河北省干旱分布特征和变化规律分析

选取河北省有连续观测资料的72个观测站日降水量和日平均气温,利用干旱综合指数方法计算1970-2009年的每日干旱综合指数。应用干旱综合指数（C_i）对河北省干旱过程进行监测与诊断,分析河北省气候干旱的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明：河北省各地都有干旱发生,中南部为干旱多发区;各地区均是4月和5月干旱发生频率最高,秋季干旱发生的频率也很高;过去40 a中,河北省年干旱日数、生长季干旱日数总体上没有显著增加或减少;从四季来看,春季干旱日数存在明显的减少趋势,夏、秋季有增加的趋势,冬季的变化趋势相对较小。      

Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water, persistent insufficient precipitation, lack of moisture, and high evapotranspiration. Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event. Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions, ranging from 50 to 750 mm. In general, the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south. The Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate) data, including monthly precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by the University of Idaho, were used in this study. The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps. The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020, according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales. Moreover, the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007, 2014, and 2018. In many semi-arid regions of Iran, the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000, 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018. In general, this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020. In a way, moderate, severe, and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage, gradually decreasing. According to the PDSI, during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014, extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran. Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions, on the other hand, only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003, except for the eastern areas and wetter regions. The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.     

山西南部季节性干旱特征及综合防御技术

采用标准化降水指数(SPI)为干旱指标,计算了山西省运城市49年(1958—2007年)各月干旱指数,并在此基础上分析了山西南部地区季节性干旱特征。研究表明,干旱强度与干旱频率在不同年代际表现特征不同。与运城地区49年同期均值相比,进入20世纪90年代后,春旱发生频率、干旱强度分别提高了29.0%、5.1%;夏旱发生频率提高41.9%,干旱强度下降了7.4%;秋旱发生频率下降了23.8%,干旱强度提高了7.7%;冬旱发生频率下降了26.6%,干旱强度下降了37.5%。干旱的季节性特征为春旱和夏旱有加重趋势,秋旱和冬旱有减弱趋势。春旱(3—5月)和伏旱(7—8月)作为可预见性干旱,可采用土壤墒情监测、干旱预警、制定系统性抗旱措施等综合防御技术。对于不可预见类型干旱,可采用建立抗旱水源、储备抗旱机械等策略。     

FY-3C/MERSI数据应用于陕西省干旱时空动态监测研究

基于FY-3C/MERSI 1 km遥感数据,分别利用植被供水指数模型(VSWI)、归一化干旱指数模型(NDDI)、多波段干旱指数模型(MBDI),对陕西省2014年夏季的干旱过程进行动态监测,结合研究区同时段10 cm土壤相对湿度资料,对3种干旱遥感监测模型的准确性和稳定性进行评价。结果表明:3种遥感监测模型对陕西省2014年夏季干旱过程监测的准确性均有较好表现,其中VSWI的动态监测稳定性更好;MBDI与VSWI对干旱中期干旱程度的反演结果准确性相当,但对于干旱前期与后期,VSWI结果的准确性更好。基于VSWI监测结果,将陕西省分为陕北、关中和陕南地区进行讨论,结果表明FY-3C/MERSI具备对陕西省这次干旱过程进行时空动态监测的能力。     

相对冷暖背景下两次干旱事件的比较——以陕西为例

利用陕西省气象观测站气温和降水资料、干旱灾害记述资料,根据年旱涝等级、降水距平百分率以及CI干旱指数的分布与变化,分析比较了冷期1965—1966年干旱和暖期1994—1995年干旱的范围、程度以及干旱过程演变的异同。结果表明,冷暖背景下均会出现连续的干旱,当暖期与降水减少相遇时,出现的干旱更为严重;处于干旱半干旱区的陕北,干旱过程往往持续时间较长,处于半湿润区和湿润区的关中、陕南,干旱时段内往往会出现多个干旱过程。陕北1994—1995年的干旱天数少于1965—1966年,而关中、陕南1994—1995年的干旱天数多于1965—1966年,同一干旱事件在各地会呈现出不同的特点。     

陕西省54a来农业干旱灾害特征研究

干旱灾害是影响陕西省农业经济可持续发展的主要限制因素。本文利用陕西省54a来的农业旱灾灾情资料对旱灾特征进行了详细分析和预测,得出陕西省旱灾有发生频率加快、灾情加重趋势,干旱灾害具有较强的持续性。干旱受灾面积有3~4a的变化周期,农业旱灾成灾率和受灾率呈正相关,线性回归方程为y=0.32+0.73x。灾害有明显的区域差异性,陕北灾情最严重,关中次之,陕南最轻。灾害主要集中在渭南市、榆林市、商洛市、咸阳市、汉中市、延安市、铜川市、宝鸡市、洛川县、定边县。     

柴达木盆地干旱时空变化特征

利用柴达木盆地气象站收集的降水和气温数据,计算了SPI和SPEI两种干旱指数,并用于评价研究区不同时间尺度的干旱特征。然而,由于测站分布稀疏,两种指数在区域干旱评价方面存在不足。在此基础上基于全球范围内的scPDSIpm数据集,并用PDSI指数分析了干旱演变特征及时空分布规律,研究发现：①温度在年际尺度对研究区的干旱情况影响较大,而在月尺度和半年尺度上对研究区干旱情况影响不明显;②PDSI指数与SPEI和SPI干旱指数的相关系数较高（0.7以上）,与两者具有较好的一致性,PDSI更适宜于无资料地区的干旱评价;③研究区中部干旱状况最为严重,东部边缘和西北部干旱频次相对较少,但2000年以来这种趋势得到改善。本研究对评价不同干旱指数的适用性及资料缺乏地区的干旱评价具有重要的指导意义。     

东亚北风异常对西北东部春季降水的影响

利用1961-2008年NCEP/NCAR(2．5°×2．5°)再分析逐月500 hPa高度场资料和1961-2008年西北地区东部陕、甘、宁、青4省170个气象观测站的月降水量资料,计算春季东亚北风指数,分析研究区春季降水的历史演变规律、东亚北风指数的年代际变化及其与西北春季降水的关联。结果表明:50 a来降水演变特点是以黄河为界,黄河以西降水呈增多趋势,黄河以东降水呈减少趋势,降水减少的幅度明显大于增加的幅度;特别是近20 a,黄河以东广大区域降水减少的幅度越来越大,干旱化趋势明显,而青海南部、河西走廊则降水呈增加趋势。在此期间,春季东亚北风逐渐增强,特别是20世纪90年代中期以后明显增强。进一步分析表明,当春季东亚北风偏强（弱）时,除青海南部外,西北地区东部大部分地方降水偏少（多）,即春季东亚北风异常增强,可引起西北地区东部黄河以东干旱少雨,导致干旱化加剧。     

SRES A1B情景下东北地区未来干旱趋势预估

利用区域气候模式PRECIS(providing regional climates for impacts studies)输出的SRES A1B情景的日平均气温及降水资料,通过计算相对湿润度指数,分析2011-2100年东北地区作物生长季(5-9月)的干旱趋势。结果表明：A1B情景下,2011-2100年东北地区农作物生长季将呈现明显干旱化趋势,相对气候基准时段(1971-2000年),未来吉林中南部及辽宁省将变湿润,其余地区将变干燥;就干旱发生范围而言,2011-2100年东北地区农作物生长季的干旱发生范围将呈显著增大趋势,2011-2040年、2041-2070年和2071-2100年的30 a平均值较气候基准时段依次变化了-1.3%、17.4%及38.4%;就干旱频率而言,[JP2]未来干旱发生频率较高的区域主要集中在黑龙江的齐齐哈尔与大庆、吉林的白城以及辽宁的朝阳地区,而低频率区主要位于吉林东部及辽宁丹东地区,相对气候基准时段,未来干旱频率预计在辽东湾地区降低2%,黑龙江西南部与吉林西部增加8%~10%,其余地区增加2%~6%。     

Performance of different drought indices for agriculture drought in the North China Plain

The Palmer drought severity index(PDSI), standardized precipitation index(SPI), and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) are used worldwide for drought assessment and monitoring. However, substantial differences exist in the performance for agricultural drought among these indices and among regions. Here, we performed statistical assessments to compare the strengths of different drought indices for agricultural drought in the North China Plain. Small differences were detected in the comparative performances of SPI and SPEI that were smaller at the long-term scale than those at the short-term scale. The correlation between SPI/SPEI and PDSI considerably increased from 1-to 12-month lags, and a slight decreasing trend was exhibited during 12-and 24-month lags, indicating a 12-month scale in the PDSI, whereas the SPI was strongly correlated with the SPEI at 1-to 24-month lags. Interestingly, the correlation between the trend of temperature and the mean absolute error and its correlation coefficient both suggested stronger relationships between SPI and the SPEI in areas of rapid climate warming. In addition, the yield–drought correlations tended to be higher for the SPI and SPEI than that for the PDSI at the station scale, whereas small differences were detected between the SPI and SPEI in the performance on agricultural systems. However, large differences in the influence of drought conditions on the yields of winter wheat and summer maize were evident among various indices during the crop-growing season. Our findings suggested that multi-indices in drought monitoring are needed in order to acquire robust conclusions.     

清代晋北地区干旱灾害研究

干旱灾害是山西主要的气象灾害,通过相关资料的搜集整理,对清代晋北地区的干旱灾害等级及时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:清代晋北地区共发生轻度旱灾33次,中度旱灾35次,大旱灾20次,特大旱灾5次,旱灾等级整体略呈上升趋势;整个清代,晋北地区共发生旱灾93次,平均每2.88年发生一次旱灾,从发生频次总体趋势上看,变化不明显,整体稍呈下降趋势;大同盆地及晋西北保德、河曲等地旱灾发生较为频繁;清代晋北地区旱灾持续时间长、灾情重,旱灾引起的次生灾害较严重,常伴有饥、疫、蝗灾等自然灾害的发生。降水缺乏、降水年内分配不均及生态脆弱是晋北地区旱灾频发的主要原因。     

基于SPEI和时空立方体的中国近40年干旱时空模式挖掘

利用1980—2019年中国612个气象站点逐月降水量和温度数据计算多尺度标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),根据中国气温条件划分7大地理分区并结合时空立方体、时空热点分析、时空聚类和时空异常值来探究中国近40年多尺度标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)通过干旱频率的计算,发现轻度干旱和极端干旱最为严重的地区为内蒙古草原地区,严重干旱和中度干旱在西北荒漠地区最为严重。(2)通过时空立方体展示出中国旱情在时空分布上差距较为显著,西北地区最为严重,其次是西南的西部地区和华北的北部地区;(3)对我国近40年SPEI 12的时空热点进行分析可得我国旱情的时空趋势,其中冷点地区和热点地区各有2个,热点主要分布在华中和东北地区的西部,冷点主要分布在华中的中部地区;4)对多尺度SPEI进行局部异常值分析得到,年尺度的华南西部和华中、华南湿润亚热带地区的中部呈低-低聚类,说明该地全年旱情相对更严重。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin,Nepal

Drought is an inevitable condition with negative impacts in the agricultural and climatic sectors, especially in developing countries. This study attempts to examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought and its trends in the Koshi River Basin(KRB) in Nepal, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) over the period from 1987 to 2017. The Mann-Kendall test was used to explore the trends of the SPEI values. The study illustrated the increasing annual and seasonal drought trends in the KRB over the study period. Spatially, the hill region of the KRB showed substantial increasing drought trends at the annual and seasonal scales, especially in summer and winter. The mountain region also showed a significant increasing drought trend in winter. The drought characteristic analysis indicated that the maximum duration, intensity, and severity of drought events were observed in the KRB after 2000. The Terai region presented the highest drought frequency and intensity, while the hill region presented the longest maximum drought duration. Moreover, the spatial extent of drought showed a significant increasing trend in the hill region at the monthly(drought station proportion of 7.6%/10 a in August), seasonal(drought station proportion of 7.2%/10 a in summer), and annual(drought station proportion of 6.7%/10 a) scales. The findings of this study can assist local governments, planners, and project implementers in understanding drought and developing appropriate mitigation strategies to cope with its impacts.     

三种不同干旱动态监测指数在陕西省的适用性研究

运用陕西省96个站1981—2012年近32年的逐日气温、降水、风速、相对湿度等资料,分别计算出各站逐日(向前滚动30天)的三种干旱动态监测指数：降水距平百分率(P_a)、相对湿润干旱指数(MI)、标准化降水指数(SPI),并将陕西省按地域由北至南分为陕北、关中、陕南,按季节分为春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)、冬(12—2月),分别统计出不同干旱动态监测指数对应的干旱发生的频率并与历史记载中实际干旱情况进行比对,对三种干旱动态监测指数在陕西省的适用性进行分析。结果表明：夏季MI指数得到的干旱频率最高,P_a指数最低,冬季MI指数得到的干旱频率最低,P_a指数最高; 在春、冬季节P_a指数的适用性较好,在夏、秋季节MI指数的适用性较好; 陕西省夏季容易发生局地强降水,而在秋、冬季容易出现长时间的无降水,导致SPI指数在夏、秋、冬季节的适用性不太好。     

江苏省苏北地区季节性干旱特征及动态风险评价研究

利用江苏省统计年鉴提供的气象资料,通过标准化降水指数(SPI)计算苏北地区近25 a(1989—2013年)的季节干旱指标,分析江苏省苏北地区五市的季节性干旱时空特征和发生规律,并对其进行动态干旱风险评价。基于危险性、脆弱性、暴露性和防灾减灾能力这四个影响因子构建相应干旱风险评价指标体系,选取适合苏北五市的气象、水文、地理、社会经济方面相关二级指标,组合运用熵权法和CRITIC法确定各指标综合权重,通过加权综合评价法对苏北五市进行动态旱灾风险评价。结果表明:苏北地区干旱时间特征存在明显的季节性差异,发生干旱多为轻旱和中旱,且多发生于春夏秋三季,盐城市冬季发生中旱和重旱相对较频繁;干旱强度变化趋势和干旱频率趋势大体一致,五市发生春旱的频数和强度总体都呈增加趋势,而秋季情况略有好转。近年来,苏北地区五市的旱灾风险具有一定的稳定性,风险排名依次为:淮安连云港宿迁徐州盐城,其中,防灾减灾能力对于干旱风险的动态变化体现出较强相关性。     

干旱指标在陕西省适用性研究

选取陕西地区1951~1999年间发生的442个典型干旱个例作为代表,根据全省96个气象台站的气象观测资料,计算降水距平百分率等6个气象干旱指标的干旱等级,并与实际干旱灾情进行对比分析,判断干旱指标适用与否。另外,在对每个干旱指标本地化适用性分析基础上,又对所有指标在陕西适用性进行了对比分析,统计每个指标在陕西不同区域、不同季节的适用频率,选取适用频率最高的1个(或多个)指标作为该区域、该季节最佳指标,从而建立一套适合陕西的分区域、分季节干旱指标体系;最后选用2000~2005年发生在陕西的48个干旱独立样本对干旱指标体系进行检验。结果表明:本研究所建立的干旱指标体系在陕西不同区域、不同季节具有较好的适用性,该指标体系将为陕西干旱监测预警评估业务平台的建立提供可靠的技术支撑。     

基于K指数的阿勒泰地区夏季气象干旱特征

利用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1981-2010年6-8月降水量以及计算得到的蒸发量和K指数,用经验正交函数分解（EOF）和旋转经验正交函数分解（REOF）方法,分析了近30 a阿勒泰地区夏季干旱特征,用最大熵谱和谐波分析方法对阿勒泰3个分区K干旱指数的主要周期进行了分析。结果显示：用K干旱指数为指标,阿勒泰地区中西部干旱发生频率高于偏东地区;全地区可分为3个区域,Ⅰ西南谷地平原,Ⅱ东部丘陵地区,Ⅲ北部山区;各分区夏季干旱总体呈下降趋势。阿勒泰干旱的空间分布除受大尺度天气系统影响外,还受地理位置、地形地势等多种因子影响。各区干旱存在准10 a的长周期和3～5 a短周期振荡,且相对稳定,但其显著周期及其年代变化差异较大。     

河北省近40年干旱变化特征分析

根据1961—2000年河北省69个站逐月降水资料,采用Z指数作为各代表站旱涝等级划分标准,根据计算出的Z指数把旱涝情况划分成7个等级,并在此基础上计算了河北省历年干旱的严重程度和干旱发生的范围。对近40年来的资料分析表明:这一区域冬季干旱面积变化不大,春、秋季干旱面积呈减小的趋势,夏季干旱面积呈扩大趋势,年干旱面积也呈扩大趋势。     

基于FY-3D/MERSI-II数据的陕西农业干旱遥感监测应用研究

以陕西省夏季干旱过程监测为例，采用风云系列最新极轨气象卫星FY-3D/MERSI-II数据，利用其250 m空间分辨率红光和近红外通道构建NIR-Red特征空间，建立垂直干旱指数（PDI）、改进型垂直干旱指数（MPDI），并与综合气象干旱指数（CI）进行相关性分析。结果表明：FY-3D/MERSI-II数据在陕西省的干旱遥感监测中具有良好的适用性，PDI、MPDI与CI呈显著负相关，相关系数分别为-0.135和-0.110，达到显著水平，PDI在陕西省夏季旱情动态监测中表现更好；2019年陕西省夏季旱区主要集中在榆林北部和渭北旱腰带，5月下旬的干旱过程最为严重，对冬小麦产量有较大影响；相较于国际气象卫星和陆地卫星数据，国产FY-3D/MERSI-II数据具有更高的时空分辨率，在进行农业干旱动态监测方面具很大潜力。     

Prediction of meteorological drought in arid and semi-arid regions using PDSI and SDSM: a case study in Fars Province,Iran

Drought is one of the most significant environmental disasters,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.Drought indices as a tool for management practices seeking to deal with the drought phenomenon are widely used around the world.One of these indicators is the Palmer drought severity index(PDSI),which is used in many parts of the world to assess the drought situation and continuation.In this study,the drought state of Fars Province in Iran was evaluated by using the PDSI over 1995-2014 according to meteorological data from six weather stations in the province.A statistical downscaling model(SDSM)was used to apply the output results of the general circulation model in Fars Province.To implement data processing and prediction of climate data,a statistical period 1995-2014 was considered as the monitoring period,and a statistical period 2019-2048 was for the prediction period.The results revealed that there is a good agreement between the simulated precipitation(R2>0.63;R2,determination coefficient;MAE<0.52;MAE,mean absolute error;RMSE<0.56;RMSE,Root Mean Squared Error)and temperature(R2>0.95,MAE<1.74,and RMSE<1.78)with the observed data from the stations.The results of the drought monitoring model presented that dry periods would increase over the next three decades as compared to the historical data.The studies showed the highest drought in the meteorological stations Abadeh and Lar during the prediction period under two future scenarios representative concentration pathways(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).According to the results of the validation periods and efficiency criteria,we suggest that the SDSM is a proper tool for predicting drought in arid and semi-arid regions.