杂交鹅掌楸间伐试验

对7年生杂交鹅掌楸进行间伐试验,结果表明,间伐2 a多后,在2 m×4 m、4 m×4 m和4 m×6 m 3个间伐密度中,2 m×4 m和4 m×4 m两者的胸径增长十分相近,为31.5%,密度4 m×6 m胸径增长最大,为45.4%,它与密度2m×4 m或4 m×4 m比较有44%的增长。     

不同密度马尾松人工林水源涵养能力的比较

对广西横县镇龙林场不同密度（2 m×2 m、2 m×1.5 m、1.5 m×1.5 m和1 m×1.67 m）的14年生马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林凋落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力进行比较研究。结果表明：密度为2 m×2 m和1.5 m×1.5 m的马尾松林凋落物层蓄积量小于2 m×1.5 m和1 m×1.67 m的马尾松林蓄积量,1 m×1.67 m的马尾松林凋落物层蓄积量最大。凋落物层最大持水量与凋落物层蓄积量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。密度为2 m×2 m和1.5 m×1.5 m的马尾松林土壤层最大持水量大于密度为2 m×1.5 m和1 m×1.67 m的最大持水量;综合水源涵养力则取决于土壤层持水量的大小,4个林型的水源涵养力依次是2 m×2 m〉1.5 m×1.5 m〉2m×1.5 m〉1 m×1.67 m。本研究为马尾松人工林生态功能量化研究提供科学依据。     

杨树人工林林麦间作研究初报

为探索杨树对林下间作物小麦生长的影响,对杨树3种不同配置模式对小麦生物量、小麦品质、小麦产量以及小麦营养与生殖生长关系的影响展开调查和分析.研究表明,杨树不同配置模式对小麦生长影响程度不同,其中以3 m×5 m×30 m配置模式的生物量和产量等指标最高,3 m×15 m配置模式最低;而小麦出产率则恰恰相反.单穗重、千粒重、蛋白质含量、淀粉含量则以4 m×5 m×50 m模式最大,3 m×15 m模式最小.3 m×15 m模式产量和质量的各项指标均较低,而4 m×5 m×50 m模式单位面积所能种植的杨树株数偏少.综合这两个方面的因素考虑,认为3 m×5 m×30 m配置方式是一种比较理想的配置方式.     

不同立地类型下种植密度对杜仲叶产量和质量的影响

本研究以江西本地2年生的杜仲栽培品种为研究材料，在平地设置0.5 m×0.3 m、0.5 m×0.5 m、0.5 m×0.8 m和0.5 m×1.0 m 4个种植密度，在丘陵地设置2 m×1 m、2 m×2 m和2 m×3 m 3个种植密度，研究不同种植密度对叶用杜仲林叶产量和质量(绿原酸含量)的影响。结果表明，在平地种植稀疏的杜仲单株叶产量较低，而绿原酸的积累则有所增加，种植密度为0.5 m×0.3 m时，杜仲的单株叶产量最高(200.90 kg/hm²)，而种植密度为0.5 m×1.0 m时，叶片中绿原酸的含量最高(27 153.26 ug/g)，综合产量和质量两方面考量，推荐0.5 m×0.5 m为杜仲叶用林在平地的最佳种植密度。丘陵地3个种植密度对杜仲单株叶产量和质量没有显著影响，可以根据实际情况适当密植以提高单位面积的产量和收益。     

大青山不同森林结构与根际土壤微生物数量变化研究

大青山不同林龄根际土壤微生物数量变化规律是细菌、放线菌数量和微生物的总数均随着树龄的增长呈现减少趋势。不同林木树种组成,根际土壤微生物数量变化呈现出一定的规律性,在榆林地区的土壤细菌数量及微生物总量分布依次为山杏〉油松×沙棘〉油松×山杏〉油松×柠条〉油松〉沙棘〉柠条;劈柴沟地区不同树种组成土壤微生物总量及土壤细菌数量变化为山杨〉白桦×落叶松〉落叶松〉油松〉白桦。不同密度的根际土壤微生物数量的规律是2 m×3 m≥3 m×3.5 m〉1.5 m×2 m〉1 m×3 m≥1.5 m×2 m,基本上是随密度增加土壤微生物数量减少。     

辽西地区山杏林分栽植密度效应的分析

以辽西地区山杏林地为研究对象,利用方差分析及多重比较的方法比较不同密度条件下山杏林生长状况和改土效益的差异,从而得出不同林龄山杏林最佳的栽植密度。辽西地区山杏林在幼龄期和盛果初期密度为2 m×2 m时经济效益最好,对于进入30年生的盛果期林分,密度为3 m×4 m时经济效益最高;20年生山杏林密度为2 m×2 m时改土效果最好;树体生长发育在10年生以前以2 m×2 m的密度栽植最好,20~30年生以2 m×3 m的密度栽植最佳。     

小白杏不同树体部位果枝和花器官形成的规律

为探明杏树结果枝及花芽形成规律,选取栽植密度为2 m×4 m和5 m×6 m的小白杏树,对其行间两侧主枝上不同部位的结果枝类型、花芽和花器官的形成情况进行调查。结果表明,在主枝的不同部位,2 m×4 m和5 m×6 m栽植密度下的结果枝形成自下而上大致呈"少—多—少"的趋势,其中形成比例最多的部位为100～150 cm的长度范围内;2 m×4 m栽植密度下主枝上花芽的形成自上而下亦呈现"少—多—少"的趋势,主要集中在枝条的50～200 cm,5 m×6 m栽植密度下花芽的形成分别以主枝的100～150 cm和200～250 cm为主;2 m×4 m栽植密度下杏树花芽的越冬存活率自下而上不断提高,并在150～200 cm达到最高值,然后下降,5 m×6 m栽植密度下杏树主枝50～100 cm和150～200 cm花芽的越冬存活率较高。2 m×4 m和5 m×6 m栽植密度下主枝各部位的可育花比例均高于败育花,以雌雄蕊等长的比例最高,并且5 m×6 m栽植密度下可育花的比例要普遍高于栽植密度2 m×4 m。小白杏树不同部位结果枝和花器官形成呈现规律分布,不同栽植密度杏树间的结果枝形成、花器官质量表现出一定的差异。     

不同初植密度对巨桉木材纤维形态的影响

对不同初植密度（2.0m×4.0m、3.0m×3.0m、3.0m×4.0m）20年生巨桉胸径处外缘材纤维形态特征（纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、长宽比和壁腔比）进行测定和分析,旨在为定向培育巨桉人工林提供基础数据。研究结果表明：随初植密度的增大,纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径先增大后减小,以3.0m×3.0m的最大;纤维长宽比和壁腔比先减小后增大,3.0m×4.0m的纤维长宽比和壁腔比最大。本研究认为3.0m×3.0m的纤维形态特征为最好。     

不同群体结构苹果园光照分布状况研究

为了确立乔砧红富士苹果园合理的群体结构,探讨群体结构对光照分布的影响,对临城县赵庄乡南沟村不同栽植密度、树形为改良纺锤形的盛果期乔砧红富士苹果园的群体结构以及树体不同部位的光照情况进行了调查,结果表明：株行距2m×3m、3m×4m、3m×5m的郁闭度分别为0.88、0.70和0.58;行间近地面相对光照强度分别为0.94、0.46和0.13;行间地面向上0.5m处相对光照强度随株行距加大而加大,其值分别为0.12、0.40、0.95;行间地面向上1.0m、1.5m、2.0m不同株行距的相对光照强度除株行距2m×3m的果园的行间地面向上1.0m处为0.17外,其他都在0.76以上。每666.7m2总枝量、树高、叶面积系数以株行距2m×3m的为最大,分别为345 210根、3.23m和3.4;株行距3m×5m的为最小,分别为139 920根、2.81m、2.6;株行距2m×3m、3m×4m、3m×5m行内地面向上1.5m、2.0m处的相对光照强度均在0.49以上。     

金花茶不同种植密度经济效益分析

试验设种植株行距0.7 m×0.7 m、0.7m×1.0m、0.7 m×2.0m、1.0m×2.0m、1.5 m×2.0m、2.0×2.0 m、2.5m×2.0m的7个不同处理方法.结果 表明:株行距1.5 m×2.0 m、2.0 m×2.0 m、2.5 m×2.0 m3个处理的平均树高分别为2.24、2.33、2.3...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.