陇中旱地不同保护性耕作方式表层土壤结构和有机碳含量比较分析

在陇中黄土高原半干旱区进行保护性耕作定位试验,研究了不同保护性耕作措施对表层土壤结构和有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作(T)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)土壤容重在作物生长期保持稳定;虽然两种序列NTS处理土壤总孔度较低,但其>30μm的非毛管孔度显著高于其它三种处理,W→P→W序列(2002年小麦→2003年豌豆→2004年小麦)NTS处理分别比T处理、TS处理和NT处理提高3.605%、4.749%、3.338%;P→W→P序列(2002年豌豆→2003年小麦→2004年豌豆)NTS处理分别比T处理、TS处理和NT处理提高2.834%、4.023%、2.728%;就大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量而言,W→P→W序列下T处理、TS处理、NT处理和NTS处理分别为7.412%、9.493%、9.098%、10.577%,P→W→P序列下分别为7.600%、10.027%、8.085%、9.933%,且统计分析表明两种序列下NTS处理均与T和TS两处理差异显著。同时发现,NTS处理可显著增加土壤有机碳含量,两种序列下分别比T处理增加0.958 g/kg和1.045 g/kg,而单一的免耕(NT)或覆盖(TS)效果并不显著。     

不同荒漠生态系统下有机碳和微生物碳的分布特征

基于新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐生旱生荒漠的3种建群灌木琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongori-ca)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生态系统下土壤剖面实测数据,分析了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(Mc)的垂直分布特征及其与土壤理化因子的关系。结果表明:3个生态系统类型之间土壤剖面SOC分布状况和含量不存在显著差别,但每个生态系统土壤剖面土层之间存在显著差别。各生态系统土壤上层均存在着一定厚度的SOC富集层,中部(10～30cm)SOC含量迅速下降,下部有机碳含量低而稳定。Mc分布与含量与SOC存在相似的规律。Mc对90cm以上的土壤碳循环起着重要的作用,而对深层次的碳库影响不大,不会对全球变化做出响应,但意义更重要,它们可以更长期保留于土壤中而不释放回大气圈。     

无定河流域植被恢复对土壤团聚体及碳固定的影响

对无定河流域坡耕地和4、5、10、30、50年植被恢复样地土壤水稳性团聚体含量,全土样及不同直径水稳性团聚体中的有机质、速效磷含量进行了测定分析,计算了土壤有机碳密度,旨在评价植被恢复对土壤结构、养分及土壤固定的影响。结果表明:各样地全土样有机质和速效磷含量分别介于6.73~31.83 g·kg-1和1.93~14.72 mg·kg-1之间,不同直径团聚体有机质和速效磷含量分别介于7.15~26.03 g·kg-1和3.71~16.64 mg·kg-1之间。相对农地,植被恢复能明显增加表层土壤有机质含量和有机碳密度,杜梨群落增加幅度最高,增加值分别为24.93 g·kg-1和91.98 mg·cm-2;水稳性团聚体以0.05 mm和0.05~0.1 mm为主,含量分别在37.06%~57.22%和21.71%~29.76%之间;不同直径水稳性团聚体中有机质含量表现为2 mm至0.2~0.5 mm之间,直径愈小,有机质含量愈高,0.2~0.5 mm至0.05 mm之间,粒径愈小,有机质含量愈低;除1~2 mm团聚体中的速效磷含量最高外,2 mm至0.05 mm团聚体之间,粒径愈小,速效磷含量愈低。土壤有机碳密度与植被恢复年限呈线性正相关关系。相对于土壤碳固定,土壤抵抗水力侵蚀的能力需更长时间才能显著提高。相对慢速湿润,快速湿润条件下各直径水稳性团聚体有机质含量均较高。研究区大雨或暴雨是造成该区域土壤结构恶化和有机碳损耗的主要原因。     

甘肃省中部干旱区植被恢复对土壤养分变化的影响研究

通过对甘肃省中部干旱区植被恢复过程中不同退耕年限(0年、3年、6年和10年)的土壤养分及各养分间的相关性进行了分析,研究结果表明:1)不同退耕年限对安定区土壤养分除全钾外对有机质和其它氮磷钾养分均有极显著或显著影响。2)植被恢复过程中养分在土壤剖面的分布具有明显的层次性,各养分具有明显的表聚性。3)土壤有机质的变化与全氮、速效氮呈现出显著的相关性,与钾素和磷素的相关性较低。全磷与速效钾和氮养分相互间显著相关,与速效磷相关性较小。全钾与速效钾相关性也未达到显著水平。     

基于自然植被的延河流域农田生态系统土壤固碳潜力评估

以延河流域自然植被土壤有机碳为对照,对该区现有农田生态系统土壤固碳潜力进行评估。结果表明:影响自然植被土壤有机碳密度空间分布的环境因子有年均降雨季节变化、坡度和年均温度季节变化;而影响农田生态系统土壤有机碳密度分布的环境因素则包括年均蒸发量、年均最高温度与坡向;有机碳空间分布规律方面,延河流域南部土壤有机碳密度要明显高于北部,并且呈由北向南逐渐递增的趋势;情景模拟分析表明,延河流域坡度25°以上、15°~25°以及15°以下不同类型的耕地退耕后分别可以实现的固碳效益为90.41×104t、58.52×104t、57.55×104t,而整个延河流域的农田生态系统如果全部实行退耕还林(草),其固碳潜力在206.48×104t左右。可以看出,以土地利用调整为核心的区域固碳策略对环境改善具有重要意义。     

秸秆覆盖对宁南早作农田活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

在宁南半干旱区早作农田连续进行了4 a不同秸秆覆盖量的冬小麦栽培试验,对不同秸秆覆盖量下的土壤碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)和土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)进行了分析.结果表明:与不覆盖(CK)相比,0.9-0.6万kg/hm2覆盖量下0～20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量显著提高1.46～1.01...     

围封年限对草地生态系统碳分配的影响

以处于不同围封年限的退化草地为研究对象,对退化生态系统内有机碳分配特征进行了研究.结果表明:随着围封年限的增长,土壤有机碳密度不断增加;而植物有机碳密度的最高值出现在围封20 a,围封25 a植物碳密度略低于围封20 a,有降低趋势.围封25 a处理生态系统碳密度最高,达到8.22 kg/m2;土壤碳库所占生态系统有机碳总储量的比例受封育年限的影响不大.     

辽西干旱半干旱区免耕行间深松培土对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为了探究免耕行间深松培土(集成模式)对辽西干旱半干旱区土壤水分、水分利用效率及玉米产量的影响,依托辽宁省北票市蒙古营乡沈阳农业大学定点试验田,通过监测土壤水分和玉米产量,探讨不同耕作方式(旋耕CK、深松、翻耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、集成模式)对干旱半干旱区春玉米地土壤水分、产量、水分利用效率以及经济效益的影响.结果表明:(1)...     

The effect of total carbon on microscopic soil properties and implications for crop production

Soil structure is a dynamic property affected by physical, chemical, and microbiological processes. Addition of organic matter to soils and the use of different management practices have been reported to impact soil structure and crop production. Moderation in soil temperature and increases in microbial activity and soil water retention are often suggested as reasons for the rise in crop yield when organic matter is added to the soil. Less is known about the direct effect of changes in soil structure on crop production. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of summer cover crop and in-season management system on soil structure. The experiment was a nested design with summer cover crop as the main plot and management system as the subplot. Summer cover crop treatments included cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) incorporated into the soil in the fall (CI), cowpea used as mulch in the fall (CM), sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare) incorporated into the soil in the fall (S), and dry fallow or bare ground (B). Management systems were organic (ORG) and conventional (CNV) systems. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L.) were cultivated in rotation in the plots for three consecutive years using the same cover crops and management systems for each plot. Disturbed and undisturbed soil cores were collected at the end of the third year and used for laboratory experiments to measure physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties. Image analysis was used to quantify soil structure properties using a scanning electron microscope on thin sections prepared from the undisturbed soil cores. We found that total soil carbon was correlated with porosity, saturation percentage, and pore roughness. Pore roughness was correlated with crop production in general and with marketable production in particular. We found that the higher the complexity of the pore space, the more water retained in the soil, which may increase soil water residence and reduce plant water stress.     

Impacts of wind erosion and seasonal changes on soil carbon dioxide emission in southwestern Iran

Wind erosion is one of the main drivers of soil loss in the world, which affects 20 million hectare land of Iran. Besides the soil loss, wind erosion contributes to carbon dioxide emission from the soil into the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate monthly and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide emission in four classes i.e., low, moderate, severe and very severe soil erosion and the interactions between air temperature and wind erosion in relation to carbon dioxide emission in the Bordekhun region, Boushehr Province, southwestern Iran. Wind erosion intensities were evaluated using IRIFR (Iran Research Institute of Forests and Ranges) model, in which four classes of soil erosion were identified. Afterward, we measured carbon dioxide emission on a monthly basis and for a period of one year using alkali traps in each class of soil erosion. Data on emission levels and erosion classes were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with twelve replications in each treatment. The highest rate of emission occurred in July (4.490 g CO₂/(m²?d)) in severely eroded lands and the least in January (0.086 g CO₂/(m²?d)) in low eroded lands. Therefore, it is resulted that increasing erosion intensity causes an increase in soil carbon dioxide emission rate at severe erosion intensity. Moreover, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide emission happened in summer and the minimum in winter. Soil carbon dioxide emission was just related to air temperature without any relationship with soil moisture content; since changes of soil moisture in the wet and dry seasons were not high enough to affect soil microorganisms and respiration in dry areas. In general, there are complex and multiple relationships between various factors associated with soil erosion and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming causes events that lead to more erosion, which in turn increases greenhouse gas emission, and rising greenhouse gases will cause more global warming. The result of this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of wind erosion and global climate warming towards carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

Influences of drip and flood irrigation on soil carbon dioxide emission and soil carbon sequestration of maize cropland in the North China Plain

The need is pressing to investigate soil CO_2(carbon dioxide) emissions and soil organic carbon dynamics under water-saving irrigation practices in agricultural systems for exploring the potentials of soil carbon sequestration. A field experiment was conducted to compare the influences of drip irrigation(DI) and flood irrigation(FI) on soil organic carbon dynamics and the spatial and temporal variations in CO_2 emissions during the summer maize growing season in the North China Plain using the static closed chamber method. The mean CO_2 efflux over the growing season was larger under DI than that under FI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions at the field scale were 1959.10 and 1759.12 g/m~2 under DI and FI, respectively. The cumulative CO_2 emission on plant rows(OR) was larger than that between plant rows(BR) under FI, and the cumulative CO2 emission on the irrigation pipes(OP) was larger than that between irrigation pipes(BP) under DI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions of OP, BP and bare area(BA) under DI were larger than those of OR, BR and BA under FI, respectively. Additionally, DI promoted root respiration more effectively than FI did. The average proportion of root respiration contributing to the soil CO_2 emissions of OP under DI was larger than that of OR under FI. A general conclusion drawn from this study is that soil CO_2 emission was significantly influenced by the soil water content, soil temperature and air temperature under both DI and FI. Larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and total organic carbon(TOC) were observed under FI than those under DI. The observed high concentrations(DOC, MBC, and TOC) under FI might be resulted from the irrigation-associated soil saturation that in turn inhibited microbial activity and lowered decomposition rate of soil organic matter. However, DI increased the soil organic matter quality(the ratio of MBC to TOC) at the depth of 10–20 cm compared with FI. Our results suggest that the transformation from conventional FI to integrated DI can increase the CO2 emissions and DI needs to be combined with other management practices to reduce the CO_2 emissions from summer maize fields in the North China Plain.     

Crop yields and soil organic carbon dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment in an extremely arid region of northern Xinjiang,China

A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon(SOC) from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control(CK) and six different combinations of phosphorus(P), potassium(K), nitrogen(N), straw(S) and animal manure(M). The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly(P0.05) higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate(NPK) and 1/3 N from farmyard manure(NPKM) had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields(over the 23 years) in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate(NP) did not differ significantly(P0.05) but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate(NK; P0.05). The results also show that the highest increases in SOC(P0.05) occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/(hm~2·a). The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/(hm~2·a) for NPKS(9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw), NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.     

Long-term cultivation and landscape position effects on aggregate size and organic carbon fractionation on surface soil properties in semi-arid region of Iran

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term cultivation and landscape position on organic carbon content and soil aggregation. Sampling sites were determined based upon land use at the end of 50 years soil use and management, cultivated/annual wheat cropping and grazed pasture, and landscape position in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiary province, southwest Iran. Soil samples were collected from the 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depths in two adjacent fields that have the same slope and aspect. The soil was silty clay at the summit and footslope positions, and was a silty clay loam at the backslope. Wet-sieving analysis and aggregate-size fractionation methods were used to separate the samples into three aggregate fractions (i.e., 2–4.75, 0.25–2, and 0.053–0.25 mm). The treatments were arranged in a factorial design. Land use significantly affected the water-stable aggregate fractions, so that the wet soil stability of the macroaggregates (i.e., 2–4.75 mm) was higher in the pasture, whereas it was greater for the meso-aggregates (i.e., 0.25–2 mm) in the cultivated soils. Cultivation decreased both the wet-aggregate stability and percent of macroaggregates whereas long-term pasture enhanced aggregation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content within aggregates and primary particles was also significantly influenced by landscape position, land use, and the depth of sampling. The SOC content was higher in clay than those in silt and sand contents. The SOC content decreased as depth increased in all fractions. In general, the highest and lowest wet-stable aggregates were observed on the footslope and backslope positions, respectively.     

干旱半干旱地区双垄地布覆盖对土壤水分的影响

为探明一种可替代覆盖材料的可行性,在甘肃省定西市安定区开展了为期1 a的监测试验,试验设防草地布加地膜覆垄(MB)、防草地布覆垄(DB)和裸地起垄(CK)3种处理,利用土壤水分、水势传感器分别对沟内地表下5、15 cm的土壤含水率、水势进行监测,结果表明:(1)表层5 cm土壤水分日变化呈复杂波形,受不同覆垄处理和季节性天气变化的影响显著;(2)0～20 cm土层的水分年变化主要受降雨、露水和蒸发强度的影响,表现为春冬干、夏秋湿的特点,在11月至翌年2月期间MB和DB覆垄处理土壤水分净损失量要高于CK裸地垄,而在作物生育期内(5—9月)覆垄处理土壤储水净增量为DB最大(36.35 mm)、MB次之(30.73 mm)、CK最小(16.30 mm);(3)MB和DB覆垄能明显加快雨露叠加,增加土壤水储存,而CK处理下叠加效应弱,且深层土壤对降雨不敏感,具有滞后性,但随着连续降雨的发生,表层土壤储水量加大,这种滞后性明显减弱;(4) 0～20 cm土层土壤储水量日变化幅度为夏季最大(平均1.20 mm·d^-1),春季次之(1.03 mm·d^-1)...     

Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess Plateau,China

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents(SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal(2010), dry(2011), wet(2014) and extremely wet(2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as cropfallowpastureshrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth 1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.     

不同柠条密度在退化草地恢复过程中对土壤水分的影响

宁夏盐池县常受干旱风沙的影响,加上超载过牧,草场退化严重。1987年在柳杨堡乡建立了退化草场植被恢复与风蚀沙化防治技术示范区,带状种植了柠条(中间锦鸡儿Caragana intermedia),对退化草场进行改良。种植柠条,一方面增大了植被的覆盖度和土地生物产量,另一方面,由于柠条的生长也增大了对土壤水分的消耗。为此,我们进行了水分定位观测,从土壤水分季节性动态、水分垂直分布及贮水量几个方面作了系统的比较分析,研究柠条种植密度对土壤水分的影响,选择适宜的柠条种植密度。结果表明,柠条半人工草地土壤水分的季节变化受降水的影响,随降水量多少而变化。0～100cm土壤含水量的垂直分布规律为从表层到深层含水量递增。在定植后第11年,不同种植密度柠条草地土壤含水量没有显著的差异。定植后第16年,土壤含水量出现了显著的差异。种植密度1665丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地,0～100cm土层中,各土层含水量均极显著地高于3330丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地,其0～100cm土壤贮水量最高,为245．4mm,比2490丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地高48．10mm,比3330丛／hm^2柠条半人工草地高151．99mm。     

干旱区退化湿地恢复过程中的土壤呼吸特征研究

精河入湖口湿地是典型干旱区湖泊湿地艾比湖湿地的重要组成部分。本研究采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法分析了艾比湖精河入湖口退化湿地恢复中土壤呼吸的变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着恢复期的延长,土壤CO2通量的日变化有由单峰型向双峰型转变的趋势;(2)恢复期较短的湿地(1 a),季节变化具有单峰型特点,峰值在秋季,恢复期较长的湿地(3~5 a),季节变化呈现双峰型,且春季高于秋季;(3)退化湿地在植被恢复过程中土壤呼吸速率逐渐增强;(4)在退化湿地的不同恢复阶段,近地面10 cm土壤温度与土壤CO2通量的关系最密切。因此,只要水源充足,精河入湖口退化湿地在恢复过程中土壤呼吸速率随恢复时间延长而逐渐提高,经4~5 a即可恢复到未退化状态。     

干旱区绿洲土壤中Ni在芹菜中的富集迁移

以干旱区绿洲土壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验研究外源Ni污染对芹菜生长的影响及在芹菜中的富集迁移。结果表明：外源Ni的添加在低质量分数下能够促进芹菜的生长,达到一定临界值后,则出现明显的毒害作用;随着土壤中Ni的添加质量分数的增加,芹菜体内的Ni含量也随之增加。统计分析表明对芹菜根部和地上部吸收累积Ni贡献最大的均为铁锰氧...     

干旱区绿洲土壤有机碳高光谱估测及其影响因子分析

为了揭示干旱区绿洲土壤有机碳的分布格局及环境因子的影响,以新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,通过实测土壤高光谱数据以及化学分析获取的剖面土壤有机碳数据,提出了一种土壤光谱和偏最小二乘回归预测模型相结合的土壤有机碳估算方法,并分析了表层土壤有机碳含量与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:土壤反射率二阶微分变换优于一阶微分,经二阶微分变换后的光谱可以较好地预测土壤有机碳含量,预测模型的决定系数R~2均大于0.8,RPD均大于1.5,模型具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性。绿洲剖面土壤有机碳含量介于0.172～17.376 g·kg~(-1)之间,且主要集中在0～60 cm;土壤有机碳的变异系数在35%～53%;各层土壤有机碳分布格局相似,绿洲内部明显高于绿洲外围,并均有向表层聚集的趋势。相关分析表明土壤含盐量是影响土壤有机碳含量最重要的环境因子。