不同生态条件下白菜型冬油菜性状差异分析

在4个生态区种植11个不同抗寒性白菜型冬油菜品种,探讨北移种植后冬油菜生育期进程、农艺性状、品质等的变化特征及与主要生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:与原种植区(天水)相比,冬油菜北移后其生育期进程发生明显改变,主要表现在冬前生育期缩短,越冬期延长;越冬后返青期~成熟期生育期总天数不变,但早期(返青期~终花期)生育期进程加快,而角层期延长。北移种植后冬油菜株高、分枝部位降低,主花序变短、单株角果数减少,分枝数增加,株型变差;角粒数、千粒重增加,角、粒性状改善。含油量、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸含量增加,亚油酸、廿碳烯酸、硫苷含量降低;油酸、亚麻酸含量与纬度、海拔呈显著正相关,与降雨量、年均温度、最冷月温度呈显著负相关;廿碳烯酸、硫苷与油酸、亚麻酸表现相反。冬油菜北移后株型变差,角、粒性状改善;冬前生育期变短,越冬期延长,返青后生育期加快,而角层期延长,有利于粒重增加;籽粒含油量增加,高纬度、高海拔有利于油酸、亚麻酸积累,而高降雨量、低温有利于廿碳烯酸积累。     

水肥耦合对间作胡麻氮素养分及其产量和品质的影响

为了摸清目前胡麻生产现状下间作系统、水分和肥料对作物生长发育及其产量形成的综合效应,通过田间试验,研究了水肥互作对胡麻/大豆间作系统中胡麻氮素的耦合效应及其对籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)处理下胡麻茎秆含氮量较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)和225 kg·hm~(-2)处理极显著高出10.05%~23.58%。水氮互作条件下,施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)、灌水2次或3次能够促进胡麻苗期、分茎期、青果期和成熟期根系和茎秆含氮量,且该处理根系含氮量较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)、现蕾期灌一次水处理极显著高4.13%。水、氮单因素及水氮互作对胡麻根、茎、叶片、籽粒中氮素的耦合效应表现为:水氮互作氮水。水氮互作条件下胡麻根、茎、果皮含氮量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关关系。亚麻酸含量为施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)、灌水2次较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)灌水1次处理显著高9.22%。间作胡麻现蕾期和盛花期结合施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)各灌一次水或现蕾期、盛花期和青果期各灌一次水是沿黄灌区胡麻生产比较适宜的水肥管理措施。     

Yield Components and Fatty Acids Variation of Canola Cultivars Under Different Irrigation Regimes and Planting Dates

To investigate the effect of different planting dates and irrigation regimes on six canola cultivars, a 2-year (2014–2016) experiment was conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj. The experiments were conducted as the factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design including six canola cultivars (Gabriella, Brutus, Triangle, Marathon, Danube, and Natali), two irrigation regimes (fully irrigated and irrigation termination at the flowering stage) and two planting dates (October 1 and November 1). The results showed that irrigation termination from the flowering stage prevented the supply of required material for filling the seeds and the metabolism of the seed compounds and reduced the growth period of the seed. Therefore, a reduction was observed in the content of oleic and linoleic acids and proline. Also, water deficit stress caused an increase in the glucosinolate content of the seed. The response of canola cultivars was different in terms of fatty acids, so that the Natali cultivar had higher palmitic, oleic acids, and proline content compared to the other cultivars at both planting dates. Fully irrigated treatment and planting date of October 1 produced the highest amount of seed and oil yield (4659 and 2073?kg ha^?1), palmitic acid (5.5%), and proline (22.7?μmol/g) content, and the lowest glucosinolate content (13.2?mg/g). Generally, the Natali cultivar and planting date of October 1 and the fully irrigated regime are highly recommended in the studied area regarding qualitative traits and yield of canola.

     

芥菜型油菜资源品质与萌发期模拟干旱抗性的评价及其相关性分析

为研究不同芥菜型油菜种质萌发期耐旱性，探索油菜籽脂肪酸与萌发期耐旱性的关系，便于耐旱种质的筛选，采用PEG-6000模拟中度及重度干旱胁迫，对193份芥菜型油菜萌发期的耐旱性及其与品质性状的相关性进行研究。结果表明，参试材料的脂肪酸组成变异丰富，尤其是芥酸、花生烯酸和油酸变异系数均超过50%；中度及重度干旱胁迫均能显著影响油菜萌发，重度干旱胁迫条件下参试材料相对发芽率差异更大，变异系数为81.66%~112.88%；芥菜型油菜萌发期耐旱性普遍较高，两种不同程度干旱胁迫条件下的材料耐旱性呈极显著正相关，相关系数约为0.35~0.56；芥菜型油菜耐旱性与脂肪酸含量及脂肪酸组成均相关，尤其是脂肪酸组成，高含量的超长链脂肪酸及低含量的长链脂肪酸有利于芥菜型油菜萌发期对干旱的适应。采用连锁聚类分析综合评价两种不同胁迫条件下材料的耐旱性表现，筛选出20个综合耐旱性强的芥菜型油菜品种（系），其中仅有3份为低芥材料，超过80%的材料芥酸含量大于25%。     

Unsaturated fatty acids from zoospores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerospora graminicola</Emphasis> induce resistance in pearl millet

Downy mildew of pearl millet, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, is a devastating disease, resulting in high economic losses in the semi-arid regions of the world. Recently, induction of host plant resistance using biotic and abiotic inducers are included among disease management practices as an eco-friendly approach. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered as a new generation of plant disease resistance inducers. In the present study, six unsaturated fatty acids, viz. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA), linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, all originally detected in the zoospores of S. graminicola,were applied to seeds of susceptible cultivars of pearl millet to examine their ability to protect against downy mildew under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse experiments, EPA and AA induced a maximum of 78.6% and 76.5% protection, whereas linoleic acid, DHA and linolenic acid provided up to 66.3%, 61.2% and 24.5% protection, respectively. Oleic acid was not effective in protecting pearl millet (only 5.1% protection). A time interval of four days between treatment of seeds and challenge inoculation was required to obtain optimum protection. Plants raised from treated seeds and challenge inoculated at the tillering and inflorescence stages showed enhanced resistance, resulting in higher grain yield compared to untreated plants of the same cultivar. Chitinase activity was found to be higher in susceptible seedlings of pearl millet after treatment with the fatty acids and pathogen inoculation than in seedlings only inoculated with the pathogen. This indicates that host defence responses are activated and thus that induced resistance is involved in the protection observed. The role of unsaturated fatty acids as activators of resistance against downy mildew in pearl millet is discussed.     

Effect of Winter Planting Date on Oil Yield and Fatty Acids of New Spring Canola (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars Under Foliar Zinc Spray

Canola (Brassica napus L.) oil yield and fatty acid composition are the function of genotype, climate conditions, morphology, and physiology as well as crop management. In this study, the reaction of different canola cultivars—in terms of seed oil content and fatty acids—to different planting dates and foliar zinc application during two experimental years (2016–2017) was investigated in the field in arid and semi-arid regions of Karaj, Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Three sowing dates (February 9, 19, 29) and two foliar zinc applications (non-application as control and zinc application; spraying in the stem elongation stage) were factorially randomized to main plots, and canola cultivars (Sarigol, Dalgan, Salsa, and Solar) were allocated to sub-plots. The results indicated that the effect of year, planting date, zinc application, cultivar, and the interaction effect of planting date and cultivar on quality traits (glucosinolate and fatty acids) and seed yield were significant (p?<?0.01). The delay in winter planting of spring canola cultivars caused a significant reduction in seed yield, oil yield, and the content of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic fatty acids and increased the content of linolenic, erucic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic fatty acids and glucosinolate. The highest seed yield (4732.2?kg/ha), oil yield (2066?kg/ha), and oleic acid content (66.52%) were observed in the Dalgan cultivar in the zinc application treatment with normal planting date (February 9). The Salsa cultivar had the highest content of erucic acid (0.46%) and glucosinolate (17.3?μmol/g meal) in the control treatment with the last planting date. Because the quality of edible canola oil depends on the increase in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, and the reduction of erucic acid and glucosinolate, planting Dalgan cultivar with zinc application at the normal planting date is recommended for the study area and similar areas.

     

Impact of Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid on Growth,Water Status And Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Strawberry Plants (Fragaria vesca L.) Under Salt Stress Conditions

Irrigation with saline water can act as an alternate water resource and thus plays an important role in saving freshwater resources as well as promoting agriculture. Furthermore, salinity stress is considered one of the major abiotic stress factors, which strongly reduces crop productivity. In this context, the present work was conducted to examine the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on salt stress tolerance of strawberry plants. For this purpose, strawberry plants (Fragaria vesca L.), three months old, were treated with three SA concentrations (0?mM, 0.25?mM and 0.5?mM), then subjected to 80?mM NaCl or not. After five weeks of treatment, growth responses, water status, photochemical efficiency and oxidative stress indicators were measured. The obtained results showed that irrigation with saline water negatively affected the growth parameters, the leaf water potential (LWP), the relative water content (RWC), the stomatal conductance (gs) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). While, the total protein content, the electrolyte leakage (EL), the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) contents were increased in stressed plants compared to unstressed ones. Salt stress also leads to the activation of the antioxidant enzymes. However, the exogenous application of SA under salt stress conditions reduced the H₂O₂ accumulation, the electrolyte leakage and the MDA content. It has also improved the growth parameters, the LWP, the RWC, the gs, the Fv/Fm, the protein content and the antioxidant enzyme activities (POD, CAT and SOD) in the treated plants compared to those without SA application. Therefore, the beneficial effect of 0.25?mM SA on Fragaria vesca L. salinity tolerance may provide some practical basis for strawberry cultivation under saline conditions.

     

一种病毒抑制物质NS-83的研制及其对番茄预防TMV初侵染的研究

 本文论述了几种长链醇和长链酸,在番茄上对TMV初侵染的抑制作用。测试了壬醇、癸醇、十一(烷)醇、十二(烷)醇、十四醇、十六醇、十八醇等长链醇。试验的脂肪酸有二十二酸、二十二酸钠、混合脂肪酸和NS-83制剂。菜籽油中的脂肪酸含有1.1%二十二酸、35~36%顺-二十二烯-13酸(芥酸)、11~12%花生酸、12.4~12.7%亚麻酸、12.7~12.9%亚油酸、11~11.3%油酸、2.5%二十四烯酸、2%花生烯酸、4%木焦油酸、1.8~2%硬脂酸和3.1%软脂酸。这些脂肪酸的混合剂对侵染番茄的TMV的抑制作用与纯二十二酸单独的抑制作用相接近。NS-83制剂是由混合脂肪酸制备,防病效果更好,与目前其他一些抑制物质相比较,成本低廉,可用于防治番茄病毒病。此外,这种抑制物质似具有诱导番茄对TMV的初侵染以及对TMV和CMV产生耐病性的能力。其实际效果的机理,有待进一步试验,加以证明。     

黄腐酸抗旱营养剂对小麦和玉米生长的影响

研究了黄腐酸旱地龙拌种、浇灌以及喷施对小麦和玉米生长的影响。结果表明:拌种时间为30 min时可提高小麦的发芽率和促进小麦苗期生长;浇灌试验中,正常供水条件下,浓度为600倍的稀释溶液相比对照可显著降低叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,分别降低17.7%和15.6%;而干旱胁迫下,稀释480倍处理相比对照显著提高叶绿素a含量达24%;浇灌FA可显著提高田间玉米花粒期株高和Chla+b,分别提高7%和17%,喷施处理提高叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率,分别为25%和28%,而浇灌处理提高了62%和45%;浇灌FA显著提高田间小麦苗期和返青期叶绿素含量。     

Reduction of pesticide hazards to wild life: An appraisal of experience gained in Britain 1960 - 67

Abstract

The plant oils groundnut, coconut, mustard, sesame, soybean and rapeseed used as surface protectants at 1, 3 and 5 ml/kg of seed to test their efficacy against C. chinensis on a variety of chickpea resulted in significantly less oviposition on treated than untreated seeds. Least oviposition (34.3 eggs) occurred on seeds treated with mustard oil at 5 ml/kg, less with coconut oil at 5 ml/kg (46.0 eggs) and 3 ml/kg (47.3 eggs). Minimum percentage adult emergence (0.5) occurred from mustard oil‐treated seeds at 5 and 3 ml/kg, followed by groudnut (7.6), soybean (16.7) and rapeseed (6.2) oils used at 1 ml/kg. All the test oils adversely effected hatching and development of embryos, resulting in further population suppression. Seeds showed only 0.5% damage when treated with mustard oil at the rate of 5 and 3 ml/kg, and rapeseed at 5 ml/kg. Oil treatments did not adversely effect seed germination.     

SA浸种对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

研究水杨酸(SA)浸种对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗光合特性的影响,以2个对盐胁迫敏感程度不同的"中棉所41号(耐盐品种)"和"中棉所49号(中等耐盐品种)"棉花品种为试验材料,采用盆栽培养法,研究不同浓度SA浸种对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗生长、光合及叶绿素荧光动力学的影响。结果显示:(1)0.80%NaCl致使两棉花品种的株高、叶面积、干物质积累量、叶绿素含量以及净光合速率下降,且叶片的PSII反应中心和受体侧受到伤害,其中中棉所41号的净光合速率比未用NaCl处理的降低17.19%,中棉所49号的降低19.46%。(2)SA浸种处理可以减缓盐胁迫对棉花的伤害,促进植株生长,有效地调节光合结构和气孔开度,促进光合色素的积累。(3)SA能引发棉花的自我抵御盐胁迫机制,0.80%NaCl胁迫下,0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA的缓解效果优于0.10 mmol·L~(-1)SA处理。0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种对棉花盐胁迫的幼苗生长有促进作用,从而抵御盐胁迫逆境的伤害。     

Analysis of fatty acids in lipids of Verticillium dahliae and induction of lubimin accumulation in eggplant

The unsaturated fatty acid pattern and content of the main lipid fractions of three isolates of Verticillium dahliae were investigated, Oleic (C_18:1), linoleic (C_18:2) and linolenic (C_18:3) acids were the unsaturated fatty acids detected in the polar lipids and in the free fatty acids extracted from myceha of three isolates of the fungus. The concentration of the three fatty acids in polar lipids was about double that in free fatty acids, Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in both lipid fractions. The capacity of linoleic and linolenic acids to induce lubimin accumulation in eggplant fruit discs was evaluated in comparison with that of the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid, which is a known elicitor of phytoalexin synthesis in potato tuber. The accumulation of moderate levels of the phytoalexin was induced by arachidonic and linolenic acids, A higher induction was observed when browning of the tissue was inhibited by phenylthiourea. Under these conditions, linoleic acid induced only a slight accumulation of lubimin. The possible role of linolenic acid in triggering defence reactions in eggplant is discussed.     

Determination of fatty acids content,global antioxidant activity and energy value of weed seeds from agricultural fields in France

The ecological consequences of seed size variation have been studied extensively in plants. Curiously, little attention has been paid to the qualitative and quantitative variation of the seed‐stored molecules and on their ecological significance. Here, we analysed the oil content and oil composition of ca. 200 weed seed species from agricultural fields in France based on single seed accessions, concentrating on interspecies differences and ignoring within‐species variation. The relationships between seed weight, oil %, fatty acids (FAs) and the energetic value of the seed and its antioxidant properties were also investigated. The antioxidant activity could contribute to protect the oily seed reserves from alteration over time. Among the species analysed, we found a considerable quantitative (oil%) and qualitative variation of FAs stored in the seeds. Such variation was largely related to the plant family of the different species, but intrafamily variation was also found. Heavier seeds contained less oil on a per gram basis than lighter seeds, suggesting a trade‐off between seed weight and oil ratio in the seed and that oil storage strategy depends on seed size. Moreover, oily seeds contained more polyunsaturated FAs. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we did not found a higher antioxidant capability in oily seed extracts than in non‐oily seeds, nor to the quantitative or to the qualitative variation of FAs in the seeds. Considering the role of these important trait variations on weed ecological strategies, such as germination period, seed predation rate and competition–colonisation trade‐off, could improve the sustainable management of weed communities.     

水杨酸对不同灌水下限青花菜根系生长、根冠比及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

以青花菜为试材,采用大田和室内分析相结合的试验方法,研究了0.15 mmol·L-1的水杨酸(SA)对不同灌水下限(相对含水量75%,60%和45%)青花菜根系生长及叶片抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着灌水下限的降低,青花菜主根长、根干鲜重及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,根冠比、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性逐渐升高。(2)SA处理改善了青花菜根系生长特性,降低根冠比,提高结球期抗氧化酶活性,其中60%灌水下限经SA处理后,根系及酶活性指标均与75%灌水下限保持相当水平。由此可知:以相对含水量60%作为灌水下限并配合0.15 mmol·L-1SA处理可以为青花菜高效节水灌溉提供理论支撑。     

Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Fertilization on Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Water Status and Yield Productions

Worldwide population is in permanent growth, leading to an over-presser on the food resources. This demand leads to an over-exploitation of land and water resources. Recently, the quinoa plant has attracted attention as alternative crop with high nutritive value and high tolerance to the marginal conditions. In this study, a field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on the agronomic performance. Four treatments of deficit irrigation (100%, 50%, 33% ETc and rainfed) were applied to one variety in the first season and to four genotypes (two varieties and two lines). The results were evaluated by measuring biomass and seed quinoa yield, water-use efficiency, harvest index, seed size and 1000 seeds weight. Results show that the implementation of deficit irrigation is an appropriate strategy to reduce the use of agricultural water and maintain relatively high yields. On the other hand, the results of the economic quality reflected by the size and weight of seed yield, indicates that quinoa can be considered a well-adapted to the conditions of water scarcity culture. According to agronomic parameters, L143 line followed by the line L11 showed a high potential of adaptation under the different treatments of stress, while the “Puno” variety presented the best performance under the favorable conditions of irrigation (100% ETc).

     

盐角草种子的油脂成分与营养评价

通过对盐角草种子的油脂成分与油料、粮食、饲草和野生植物盐地碱蓬的对比分析,结果表明:虽然盐角草种子的含油率不高,但酸价和皂化值低,且碘价高,并富含维生素E.人体必需的脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比值高,人体必需的氨基酸均高于FAO/WHO推荐标准,也高于常见主食和优良牧草苜蓿的含量.具有作为家畜配合饲料和人们生活保健用油的前景,建议进行动物喂养和毒性试验,以进一步肯定其营养价值.     

水肥用量对制种玉米水肥利用及种子活力的影响

为明确水肥耦合对垄膜沟灌制种玉米产量及种子活力的影响,提出适宜高活力种子的最佳水肥耦合模式.试验采用3414设计,三因子为水分因子、氮肥因子和磷肥因子,2016—2017年在甘肃省农业科学院张掖节水农业试验站进行定位观测试验,分析了不同水肥模式对制种玉米水肥利用、产量及种子活力的影响.结果表明:制种玉米产量在不同灌水水...     

西北旱区制种玉米灌浆期气孔导度与叶水势对水氮胁迫的响应

为了探究西北旱区制种玉米水氮胁迫条件下的生理节水机理,设置充分灌溉（FI）与亏缺灌溉（DI）处理,以及施氮（N150）与不施氮（N0）处理,分析了不同水氮模式下叶水势与气孔特征的变化规律。结果表明：充分灌溉条件下,施氮主要通过增加气孔开度和气孔数量提高气孔导度,与不施氮处理相比,气孔开度提高19.46%,气孔数量增加8.46%;亏缺灌溉条件下则通过增加单位面积开放气孔数量和降低气孔开度来应对水分消耗,提高抗旱能力,与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉气孔开度平均降低21.38%,气孔数量平均增加14.08%;增加灌水量能极显著增大气孔开度（P＜0.05）和提高玉米叶片黎明和正午叶水势值,促进作物蒸腾作用;FIN150处理较DIN150处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了3.30%和2.00%,FIN0处理较DIN0处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了13.41%和14.29%;亏缺灌溉条件下,施氮处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了2.87%和0.17%。干旱导致气孔导度及正午叶水势的降低可以通过增施氮肥得到部分补偿。     

灌水方式对轻度盐化土壤玉米生长及土壤水分的影响

以盆栽玉米为研究对象研究了直接浇灌、滴灌、微润灌等3种灌水方式下玉米的生长、叶绿素含量和光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理生态指标及土壤水分垂直分布的特征,结果表明:灌水方式对玉米生理生态指标有较大影响,苗期滴灌玉米生长较快,拔节前期,微润灌条件下玉米生长最为迅速,滴灌次之,直接浇灌生长最慢;滴灌条件下叶绿素含量最高,拔节期需水旺季时微润灌叶绿素含量最低.三种灌水方式对玉米光合速率的影响为:微润灌＜滴灌＜直接浇灌.土壤水分特征表明:微润灌稳定后土壤水分主要分布在10～ 30 cm土层,滴灌主要分布在10～ 40 cm土层;苗期、拔节期灌水后取样测定的土壤含水率表明,作物根系层内微润灌与滴灌均大于直接浇灌时的土壤含水率.     

白纹雏蝗抗寒特性和高温耐受力及其机制

为阐明白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus抗寒和高温耐受能力及其抵御机制,本研究测定白纹雏蝗过冷却点、冰点值及其对高温的耐受力,并采用生理生化方法测定白纹雏蝗在24、28、32、36、40、44和48℃不同温度下抗逆物质的积累量和变化情况.结果 表明,白纹雏蝗卵的过冷却点值为-22.58℃,冰点值为-30...