Relationship of increased fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with high environmental temperatures.

The relationship of an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with an increase in environmental temperatures during June, July, August, and September between 1959 and 1992 was analyzed. High environmental temperatures were found to be influential in the development of fowl cholera in turkeys. When the average monthly maximum environmental temperatures for 5 mo of July and 7 mo of August during the 13 yr between 1967 and 1979 were above 30.5 C, there was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys for each month than during the same months when the average maximum temperatures were below 30.5 C. To test the hypothesis that an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks was preceded by an increase in temperature, the pre- and postoutbreak temperatures for 46 selected outbreak clusters occurring between 1959 and 1992 were averaged. Both the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the latter 9 days of the preoutbreak period were highly significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of the average cluster outbreak day and the following four postoutbreak days. Also, for the nine individual days of the latter pre-outbreak period, the daily average maximum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 3 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 3 days than that of the average cluster outbreak day, and the daily average minimum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 2 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 1 day than that for the average cluster outbreak day.     

A descriptive study of fowl cholera in California meat turkeys: August 1985-July 1986

One hundred sixty meat-turkey premises in California were monitored for outbreaks of fowl cholera from August 1985 through July 1986. Nearly 27 million turkeys in 720 flocks were at risk during the year. Fifty-three flocks of approximately 3 million turkeys on 34 different premises experienced confirmed fowl cholera outbreaks. The epidemic curve for the year indicated that the majority of outbreaks occurred in the late summer and fall, particularly in October. The incidence of outbreaks during this time was not significantly associated with seasonal variation in the size of the turkey population. The mean flock age at outbreak was 10.8 weeks, with a range of 5-18 weeks.     

Case control study of fowl cholera in meat turkeys in California from August 1985 through July 1986 [corrected

From Aug 1985 through July 1986, 720 meat turkey flocks on 160 California premises were monitored and outbreaks of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) were investigated. Data from 43 outbreak (case) flocks were compared with data from 43 nonoutbreak (control) flocks. Outbreak flocks, compared with control flocks, were more likely to be located on premises with higher maximal bird capacity and history of fowl cholera outbreaks. The overall impression was that flocks in larger, newer, more intensively managed premises were at greater risk of fowl cholera outbreaks than were other flocks.     

禽霍乱病诊治

禽霍乱是由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起家禽一种急性败血性传染病。该病发病急,传播快,发病率死亡率高,诊治不及时会造成很大经济损失。下面就我市新风村一养鸡户,发生禽霍乱病诊治情况介绍如下。     

DNA fingerprinting of plasmid-containing serotype A: 3,4 Pasteurella multocida isolated from cases of fowl cholera in chickens and turkeys

The live, attenuated vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida have been hypothesized to be responsible for homologous serotype outbreaks of fowl cholera on farms that use the commercial vaccines. We have further hypothesized that the naturally occurring Clemson University (CU) vaccine strain may be transformed to virulence by the acquisition of plasmid DNA. To test this hypothesis, we obtained seven homologous serotype (A:3,4) P. multocida isolates, all plasmid bearing, that were cultured from fowl cholera cases in vaccinated flocks and compared the isolates with the CU reference vaccine by molecular methods. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected by DNA/DNA hybridization with labeled probes specific for the cya, aroA, and rrn genes of P. multocida. The RFLPs obtained from BglII-digested genomic DNA probed with cya demonstrated no differences among the isolates. Although three isolates probed with aroA showed a RFLP identical to the vaccine strain, five isolates were distinctly different. Isolates probed with rrn grouped into three different restriction patterns that were dissimilar from that of the vaccine strain. Therefore, we have shown that these fowl cholera isolates are different from the CU vaccine strain and that these outbreaks were not vaccine related.     

Antigenic and genetic characterisation of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from outbreaks in domestic fowl and turkeys in Great Britain during 1997

Antigenic and genetic analyses of viruses from the 11 outbreaks of Newcastle disease in Great Britain, 12 of the outbreaks in Northern Ireland and the single outbreak in the Republic of Ireland which occurred in 1997, indicated that they were all essentially similar. In addition, the viruses from the British Isles were very similar to viruses isolated from three outbreaks in pheasants in Denmark between August and November 1996, from a goosander in Finland in September 1996, from an outbreak in chickens in Norway in February 1997, and from an outbreak in chickens in Sweden in November 1997. Viruses from outbreaks in other countries during 1995 to 1997 could be distinguished antigenically and/or genetically from the 1996 to 1997 Scandinavian/British Isles isolates, as could viruses responsible for two separate outbreaks in caged birds in quarantine premises in Great Britain in March 1997. Minor nucleotide differences in the 413-base region of the fusion gene and the 187-base region of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene sequenced in this study allowed the 1996 to 1997 Scandinavian/British Isles isolates to be divided into groups. These groups broadly corresponded to the clusters of disease outbreaks, but suggested that the discrete outbreak in Scotland was probably the result of virus spread from Northern Ireland. Overall, the antigenic and genetic analyses of these viruses were consistent with the theory that the virus was introduced into the British Isles by migratory birds moving from north-east Europe. However, it was not possible to rule out other sources, such as the movement of pheasants from Denmark.     

禽霍乱的防制对策

１预防为主加强饲养管理，改善不良外界卫生环境，提高禽体的抗病力。２药物防制２．１氟喹诺酮类药物据近两年对禽霍乱病原菌做药敏试验，此类药均属高敏药物，且价格不高，饮水、拌料、注射均宜，副作用小，安全性高，成本较低，一般可作为首选药物，但此药尚属新兽药之类，应多注意长期使用情况。２．２磺胺类药物属于传统使用的防制禽霍乱病的药物，系抑菌药物，以磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶效果较好，一般按４００～５００mg／kg混合于饲料中应用效果良好且使用方便，尤其与三甲氧苄胺嘧啶（TMP）混合使用效果明显增加，如复方新诺明…     

近期禽霍乱发生特点及其防治

今年4～7月,山东周边省市多雨、气温忽高忽低,这种多变的气候是诱发该地区禽霍乱的主要因素。发病主要见于25～31周龄的产蛋鸡,尤其是肉种鸡,以急性型和慢性型禽霍乱为主,发病率20%～40%,死淘率1%～15%不等,病程2～4周。1流行特点本病是由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起鸡、鸭、鹅等多种禽类的最急性、急性和慢性传染病。当前发病以急性型和慢性型为主。同群的公鸡则很少发病。1.1急性型产蛋鸡多见,尤其是25～31周龄的肉种鸡,当产蛋率上升到30%～50%时,发病鸡群吃料时间延长,饮水明显增多,30%～40%的鸡拉黄绿稀粪,零星死亡,4000左右的鸡群每天死7～8只…     

产蛋鸡住白细胞原虫病与禽霍乱的混合感染

山东省临沂市某蛋鸡场于2005年3月3日购进海兰鸡5200只，鸡群按常规饲养，饲养方式为笼养，根据当地常发病情况进行了鸡马立克氏病、鸡新城疫、传染性法氏囊病、鸡痘、传染性支气管炎、传染性喉气管炎、产蛋下降综合征等的防疫，但未免疫禽霍乱疫苗。9月28日即209日龄时开始发病死亡，每天死鸡3～10只不等，最多死鸡每天达35只，产蛋率从93％下降到85％，软壳蛋、粗壳蛋增多，蛋壳色泽变淡，用盐酸环丙沙星饮水治疗，病情未得到控制，且不断加重。发病6d时间内死亡121只鸡，死亡率达2．33％。并且笼底层鸡死亡率比上层的鸡高。根据发病情况、临床症状、病理剖检变化、实验室检查等，确诊本病例为鸡住白细胞原虫病与禽霍乱的混合感染。     

艾维茵肉鸡暴发禽霍乱的诊治

禽霍乱又称禽巴氏杆菌病,是由某些血清型的多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的鸡鸭鹅等禽类的接触性、败血性传染病,发病率和死亡率都很高,是禽类常见病之—,对养禽业的危害甚大。我市双流区某养殖户王某2004年2月购进艾维茵肉雏鸡2500余只,养至30日龄左右部分鸡只发生禽霍乱,经正确诊断和采取有效的防治措施,取得了良好的效果,现将情况报道如下:1发病情况该养殖场采用笼养方式饲养的30日龄左右的艾维茵肉鸡,部分突然出现精神不振、呼吸困难、喜饮水、剧烈腹泻等现象,经检测,新城疫、传支、传喉的抗体滴度属正常。当时饲料中加入地克珠利和饮水中加入氟哌…     

Disease prevalence in Georgia turkey flocks in 1986

Disease prevalence in turkeys was estimated by totaling the flock size of necropsy cases submitted to the University of Georgia in 1986 for each disease reported and comparing it with the population at risk. Fowl cholera was the most prevalent disease in both commercial tom flocks (18.0%) and breeder hen flocks (14.7%). Prevalence of colibacillosis was 15.9% in commercial tom flocks, and prevalence of aspergillosis was 8.5% in commercial tom and 4.9% in breeder hen flocks.     

防治种鸡暴发里氏杆菌的有效措施

1997年2月,广西玉林市某种鸡场发生了急性黑氏杆菌病,疫情从肉鸡群迅速传播到整个种鸡群,并持续近半年,造成了严重的经济损失.现将发病情况及防治措施报告如下:     

Serologic associations between fowl cholera and other diseases.

As part of a case-control study designed to identify fowl cholera risk factors, 2087 blood samples were collected from 71 California meat-turkey flocks. Samples were tested for antibodies to three mycoplasmas and four viruses pathogenic for turkeys. Flocks that had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and/or Mycoplasma meleagridis had an increased risk of having an outbreak of fowl cholera. This information should prove useful for fowl cholera control programs in meat turkeys.     

A new serotype of Pasteurella multocida associated with fowl cholera

Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated an additional Pasteurella multocida serotype, designated serotype 16. Isolate P-2723, antigenically distinct from the other (previously reported) 15 serotypes, was from a turkey affected with fowl cholera. This serotype is not widely distributed. Isolate P-2723 was of mild virulence in turkeys, resulting in local infections in the hock joint and sternal bursa of only 1 of 9 turkeys exposed.     

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in wild-type turkeys living in close contact with domestic fowl

Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 2 wild-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 1 domestic turkey living in close contact on a farm in Tehama County, California. Sinusitis was detected in 2 of 14 wild-type turkeys and in 1 of 12 feral broad-breasted bronze turkeys, but in none of several chickens on the premises. The entire mixed flock was captured, sinus aspirates were collected from affected birds, and blood samples were obtained from all birds for serologic testing. Blood samples also were obtained from 10 domestic turkeys on adjacent premises from which breeding stock had been borrowed. The M gallisepticum isolated from sinus aspirates was typed and inoculated into susceptible chickens, resulting in airsacculitis. California wild turkeys with and without histories of exposure to domestic fowl and wild turkeys shipped into California from Texas for release were tested for antibodies to M gallisepticum, using the plate agglutination test. Evidence of M gallisepticum infection was not found in wild turkeys at any location other than the original premises.