构树不同部位与奶牛常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性对比研究

本试验旨在研究构树不同部位(构树叶、构树枝叶、构树枝)与奶牛常用粗饲料(苜蓿干草、燕麦草)的瘤胃降解特性。选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法测定5种饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解规律。结果表明:1)构树叶的CP含量显著高于苜蓿干草(P<0.05),NDF含量显著低于苜蓿干草(P<0.05);构树枝叶的CP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P>0.05),NDF含量显著低于苜蓿干草(P<0.05);构树枝的CP含量与燕麦草差异不显著(P>0.05),NDF含量显著高于燕麦草(P<0.05)。2)5种饲料的DM有效降解率差异显著(P<0.05),由高到低依次为构树叶、构树枝叶、苜蓿干草、燕麦草和构树枝。5种饲料的CP有效降解率差异显著(P<0.05),由高到低依次为苜蓿干草、构树叶、构树枝叶、燕麦草和构树枝。构树叶的NDF有效降解率最高,显著高于其他4种饲料(P<0.05),其中构树枝叶与燕麦草差异不显著(P>0.05)。5种饲料的ADF有效降解率差异显著(P<0.05),由高到低依次为构树叶、燕麦草、苜蓿干草、构树枝叶和构树枝。综上所述,构树不同部位具有作为奶牛非常规饲料资源的潜力。     

辣木在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

为研究辣木的瘤胃降解特性,探索辣木在反刍动物饲料中的应用技术,以3头安装永久性瘘管的奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定辣木叶、辣木枝、辣木茎在瘤胃内的降解率和降解参数。结果表明:辣木干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)在瘤胃内的降解率和降解参数变化趋势相近, 48 h达到降解平台期,但不同部位的降解率差异较大。辣木叶干物质(DM)96 h降解率最高,为69.34%,辣木枝和辣木茎依次降低;辣木各部位干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)的有效降解率差异显著(P<0.05),叶、枝、茎的有效降解率依次降低。辣木叶粗蛋白(CP)的96 h降解率高达90.86%,较辣木茎和枝分别高22.84%、38.92%;三者粗蛋白(CP)的有效降解率依次降低,但粗蛋白(CP)的有效降解率明显高于干物质(DM)和有机物(OM);辣木叶瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)含量最高为15.57%,高于过瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量,但辣木枝和茎的过瘤胃蛋白(RUP)含量高于瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)含量。辣木叶、枝、茎中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的96 h瘤胃降解率依次降低,分别为50.55%、27.11%、16.24%,辣木叶和辣木枝酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的96 h降解率大小相近;辣木叶的NDF、ADF的有效降解率均显著高于辣木枝和辣木茎(P<0.05)。因此从瘤胃降解特性来看,辣木3个部位的营养价值依次为辣木叶>辣木枝>辣木茎。在饲喂奶牛过程中,建议单独饲喂辣木叶,辣木枝混合营养含量高的饲料饲喂,不建议将辣木茎直接作为奶牛饲料。     

5种不同牧草在奶牛瘤胃中降解特性的研究

本试验旨在研究苜蓿、燕麦草、羊草、稻草和玉米青贮共5种牧场常用的粗饲料瘤胃降解特性.试验选用体重为(650±25) kg的3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋法评定其DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解特性和有效降解率.结果表明:①5种粗饲料中苜蓿的DM、OM、CP有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料,均在50％以上;稻草这3个指标的瘤胃有效降解率均最低;②玉米青贮的NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率均最高,苜蓿均为最低.综合考虑,苜蓿的瘤胃降解特性最好,奶牛饲喂价值最高,玉米青贮和燕麦草次之,而稻草最差.     

通辽地区科尔沁肉牛6种常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性的研究

为了研究科尔沁肉牛对不同粗饲料的降解特性,采用尼龙袋法测定苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆、羊草、稻草、玉米青贮和苜蓿草块6种粗饲料在肉牛瘤胃内干物质(dry matter,DM)、粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)、中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)的瘤胃降解率。结果显示:DM和CP的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率(ED)以苜蓿干草最高,稻草最低,苜蓿草块、玉米青贮、羊草和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF的肉牛瘤胃ED以苜蓿干草最高,羊草最低。结果表明:从科尔沁肉牛对6种粗饲料的降解特性看,苜蓿干草的营养价值最高,稻草的营养价值最低。     

不同牧草在肉羊瘤胃中的降解特性研究

为研究不同牧草干物质(DM)及蛋白质(CP)在肉羊瘤胃中的降解规律,以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒肉用绵公羊为试验动物,采用半体内法对13种牧草的DM和CP的降解率和降解参数进行测定。结果表明:苜蓿DM和CP在瘤胃内各个时间点的降解率最高(P<0.05);沙打旺、狗尾草、燕麦草、草地早熟禾72 h降解率显著高于其他牧草(P<0.05)。13种牧草DM的可降解部分和有效降解率的高低顺序与DM在不同时间点的降解高低顺序类似。豆科苜蓿和沙打旺CP的有效降解率最高(P<0.05);禾本科燕麦草、象草、草地早熟禾和狗尾草CP的有效降解率显著高于其他禾本科牧草(P<0.05)。苜蓿慢速降解部分的降解速率显著高于其他牧草(P<0.05)。由此得出,豆科牧草苜蓿、沙打旺DM和CP的降解率高于禾本科牧草。燕麦草、草地早熟禾、象草、狗尾草的降解率较高;冷地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦、羊草、披碱草的降解率居中;芨芨草、中华羊茅和芦苇的降解率偏低。     

尼龙袋法对水葫芦等水草与常规粗饲料瘤胃降解特性的比较研究

为了比较研究水葫芦等水草与常规粗饲料在山羊瘤胃内的养分降解特性,试验选用4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,年龄相同,体重相近,健康无病的山羊(波尔山羊×徐淮山羊),采用尼龙袋法测定水葫芦、水葫芦渣等12种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率.结果表明:水葫芦在不同时间点的各营养物质瘤胃降解率总体上均高于水葫芦渣.水葫芦与其他粗饲料相比,水葫芦的营养价值处于中等偏上水平,经挤压脱水后的水葫芦渣,营养价值虽不及水葫芦,但其营养价值仍能达到中等水平.     

奶牛常用粗饲料的瘤胃降解规律

本试验旨在研究 ２种苜蓿［黑龙江公农 １号苜蓿、美国安德森（Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ）一级苜蓿］、黑龙江 ２种含杂量不同羊草（杂草率分别为 １０％、３４％）、全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮和玉米秸秆共 ７种粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性。试验选用 ８头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质（ＤＭ）、粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）和中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）的瘤胃降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,美国安德森一级苜蓿、全株玉米青贮和黑龙江公农 １号苜蓿三者 ７２ｈＤＭ 降解率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,并显著高于其他 ４种粗饲料（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而 ＤＭ有效降解率以美国安德森一级苜蓿最高,并与依次降低的黑龙江公农 １号苜蓿、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆青贮差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,羊草与玉米秸秆的 ＤＭ有效降解率显著低于其他粗饲料（Ｐ＜０．０５）。７２ｈＣＰ降解率及有效降解率以美国安德森一级苜蓿最高,且降解率与依次降低的黑龙江公农 １号苜蓿、全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮、杂草率为 １０％的羊草、玉米秸秆和杂草率为 ３４％的羊草间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮 ７２ｈＮＤＦ降解率显著高于其他粗饲料（Ｐ＜０．０５）;而有效降解率以 ２种苜蓿较高,其次为玉米秸秆青贮与全株玉米青贮;降解率和有效降解率最低的均为杂草率为 ３４％的羊草。因此,从 ７种粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃的消化特性来看：１）美国安德森一级苜蓿营养价值最高,杂草率为 ３４％的羊草与玉米秸秆营养价值较低;２）羊草的品质受杂草率的影响;３）青贮能改善玉米秸秆的品质。     

4种粗饲料在肉羊瘤胃中降解特性的研究

试验旨在研究豆角叶、红薯叶、柠条草、牛筋草4种粗饲料在肉羊瘤胃中的降解特性,为其在肉羊生产中的有效利用提供理论依据.柠条草采集自山西省右玉县,豆角叶、红薯叶、牛筋草均采自山西省方山县.选用3只1.5岁左右、体重(50.0±1.5)kg且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交F1代成年肉用绵羊,预试期7d,正试期18d,用尼龙袋...     

不同收获期玉米青贮干物质在奶牛瘤胃内降解率的研究

本文采用随机实验设计，利用瘤胃尼龙袋技术，测定全株玉米青贮分剐在乳熟、腊熟期收获时其干物质(DM)在奶牛瘤胃的降解率。结果表明：各期DM在奶牛瘤胃降解率依次为40．22％、53．24％。测试结果证明，在黑龙江省东部地区，腊熟期收获的全株玉米青贮对奶牛的饲用价值较高。     

壳聚糖在奶牛瘤胃中的降解率及其对瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究壳聚糖在奶牛瘤胃中的降解率及其对瘤胃发酵的影响。选择3头体况良好,年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳期相近,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦泌乳牛作为供体牛。试验一采用尼龙袋法,分别在投入尼龙袋后2、4、8、12、24、36、72 h取样,测定壳聚糖在瘤胃内的实时降解率。试验二利用体外批次培养法,采用单因素完全随机试验设计依据壳聚糖在基础培养底物中的添加剂量分为6个处理组(0、0.02%、0.1%、0.5%、1%、2%)。其中,零剂量组为对照组,其余为壳聚糖组。分别于培养0、2、4、8、12、24 h时间点取样,研究不同添加水平的壳聚糖对奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明:壳聚糖在奶牛瘤胃内降解率很低,在72 h时的降解率仅有7.79%;添加不同水平的壳聚糖,对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵培养液的pH值、NH3-N浓度、菌体蛋白(BCP)含量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量、产气量均无显著的影响(P>0.05)。     

Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice

Controlling rumen disorders is critical to ensure successful dairy herd health management. Lactation diets of dairy cows are commonly rich in concentrates and low in physically effective fibre. Feeding of these diets increases the risk of rumen disorders with far‐reaching consequences for cattle health, welfare and sustainability of dairy production. The term subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. Being subclinical, SARA lacks of clear symptoms and is therefore difficult to diagnose and to control in the practice. This review article summarises common and identifies new direct and indirect cow signals related to SARA. We have performed a scientific evaluation and interpretation of each of these cow signals by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages from the practitioner's point of view. The gold standard of SARA cow signals still remains direct measurement of ruminal pH. However, continuous pH monitoring is cost‐intensive and often biased by sensor drift. Single‐point ruminal pH measurements by oral stomach tubing or rumenocentesis have strong limitations. Therefore, there is a need for reliable and robust markers of SARA that are easily accessible and inexpensive. Such indirect parameters are the observation of chewing and feeding activities, as well as the monitoring of milk, faecal, urine and blood variables. Also, novel technologies that allow rapid and non‐invasive measurement of the rumen mucosa thickness and ruminal motility patterns might provide advantages in SARA diagnosis. Due to several constraints of these indirect diagnostic tools, such as limited specificity and sensitivity, we strongly recommend using a combination of the signals to reliably identify cows at risk of SARA in a dairy herd.     

Differences between pH of indwelling sensors and the pH of fluid and solid phase in the rumen of dairy cows fed varying concentrate levels

Feeding of high‐concentrate diets to cattle increases the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Indwelling wireless pH sensors have become popular as an early diagnostic tool for SARA recently. However, the recommended pH thresholds of SARA derive from measurements taken from free‐rumen liquid (FRL) in the ventral rumen, and not from the reticulum, where the mentioned sensors are located. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercially available indwelling pH boli for the accuracy and precision in predicting ruminal pH of FRL and the particle‐associated rumen liquid (PARL) under varying dietary concentrate levels. An additional aim was to define SARA pH thresholds of indwelled pH boli, which can be used for SARA diagnostics. The experiment was conducted with eight nonlactating rumen cannulated Holstein cows fed 0% or 65% concentrate. Data showed that the mean pH of indwelled boli was consistently higher than in FRL and PARL (pH 6.62 ± 0.02, 6.43 ± 0.02 and 6.18 ±0.02, respectively) across feeding regimens. Interestingly, the diurnal differences in pH among indwelled boli, FRL and PARL became greater during concentrate feeding, especially at 8 h after the morning feeding, suggesting that with high‐concentrate diets a particular adjustment of reticular sensor pH vs. ruminal pH in FRL and PARL is needed. The concordance correlation coefficient analysis, representing the reproducibility of the bolus measurements, was high for bolus‐FRL (0.733) and moderate for bolus‐PARL (0.510) associations. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship of the pH in FRL and PARL to the pH of the boli was described by linear regression analysis. The study determined that the common SARA threshold of pH 5.8 in FRL corresponds to a bolus pH of 6.0.     

不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为考察不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头年龄相同(3胎次)、体重相近[(500±50)kg]且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分别饲喂基础日粮、豆皮糖蜜和麸皮糖蜜日粮。结果表明,豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃pH均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组之间瘤胃pH没有显著差异(P0.05);麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃NH_3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),但与豆皮糖蜜组没有显著差异(P0.05);各处理间奶牛瘤胃各单个挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA,包括乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸)浓度、总VFA浓度和乙丙比均没有显著差异(P0.05);但与对照组相比,豆皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有降低趋势;而麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有提高趋势。结果显示,在奶牛饲料中可用豆皮糖蜜替代15%玉米以及用麸皮糖蜜替代6%玉米和10%麸皮,均具有调控瘤胃稳衡的作用,且麸皮糖蜜替代效果优于豆皮糖蜜。     

Responsive changes of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis

Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)represents one of the most important digestive disorders in intensive dairy farms,and dairy cows are individually different in the severity of SARA risk.The objectives of the current study were to investigate differences in the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome in dairy cattle with different susceptibility to SARA.In the present study,12 cows were initially enrolled in the experiment.Based on average ruminal pH,4 cows with the lowest ruminal pH were assigned to the susceptible group(SUS,pH=5.76,n=4)and 4 cows with the highest ruminal pH assigned to the tolerant group(TOL,pH=6.10,n=4).Rumen contents from susceptible(SUS,n=4)and tolerant(TOL,n=4)dairy cows were collected through rumen fistula to systematically reveal the rumen microbial and metabolic alterations of dairy cows with different susceptibility to SARA using multi-omics approaches(16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolome).The results showed that despite being fed the same diet,SUS cows had lower ruminal pH and higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acids(VFA)and propionate than TOL cows(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in dry matter intake,milk yield,and other milk compositions between the SUS and TOL groups(P>0.05).The principal coordinates analysis based on the analysis of molecular variance indicated a significant difference in bacterial composition between the two groups(P=0.01).More specifically,the relative abundance of starch-degrading bacteria(Prevotella spp.)was greater(P<0.05),while the proportion of fiber-degrading bacteria(unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp.,Ruminococcus spp.,Papillibacter,and unclassified Family_-XIII)was lower in the rumen of SUS cows compared with TOL cows(P<0.05).Community analysis of protozoa showed that there were no significant differences in the diversity,richness,and community structure(P>0.05).Metabolomics analysis revealed that the concentrations of organic acids(such as lactic acid),biogenic amines(such as histamine),and bacterial degradation products(such as hypoxanthine)were significantly higher in the SUS group compared to the TOL group(P<0.05).These findings revealed that the higher proportion of starch-degrading bacteria/lower fiber-degrading bacteria in the rumen of SUS cows resulted in higher VFA-producing capacity,in particular propionate.This caused a disruption in metabolic homeostasis in the rumen which might be the reason for the higher susceptibility to SARA.Overall,these findings enhanced our understanding of the ruminal microbiome and metabolic changes in cows susceptible to SARA.     

4种花生秸秆在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性

为研究不同花生秸秆在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,采用尼龙袋法评定了4种花生秸秆(TI、TJ、汕G和泉花7号)的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,4种花生秸秆DM的72h降解率和有效降解率为汕G最高,达66.07%和49.37%,并依次降低的为TJ、泉花7号与TI。4种花生秸秆CP的72h降解率和有效降解率与DM有相同的趋势,CP的72h降解率和有效降解率也以汕G最高,达73.16%和59.20%,其中CP的72h降解率依次降低的为泉花7号、TJ与TI;有效降解率依次降低的为TJ、TI与泉花7号。4种花生秸秆NDF和ADF的72h降解率趋势一致为泉花7号最高,并依次降低的为汕G、TJ和TI;4种花生秸秆NDF有效降解率最高的为汕G,其次为TI、泉花7号与TJ;ADF有效降解率最高的为泉花7号,其次为汕G、TI与TJ。因此,从奶牛对4种花生秸秆的降解效果看,汕G的营养价值最高,TI的营养价值最低。     

The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.