙茶品种香气特征比较

用ＧＣ／ＭＳ法分析了丹桂与名优乌龙茶品种的香气组成。结果表明,丹桂等５个名优乌龙茶品种的主要香气成分如下：丹桂茶是橙花叔醇、α－法呢烯、香叶醇、（Ｚ）－３－己烯基苯甲酸酯、β－紫罗酮＋（Ｚ）茉莉酮;肉桂茶是橙花叔醇、α－法呢烯、吲哚、香叶醇、芳樟醇;黄旦是橙花叔醇、香叶醇、α－法呢烯、（Ｚ）－３－己烯基苯甲酸酯、β－紫罗酮＋（Ｚ）茉莉酮;铁观音是橙花叔醇、吲哚、α－法呢烯、苯甲醛、β－紫罗酮＋（Ｚ）茉莉酮;毛蟹是橙花叔醇、吲哚、α－法呢烯、苯甲醛、２－苯乙醇。丹桂与其他４个名优乌龙茶品种香气成分含量最高的都是橙花叔醇,说明橙花叔醇是构成福建乌龙茶品种最主要的香气成分。尤其是丹桂与其母本肉桂的橙花叔醇含量均很高,分别达６９％和６１％。但是,不同品种主要香气成分的含量及组成存在明显差异,由此构成了不同品种的香型特征,这与感官审评的结果基本一致。     

五个小麦品种麸皮脂质成分分析

小麦麸皮中有一定量对人体健康有益的脂质成分,这些脂质可以作为优质植物原材料应用于食品或工业生产。为了解不同小麦品种麸皮的脂质组成,用乙酸乙酯萃取法提取脂质,并进行硅烷化衍生处理,建立气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用法测定了5个小麦品种的麸皮脂质成分及含量。结果表明,从麸皮脂质中共鉴定出20种化合物,可归纳为游离脂肪酸、烷基间苯二酚（ARs）、甾醇（β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾烷醇）、单酰基甘油酯、甲基烷基间苯二酚和烷烃等六大类。ARs（相对含量31.8%~41.7%）和游离脂肪酸（相对含量24.0%~31.3%）在总脂质中占比较高,甾醇含量次之,其他化合物含量较少。ARs由侧链长度为17~25奇数链烷烃组成,二十一烷基间苯二酚含量（732.7~1 158.4 μg·g^-1）显著高于ARs其他同系物(P＜0.05)。不同小麦品种麸皮的脂质各组分含量不同,且品种之间存在显著差异,西农979和淮麦21中的ARs含量最高。     

Total plant sterols,steryl ferulates and steryl glycosides in milling fractions of wheat and rye

The total plant sterol, steryl ferulate and steryl glycoside contents in wheat and rye milling fractions show that there are significant differences in both sterol content and composition between various milling fractions collected from a commercial mill. Total sterols were analysed by gas chromatography after acid and alkaline hydrolyses. The steryl conjugates were first extracted with acetone, fractionated on solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and then analysed individually (steryl glycosides by gas chromatography and steryl ferulates by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Differences in sterol contents of the wheat samples were greater than in the rye samples. The highest total sterol content was found in wheat germ, but surprisingly high sterol contents, that were comparable to bran, were found in some flour fractions. Contents of steryl ferulates were high in the bran fractions contributing up to 17% of total sterols. The variation in the content of steryl glycosides in the samples was lower and contributed less than 10% of total sterols. These results show that much of the bioactive components may be lost when certain flour fractions produced in common flour milling procedures are discarded. However, some of these fractions with significantly high sterol contents could possibly be introduced into milling products used in breadmaking and the food industry without greatly compromising consumer acceptability.     

橡胶种子活性物质探讨

采集海南省各地42个品系的橡胶种子,用乙醚提取其种仁,得油状物含量在38%～52%之间,经高效气相色谱—质谱—计算机,随机分析12个品系的油状物,平均含有饱和脂肪酸25.24%,非饱和脂肪酸74.52%。饱和脂肪酸是豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,非饱和脂肪酸中油酸21.55%、亚油酸35.25%、α-亚麻酸17.72%。分析了30个品系种子中的豆甾醇和谷甾醇,结果有27个含甾醇类化合物高于大豆,最高含量达12.02%,是大豆含量的29倍多。      

Oil extraction from coriander fruits by extrusion and comparison with solvent extraction processes

The aim of this work was to optimise a single-screw extruder dedicated to coriander production and to investigate the effects of screw configuration, nozzle diameter and nozzle/screw distance. On the other hand, the coriander fruit was extracted using soxhlet methods, the results were compared with mechanical screw press methods.Maximum yield was obtained with single screw extruder for a configuration allowing the strongest oil expression (nozzle/screw distance: 3 mm, nozzle diameter: 9 mm).Comparing with mechanical press, the maximum yield was obtained by the soxhlet extraction with 21.25%.The effect of the operating parameters on oil quality was not important. In all the experiments tested, the oil quality was very good. The acid value was below 1.8 mg of KOH/g of oil and iodine values were tolerable (44 mg of iodine/100 g of oil).Nine fatty acids were identified, with petroselinic acid accounting for 74-77% of the total fatty acids, followed by linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, accounting for 12-13%, 4-6% and 3%, respectively, of the total fatty acids.β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in all oils with 28% of total sterols of all oils. The next major sterols in all oils were stigmasterol (24-27% of total sterols) and Δ⁷-stigmasterol (14-18% of total sterols).     

Viscosity reduction of castor oil esters by the addition of diesel, safflower oil esters and additives

The high viscosity of vegetable oil can be reduced by transesterification with alcohols and converting it into biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used neat or blended with diesel as engine fuel. This study demonstrates that esters of castor oils have a higher viscosity than safflower oil derived esters and the viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel. The viscosity increased in a non-linear fashion as the percentage of castor esters increased in castor esters diesel blends and in castor esters safflower esters blends. Only slight increases in viscosity were observed for B40 and B60 mixtures with No. 2 diesel. Addition of ten chemical additives in castor esters at the rate of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1.0% showed limited viscosity reduction.     

Comparative advantages of chemical compositions of specific edible vegetable oils

As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decide their development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oils were investigated. The comparative advantages of chemical compositions of these edible oils were obtained as follows: (1) camellia, tiger nut and almond oil were rich in oleic acid, the contents of which accounted for 79.43%, 69.16% and 66.26%, respectively; (2) safflower oil contained the highest content of linoleic acid (76.69%), followed by grape seed (66.85%) and walnut oil (57.30%); (3) perilla seed, siritch, peony seed and herbaceous peony seed oil were rich in α-linolenic acid (59.61%, 43.74%, 40.83% and 30.84%, respectively); (4) the total phytosterol contents of these oils ranged from 91.46 mg/100 ​g (camellia oil) to 506.46 mg/100 ​g (siritch oil); and (5) The best source of tocopherols was sacha inchi oil (122.74 mg/100 ​g), followed by perilla seed oil (55.89 mg/100 ​g), peony seed oil (53.73 mg/100 ​g) and herbaceous peony seed oil (47.17 mg/100 ​g). The comparative advantages of these specific edible oils indicated that they possess the high potential nutritional values and health care functions.     

不同产地的紫苏籽油活性成分检测与主成分分析

为评价油品质与营养功能,有效开发不同产地的紫苏籽油,收集19个产地的紫苏籽,分析了油的理化性质,脂肪酸、维生素E、植物甾醇等活性成分的组成及含量。结果发现：紫苏籽油主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸五种脂肪酸,亚麻酸含量58.8%～70.9%,不饱和脂肪酸含量91.1%～93.8%;紫苏籽油含有△-5燕麦甾醇、菜籽甾醇、β-谷甾醇及环阿廷醇,总甾醇含量67.0mg/100g～94.4mg/100g;紫苏籽油含有α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚,γ-生育酚占总生育酚含量95%左右,总的生育酚含量为63.4mg/100g～99.4mg/100g。通过主成分分析及主成分中各性状载荷分析发现,α-亚麻酸、γ-生育酚、菜籽甾醇是紫苏籽油的特征活性成分,对不同产地的紫苏籽油差异影响较大。对紫苏籽油的12个脂溶性活性成分进行分层聚类热图分析,可将19个产地的紫苏籽油分成6大类。      

红花籽实含油率相关性状的通径分析

本试验以9个栽培红花品种为材料,进行了红花籽实含油率相关性状的通径分析。结果表明,种壳率是影响籽实含油率的首要因素,分枝高和株高次之。这3个性状两两间的互作效应大于单一性状对含油率的影响。对含油率的决定程度,以分校高与种壳率的互作效应居于首位。百粒体积和每果粒数保持相对稳定,降低种壳率或分枝高度,可有效提高含油率。其它性状不变,选择植株较高者,是提高含油率的有效途径。     

Safflower yield,chlorophyll content,photosynthesis, and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rainfed conditions

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a deep-rooted crop which can tolerate water stress and can be grown in rotation with other crop species. Nitrogen is very important for the growth and yield of safflower, however, the effect of N level on chlorophyll content, assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO₂ concentration, and water use efficiency (WUE) have not been determined. A 2-year field study was conducted with the objective to determine the effect of N fertilization on yield, yield components, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and WUE of safflower grown under rainfed conditions. Three rates of N were used (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two hybrids (CW9048 and CW9050). N fertilization increased seed yield by an average of 19%, the seed weight per plant by 60%, the seed weight per head by 18%, the number of heads per plant by 32%, and the number of seeds per plant by 41% compared with the control. N level also affected chlorophyll content, N concentration at anthesis, protein, and oil yield. N application increased assimilation rate by an average of 51%, stomatal conductance of water vapour by an average of 27%, and WUE by an average of 60% over the 2 years of the study when compared to the control. The present study indicates that N fertilization can affect yield, yield components, photosynthetic efficiency, and physiology of safflower under rainfed conditions.     

Chemical composition and profile characteristics of Osage orange Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneider seed and seed oil

Studies were conducted on the properties of seeds and oil extracted from Maclura pomifera seeds. The following values (on a dry-weight basis) were obtained for M. pomifera seed, respectively: moisture 5.88%, ash 6.72%, oil 32.75% and the high protein content 33.89%. The carbohydrate content (20.76%) can be regarded as a source of energy for animals if included in their diets. The major nutrients (mg/100 g oil) were: potassium (421.65), calcium (218.56) and magnesium (185.00). The physicochemical properties of the oil include: the saponification number 174.57; the iodine value 141.43; the p-anisidine value 1.86; the peroxide value 2.33 meq O₂/kg; the acid value 0.66; the carotenoid content 0.59 mg/100 g oil; the chlorophyll content 0.02 (mg/100 g oil) and the refractive index 1.45. Polymorphic changes were observed in thermal properties of M. pomifera seed oil. This showed absorbency in the UV-B and UV-C ranges with a potential for use as a broad spectrum UV protectant. The main fatty acids of the crude oil were linoleic (76.19%), oleic (13.87%), stearic (6.76%) and palmitic acid (2.40%). The polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) LLL, PLL, POL + SLL, OLL, OOL (L: linoleic acid, O: oleic, P: palmitic acid and S: stearic acid) acids were the major TAGs found in M. pomifera seed oil. A relatively high level of sterols making up 852.93 mg/100 g seed oil was present. The sterol marker, β-sitosterol, accounted for 81% of the total sterol content in the seed oil and is followed by campesterol (7.4%), stigmasterol (4.2%), lupeol (4.1%) and Δ⁵-avenesterol (3.2%). The seed oil was rich in tocopherols with the following composition (mg/100 g): α-tocopherol 18.92; γ-tocopherol 10.80; β-tocopherol 6.02 and δ-tocopherol 6.29. The results showed that M. pomifera seed oil could be used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food products.