Trichoderma harzianum TUV-13对鱼腥草白绢病的防治及其促生长作用

应用抗腈菌唑标记的Trichoderma harzianum TUV-13的分生孢子制剂对鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata进行种茎浸泡和土壤处理。结果表明,两种处理均可促进鱼腥草种茎提早发芽、发根,并提高植株生物量。种茎浸泡处理对芽根萌发、地上部分生长的促进效果较好,而土壤处理则对提高地下茎产量效果更明显;两种方法当年对由Sclemtium rolfsii引起的白绢病的田间防效均可达70%以上,两年后在田间自然状态下,对该病仍有较好的防治作用。其中土壤处理两年后,对白绢病的防效为68.2%。木霉回收试验结果表明,TUV-13菌株可在土壤中较好地定殖,2年后其种群数量为2.31×105cfu.g-1,是土著木霉菌数量的289倍。     

Changes in Growth,Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments,Biochemical Substances,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Activities Induced by Treatment with Different pH of Artificial acid rain in Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata)

Acid rain is one of the major environmental problems that causes plant morphological and physiological disorders. But there are few studies about the impact of acid rain on vegetable crops. This work aimed to study the various effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) at different levels of pH (5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5 or 3.0) on growth, yield, pigment content, protein, carbohydrate, water content in leaves, minerals (NPK), oxidative damage and the activity of various antioxidants in pumpkin. The results show that the plant growth, yield, chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein, carbohydrates, leaf water content, NPK in the leaves of the pumpkin crop decreased significantly with increasing levels of acidity of SAR as compared to the untreated set. H₂O₂ and MDA are increased by SAR treatment which depends on the level of pH value of SAR. The highest value of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde was recorded at pH 3.0 and lower at pH 5.0 of SAR treatment on the pumpkin crop. In contrast, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nitrate reductase and proline contents were accumulated at pH 3.0 and degraded at pH 5.0 of SAR treatment on pumpkin as compared to control. In conclusion, our findings suggest that pumpkin produces more reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging SAR stress through the production of enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant compounds at 3.0 pH. Meanwhile, growth inhibition as well as the photosynthesis of pumpkin and the magnitude of oxidative damage increased as acidity increased (pH 3.0 of SAR).

     

猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病生防芽孢杆菌筛选及田间防效

从猕猴桃大田根际土壤和青海牦牛粪中分离到86株芽孢杆菌。平板对峙试验发现其中8个菌株对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病病原菌Pseudomonas syringae var. syringae的拮抗性能明显。经管碟法复筛,得到2株对病原菌具有显著拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌M24和Q13。田间试验表明,发酵液（109cfu/ml）稀释100倍时喷施,菌株M24和Q13对猕猴桃细菌性叶枯病的防效分别达到85.9%和80.6%,均显著高于95%CT杀菌剂的60.5%防效。2个菌株均具有良好的田间应用潜力。     

花脸蘑蛋白粗提液控制辣椒病毒病及促生作用研究

本研究提取野生食用菌——花脸蘑Lepista sordida的蛋白粗提液,并在室内测定其对辣椒病毒病的控制作用及其对辣椒植株生长的促进作用。结果表明,以25、50和100μg·mL^-1的花脸蘑蛋白粗提液分别茎叶喷雾处理后再接种黄瓜花叶病毒,防治效果分别为72.11%、79.53%和94.86%;以100μg·mL^-1的花脸蘑蛋白粗提液通过茎叶喷雾,浸种与茎叶喷雾结合两种方法处理辣椒后,辣椒根系的湿重及干重、辣椒地上部湿重和干重、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素指数、株高、茎粗和壮苗指数均比对照明显提高。综上所述,花脸蘑蛋白粗提液在室内对黄瓜花叶病毒引起的辣椒病毒病有很好的控制作用,同时对辣椒生长具有良好的促进作用。     

A Fusarium Wilt Resistance Gene in Gossypium barbadense and Its Effect on Root-Knot Nematode-Wilt Disease Complex

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 1, is a vascular disease in cotton (Gossypium spp.), and is a component of a disease complex with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Genetic analysis of two interspecific crosses (G. barbadense Pima S-7 x G. hirsutum Acala NemX and Pima S-7 x Acala SJ-2) showed that one major gene (designated Fov1) with allele dosage effect conferred resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 1 in Pima S-7. Two amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were linked to Fov1 in Pima S-7, with genetic distance from the gene of 9.3 and 14.6 centimorgans. Less severe wilt symptoms in Acala NemX than Acala SJ-2 indicated that Acala NemX possesses one or more minor genes contributing to delay of wilt symptoms. Highly resistant plants in F(2) and F(3) (Pima S-7 x NemX) families indicated transgressive segregation effects of minor genes in Acala NemX combined with Fov1 from Pima S-7. The effects of wilt and nematode resistance on the nematode-wilt disease complex were assayed with two inoculation methods. In the presence of both pathogens, wilt damage measured as shoot and root weight reductions was greatest on wilt- and nematode-susceptible Acala SJ-2 and least in root-knot nematode-resistant and wilt-susceptible Acala NemX. Intermediate damage occurred in wilt-resistant and root-knot nematode-susceptible Pima S-7. The results indicated that nematode resistance was more effective than wilt resistance in suppressing wilt symptoms when either resistance was present alone. Nematode resistance combined with intermediate wilt resistance, as in the F(1) (Pima S-7 x NemX), was highly effective in protecting plants from root-knot nematodes and race 1 of Fusarium wilt as a disease complex.     

重金属铅锌镉对紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响

试验以紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium coelestinum L.)种子为材料,研究了重金属铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)单一及复合胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响.结果表明,当Pb浓度在100～4 000 μmol/L时,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Pb浓度的增加而降低,但是当Pb浓度为100 ～200 μmol/L时,其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都比对照高,其中在100 μmol/L处理下其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都是最高的,分别为94.67％、42.25和89.67％;在Zn浓度为100 ～4 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着Zn浓度的增加而降低;在Cd浓度为20～1 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Cd浓度的增加而降低;在低浓度Pb(100 μmol/L)+Zn(100 μmol/L)复合胁迫下,其发芽率是最高的,为94.67％,之后随着复合浓度的增加,其发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势呈下降趋势;紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着复合重金属Pb +Cd、Zn+ Cd、Pb+Zn+Cd浓度的增加而降低.无论是在单一还是复合重金属处理下,紫茎泽兰的幼苗根长与对照相比明显受到抑制.     

Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Management of Disease Complex of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Caused by Pectobacterium betavasculorum,Rhizoctonia solani,and Meloidogyne incognita

Gesunde Pflanzen - Application of nanoparticles (NPs) in the management of plant diseases may reduce the use of pesticides and enhance food security. In this study, the effects of TiO2 NPs in 100...     

Effect of Fungicides on Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Content in Durum Wheat Grain

In 1998–99 and 1999–2000 six trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicides on Fusarium head blight in the field, on infected kernels and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in grain. A single application of prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole or bromuconazole, applied to durum wheat varieties at the manufacturer's recommended dose at the beginning of anthesis stage, provided good control of the disease when infective pressure in the field was low to medium, and when the main pathogens were F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Kresoxim-methyl showed a low efficacy at controlling the disease. Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole were effective at controlling F. graminearum and F. culmorum, while kresoxim-methyl was not effective in reducing Fusarium infected kernels. DON concentration in grain of cultivars inoculated with F. graminearum and F. culmorum was high, averaging 4.2mgkg^–1 (untreated control). Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole reduced DON concentration by 43%, while epoxiconazole was ineffective. DON concentration in kernels of naturally infected cultivars was 1.95mgkg^–1, a concentration which exceeds the 1mgkg^–1 maximum level of contamination allowed in the United States. Furthermore prochloraz, bromuconazole and tebuconazole applications, in the naturally inoculated trials, reduced DON concentration from 73% to 96%, while epoxiconazole showed the lowest effectiveness. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between Fusarium infected grains and the DON concentration was observed.     

The Effect of Salicylic Acid On Photosynthetic Characteristics,Growth Attributes,and Some Antioxidant Enzymes On Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) Under Salinity Stress

Gesunde Pflanzen - Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) is widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This research was conducted to determine the effect of six...     

种衣剂对山农饲玉7号玉米幼苗生长和相关酶活性的影响

以室内沙培法,测定了3种种衣剂对山农饲玉7号玉米幼苗生长的影响。结果显示:吡虫啉·戊唑醇(5%+0.4%)种衣剂(药种比为1∶ 100)处理山农饲玉7号后,幼苗期株高、初生根长和鲜重比对照分别提高了1.68 cm、2.44 cm和0.17 g,比毒死蜱·戊唑醇·福美双(5%+0.3%+15%)种衣剂作用明显,克百威·福美双·三唑酮(7%+7%+1%)种衣剂对其则有抑制作用。离体酶活性测定结果表明,吡虫啉·戊唑醇种衣剂处理使幼苗地上部分和地下部分抗病性相关酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别提高了47.1%和100.2%,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性分别提高了59.5%和58.6%,丙二醛(MDA)含量分别降低了54.0%和26.2%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性也有不同程度的提高。结果表明:5.4%吡·戊种衣剂在试验剂量下能够显著提高山农饲玉7号幼苗期多种抗逆防病相关酶活性,对幼苗生长促进作用显著。     

番茄早疫病生防细菌B731的分离、鉴定及抑菌防病作用

利用对峙培养法,从分离自番茄根部土壤的细菌中筛选得1株对番茄早疫病菌具强拮抗活性的菌株B731.根据形态特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.该菌在初始pH 7.0的NB培养液、装液量25 mL(250 mL锥形瓶)、28℃、120 r/min培养24～48 h抑菌能力最大,抑菌带宽达1.24 cm,且其在番茄植株及根际土壤中有很强的定殖能力.接种15d后,在番茄植株叶片或果实表面,其定殖量可保持在2×102 cfu/cm2以上;而在番茄根际土壤中,其定殖量可达104 cfu/g.菌株B731的代谢产物能有效抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,抑制率分别高达89.72％和82.62％.喷施于叶面,具有很好的防病效果,预防处理防效可高达81.83％.     

海洋细菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌SH-27在大豆体内的定殖动态及促生防病作用

为明确海洋细菌SH-27在大豆体内的定殖动态及其促生长作用和对大豆疫病的防治效果,本研究采用抗利福平标记法和平板对峙生长法,筛选对利福平标记稳定且对大豆疫霉菌具有较好抑菌作用的标记菌株SH-27^Rif,培养10代后的标记菌株SH-27^Rif能够保持稳定,对大豆疫霉抑制率为56.92%。分别采用灌根和涂叶法研究其在大豆体内的定殖动态,灌根与涂叶法均可使标记菌株SH-27^Rif在大豆体内定殖,时间达31 d以上;灌根处理定殖量呈先升后降趋势,定殖量根 > 茎 > 叶,处理后第21 d根部定殖量达到最大（6.6×10⁵ cfu/g）;涂叶处理第1 d大豆叶片定殖量达到最大（6.3×10⁵ cfu/g）,随后呈迅速下降趋势;定殖量叶>茎,根部未检测到标记菌株SH-27^Rif。盆栽促生试验结果表明,菌株SH-27发酵液灌根处理第15 d,处理组株高、根长、茎粗、鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力等指标均显著高于对照组。盆栽防病试验结果表明：菌株SH-27发酵液灌根处理能显著降低大豆疫病的病情指数,对大豆疫病3、5、7和9 d的防效分别为83.44%、66.34%、57.18%和52.85%。以上研究结果表明海洋细菌SH-27是防治大豆疫病的潜在生防菌株,具有良好的开发和应用价值。     

丙烷脒对番茄植株生长、叶片光合作用和前期产量的影响

较系统地测试了新型烷基脒类内吸性杀菌剂丙烷脒对番茄Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.植株生长、叶片光合作用和前期产量的影响。结果表明:丙烷脒对番茄植株生长有明显的调控作用,且与使用剂量有关。在100.00 g/hm2有效剂量下,与空白对照相比,丙烷脒处理可增加番茄植株粗壮度(株高相对生长速率降低35.00%,茎粗净增长量增加151.96%);使番茄叶片光合色素Chl a、Chl a+b、Car含量分别增加22.02%、15.17%和13.04%,光合能力增强 (Pn提高21.80%,Gs增大42.31%,Tr增大53.72%,Ci减小9.58%);使番茄叶片厚度增加21.88%,但单位面积叶片质量减少13.95%;番茄前期产量较对照增加25.70%。表明丙烷脒在推荐剂量下可明显促进番茄的生长,并可显著提高其前期产量。     

生物刺激素协同对草莓炭疽病防治及其生长发育的影响

草莓炭疽病是草莓定植时期最易造成死苗的真菌病害。本文研究了生物刺激素（木霉菌、海藻酸、聚谷氨酸）协同灌根对草莓炭疽病的防治以及促生作用。结果表明,与对照相比,木霉菌、海藻酸、聚谷氨酸单剂灌根和木霉菌+海藻酸、木霉菌+聚谷氨酸的协同灌根处理均能显著降低炭疽病造成的死苗率,其中木霉菌+海藻酸的防效最高,可达78.26%。相比对照,所有处理均能显著提高净光合速率、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活性和加氧酶活性等光合指标,以及土壤脲酶活性。协同灌根处理显著提高草莓株高、根茎粗、叶柄长、叶面积等生长指标达15.62%～47.00%。其中木霉菌+海藻酸处理的净光合速率、土壤脲酶活性最高。综合而言,木霉菌与海藻酸协同灌根在促进生长、促进光合、提高土壤供氮水平以及防控草莓炭疽病方面均表现出显著的增效作用,可作为生物防治的一种有效手段。     

水稻内生细菌B196的鉴定及其对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

从水稻体内分离得到的细菌菌株B196对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的生长有较强抑制作用.通过形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株B196鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.采用浸种和喷雾的方法将菌株B196接种到水稻植株后,均能在稻株体内回收到该菌株,表明菌株B196能在水稻体内定殖.菌株B196对水稻纹枯病的盆栽和田间防效分别为64.29%和55.13%.     

微重力对扩展青霉孢子萌发、菌丝生长和致病力的影响

 After being onto 22nd recoverable satellite of China for 18-day spaceflight under microgravity condition,me growth and pathogenicity of PeniciUium expansum were investigated.Spore germination rate of the spaceflight pathogen was insignificantly lower than that of the ground control.After germination,germ tube elongation of spaceflight pathogen was slower,as well as mycelia growth.However,there was no significant difference according to independent-samples T-test.The consistent results were obtained in vivo.The space. flight pathogen exhibited a little weaker pathogenicity in peach fruit.These findings suggested that the microgravity reduced the growth and pathogenicity of P.expansum.but the effect Was not marked.     

直丝紫链霉菌A8发酵条件优化、活性成分初步分析及对水稻纹枯病的防效研究

为了获得直丝紫链霉菌Streptomyces rectiviolaceus A8最佳发酵水平,并初步确定其代谢生物活性物质以及对水稻纹枯病的防控效果。本研究通过碳、氮单因素试验,正交试验和发酵条件的优化,确定其最佳的发酵条件;通过气相色谱-质谱技术（GC-MS）对菌株A8产生的活性物质进行初步检测,将鉴定出的不同组分以立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani和蜡状芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus作为指示菌进行生物活性测定试验;同时在大田开展菌株A8对水稻纹枯病的生防效果研究。结果显示菌株A8的最佳发酵配方为：可溶性淀粉3%,黄豆粉0.6%,酵母膏0.4%,NaCl 0.05%,K₂HPO₄·3H₂O 0.05%,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.05%,FeSO₄·7H₂O 0.001%;最佳发酵条件：装液量100～200 mL/500 mL,接种量3%～7%,培养温度28℃～31℃,初始pH 7.0～8.0;通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对菌株A8发酵液粗提物进行了分离和鉴定,共鉴定出26个化合物,其中3-甲基-1,2-环戊二酮、1,2,4,5-四甲基苯和二氢-3-亚甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮对立枯丝核菌的抑菌率达到70%以上,二氢-3-亚甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮、2-呋喃羧酸,酰肼、邻苯二酚和3-甲基-1,2-环戊二酮对蜡状芽胞杆菌的抑菌作用较强,该放线菌具有潜在的同时抑制真菌和细菌的作用,对开发广谱生防制剂提供很好的材料。田间防效试验结果表明,菌株A8对水稻纹枯病有一定的防效,防治效果与枯草芽胞杆菌BT205相当。     

Effect of Essential Oils from Citrus Varieties on in vitro Growth and Sporulation of Phaeoramularia angolensis Causing Citrus Leaf and Fruit Spot Disease

Citrus leaf and fruit spot disease caused by Phaeoramularia angolensis is a serious production constraint in tropical Africa. In previous studies, essential oils extracted from fruit peels of two tolerant varieties exhibited a strong antifungal activity in vitro against P. angolensis as compared to oils from susceptible ones. In order to investigate if the susceptibility of citrus varieties is associated with the antifungal activity of their essential oils, some 22 varieties of different susceptibility levels (tolerant, susceptible and highly susceptible) and belonging to different botanical groups were studied. Oils extracted from fruit peels were evaluated for their activity against radial growth and sporulation using the poisoned food technique. The optimal doses for growth inhibition and conidial reduction were 2500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. At these doses, radial growth and sporulation exceeded the untreated control respectively for four and nine varieties suggesting that oils from these varieties promote fungal development. In general, oils from the tolerant group were most effective in reducing radial growth irrespective of dose. The highly susceptible group ranked first in reducing sporulation at dose 1000 ppm (45.93%) while at higher doses of about 2000–2500 ppm, oils from the tolerant varieties could reduce sporulation up to 100%. The marked dose effect in reducing sporulation suggests that there may be different compounds acting with changing dose. Botanically, oils from pummelo (Citrus maxima, tolerant group), were best in reducing radial growth (>87% inhibition) while those from grapefruits (C. paradisi, highly susceptible group) were most effective in reducing sporulation (>64% reduction).     

木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对枯萎病的防治效果

本文开展了3种生防木霉菌,包括棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886防治黄瓜枯萎病的盆栽试验,研究这3种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化指标的影响及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,且以棘孢木霉525的田间防治效果最高,达到81.53%。与只接种枯萎病病原菌的对照相比,3株木霉菌单独接种或与黄瓜枯萎病病原菌同时接种均可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重,显著提高黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,显著降低质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,其中以拟康氏木霉886单独接种促进效果最强。研究表明,3种木霉菌通过促进黄瓜幼苗生长,增强植物抗氧化酶活性,降低质膜透性和丙二醛含量,从而提高对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性。