渠系配水优化模型和多目标遗传算法研究

目前国内外渠道优化配水都是在下级渠道配水流量相等这一假定的基础上建立单目标优化模型,这与多数渠系的实际配水要求不符。针对这一问题,建立了下级配水渠道流量不等时的双目标优化配水模型,该模型分别以引水流量和引水时间差异最小为目标函数,并应用改进的遗传算法进行求解,确定了灌区最优轮灌组组合。实例计算结果表明该模型能够有效提高灌溉效率,减少配水渠道闸门调控次数,取得较好的配水效果。     

灌溉渠道分水口非等流量配水优化模型研究

灌溉配水优化模型旨在解决渠道各分水口运行时流量调度的最优组合方案,常规的轮灌分组模型只适用于分水口相同流量情况,且采用以小时为单位的各引水时段作为状态变量,变量多,求解不易。对于分水口的流量不相同的情况,提出了以引水开闸时刻和引水结束时刻作为优化变量,以灌溉期总流量保持恒定为目标函数的优化模型,该模型自然满足一次性引水约束条件。采用了多点交叉的改进遗传算法对该模型进行优化求解,提高了收敛速度,优化结果表明该优化模型及求解方法较好地解决了分水口非等流量的问题,具有普遍的适用意义。     

灌溉渠道分水IEI非等流量配水优化模型研究

灌溉配水优化模型旨在解决渠道各分水口运行时流量调度的最优组合方案，常规的轮灌分组模型只适用于分水口相同流量情况，且采用以小时为单位的各引水时段作为状态变量，变量多，求解不易。对于分水口的流量不相同的情况，提出了以引水开闸时刻和引水结束时刻作为优化变量，以灌溉期总流量保持恒定为目标函数的优化模型，该模型自然满足一次性引水约束条件。采用了多点交叉的改进遗传算法对该模型进行优化求解，提高了收敛速度，优化结果表明该优化模型及求解方法较好地解决了分水口非等流量的问题，具有普遍的适用意义。     

配水渠道轮灌组合优化模型及其遗传算法

为满足渠系优化配水中轮灌分组的需要,对配水渠道轮灌组合优化模型进行了改进,在使渠系输水损失最小的基础上,以轮灌组数最少为目标函数,建立轮灌分组的０－１规划模型,用新兴的遗传算法加以优化计算。在基本遗传算法的基础上设计了应用于配水渠道轮灌组合优化的算法,尤其对其编码方式的设计较为巧妙,该算法能更为迅速地得到满意解。     

下级渠道流量不等时渠系优化配水模型与算法研究

目前国内外现有的渠道优化配水模型,都是在下级渠道配水流量相等这一假定条件的基础上建立的,这与绝大多数渠系实际配水要求不相符合。针对这一问题,建立了下级渠道引水流量不等情况下的渠道优化配水模型,研究了模型的遗传算法的编码及适应度设计方法,编制了VC程序,并用于冯家山灌区北干十一支共24条斗渠道的实际配水过程中进行了对比验证。结果表明,渠系优化配水过程较原配水过程斗渠配水时间搭配合理、支渠配水流量均匀,符合优化配水原则,渠系渗透损失水量比原方案可减少17.8%。表明模型及其求解算法是可行的,可为下级引水渠道流量不等时的渠系优化配水决策提供理论和技术支持。     

Exel规划求解方法在渠系优化配

目前线性规划专业软件计算对操作者的专业要求很高,掌握并运用比较困难,而 Excel可以实现对有多个变量和约束的线性规划问题的求解,操作方法简单快捷,容易掌握。根据“定流量,变历时”的准则,建立了配水渠道流量最优化0-1整数规划模型,并应用Excel对模型进行求解,结果表明建立的模型适用,所得出的轮灌组引水持续时间均匀、可靠。     

Excel规划求解方法在渠系优化配水中的应用研究

目前线性规划专业软件计算对操作者的专业要求很高,掌握并运用比较困难,而Excel可以实现对有多个变量和约束的线性规划问题的求解,操作方法简单快捷,容易掌握.根据"定流量,变历时"的准则,建立了配水渠道流量最优化0-1整数规划模型,并应用Excel对模型进行求解,结果表明建立的模型适用,所得出的轮灌组引水持续时间均匀、可靠.     

灌溉渠系优化配水模型研究

灌溉渠系的优化配水问题可分为两类:一是以某种指标最优为目标的灌溉水量分配;二是以水量损失最小为目标的灌区各级渠道流量的优化调度。在非充分灌溉试验的基础上,做出了西北干旱灌区棉花膜下滴灌水分生产函数。根据作物水分生产函数,以农业效益和灌溉管理部门总体的经济效益最高为目标,建立了灌溉渠系优化配水模型。在提高灌区经济效益的同时,建立了配水渠道流量优化调度0-1线性整数规划模型,模型适用于支渠以下各级配水渠道在来水流量确定,分水渠道流量彼此相同且按"定流量,变历时"方式轮灌时的优化配水决策,通过实例对模型进行了求解。     

灌区水资源优化配置决策支持系统——以蜻蛉河灌区为例

采用AcrEngine作为开发平台,建立了灌区水资源优化配置决策支持系统。该系统包含数据库、模型库、方法库以及人机交互界面。其中模型库中包含水库优化调度模型和渠系工作制度优化模型。其中水库优化调度模型以年总引水量最大为总目标,以各水库月引水量之和最大为阶段目标,考虑库容约束、引水量约束、引水沟过流限制、水库库容瞬时约束以及非负约束5个约束条件。渠系工作制度优化模型是建立在3个目标函数基础上的多目标优化模型,即上级渠道流量波动最小、渠道渗漏损失最小、配水量与需水量的差值最小,同时考虑配水连续性、配水量、流量以及灌溉可供水量4个约束条件。以蜻蛉河灌区为例,优化结果表明水库优化调度模型可以解决多水库向单一水库引水问题,模型可得到不同频率下水库优化调度方案,优化结果合理。渠系工作制度优化模型能很好地解决云南高原灌区灌溉系统的渠系配水问题,缩短了渠系运行时间,提高了渠系运行的稳定性,减少了渠系渗漏损失,使得灌溉供需更加平衡。基于AcrEngine平台建立的水土资源优化配置支持系统,解决了水资源优化调度以及山丘区渠系调水配水不合理的问题,提高了云南高原灌区灌溉用水管理水平,并为抗旱减灾提供了决策支持。     

定时轮灌图介绍

在实行计划用水时要算水账。它的内容之一是计算灌水时间,就是根据每次的灌溉田亩数,灌水深度、渠道流量、渠系有效利用系数等,算出灌溉所需的时间来。按算出的时间“定时轮灌”。定时轮灌是节约用水,保证合理灌溉的一个有效措施,也是执行用水计划的一个主要办法,自推行以来深受群众欢迎。计算灌水时间一般要经过三次计算,首先根据灌溉田亩和灌水深度算出田间净需水量。第二再根据渠系有效利用系数算出引水口应引入的水量(也称毛水量)。第三,根据渠道流量算出灌     

水位-流量关系曲线在山区无量水设施渠道水量测量中的运用

贵州省灌区渠道兴建较早,渠系量水设施不配套,导致农业灌溉用水量长期以来不能准确测定。因此,探索简单易操作的农业灌溉用水量测定方法,对制定合理的水量分配制度具有重要意义。通过选取贵州省黔西县民乐灌区总干渠作为试点,采用流速仪测定该干渠不同水位下的流量,绘制水位流量关系曲线,并归纳该渠道水位流量关系经验公式,为落后山区无量水设施灌区的农业灌溉用水量探索一种简单实用的测定方法。     

河套灌区渠系优化配水模型应用研究

优化渠系配水过程是缓解灌区水资源压力,实现农业高效节水的重要举措.以河套灌区总干渠、干渠两级渠系作为研究对象,将水流过渡平稳和渠道渗漏量最小作为优化目标,建立渠系优化配水模型,采用回溯搜索算法(BSA)、多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO)以及向量评估遗传算法(VEGA)进行求解.结果显示,BSA,MOPSO,VEGA这3种算法所求的配水时间分别为30.96,11.65,29.96 d;3种算法所得的阀门开启时间点的偏态系数分别为-0.048,0.068,0.566,表明BSA和MOPSO更能保证灌溉水在渠道运输中的稳定性.考虑渠首水位季节性变化对灌区引水时间产生的限制作用,BSA和MOPSO分别更适用于渠首引水量较少、充足的情况.考虑配水时间的集中程度以及干渠的地理位置分布,BSA和MOPSO更有利于实施分区管理措施.     

Optimum decisions for lining irrigation canal distribution networks

A new approach to arriving at an optimum decision for lining irrigation canal distribution networks is given. The method proposed ensures optimal allocation of limited funds for lining sub-minor canals of the distribution network. The optimum length of lining of sub-minor canals for maximum benefits can be determined when only limited funds are available.     

Using an ADCP to determine canal seepage loss in an irrigation district

Seepage from earthen irrigation canals represents substantial water loss in irrigation districts. Historically, the determination of canal seepage was accomplished using the inflow-outflow method with propeller and electromagnetic type flow meters. This method was difficult, time consuming, and limited by measurement device accuracy. In recent years, advances in technology have lead to the widespread use of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) for discharge measurements in streams and rivers. Even though ADCP use has become widespread for stream discharges, studies to determine canal seepage using this new technology are limited. Using an ADCP, extensive field measurements were conducted in the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District. This paper describes the ADCP measurement protocol used to measure irrigation canal seepage and presents predictive equations for determining canal seepage based on flow rate and canal geometry.     

U形渠道断面测流方法

根据流速指数分布律和实测中垂线流速，分析建立了计算U形渠道过水断面流量的积分求和公式。通过实例介绍了具体的U形渠道断面测流方法，便于灌区生产中应用。     

Deposition of fine sediments in irrigation canals

Sediment control structures constructed at the heads of run-of-river irrigation schemes have little effect on the very fine sands and silts that settle in the smaller distribution canals. One means of minimising the effects of fine sediment deposition in small canals is to design canals so that deposition occurs at selected locations, rather than throughout the canal network. Standard sediment transport predictors cannot be used to predict the effects of changing canal slopes and cross sections when sediment sizes are very small, and thus cannot be used to determine dimensions and slopes of small canal settling basins.The paper presents a simple method for estimating the transport and deposition rates of fine sediment suspensions, for sediments in the cohesive size range. The method, which has been tested against a large data set, enables the effects of changing canal cross sections and slopes on fine sediment transport to be quantified.     

Equity of water distribution along secondary canals in Punjab,Pakistan

Equity in the distribution of irrigation water has long been an operational objective for the management of the large canal systems in the north and west of the Indian subcontinent. How well that operational objective continues to be met is the central concern of the research reported in this paper. Detailed studies of canal operations were conducted on three distributaries in the Lower Chenab Canal system in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Mananwala and Lagar Distributaries off-take in the head reach of the Gugera Branch Canal and Pir Mahal Distributary is at the very tail of this Branch. Flow conditions for these distributaries and of selected outlets served by each were measured daily throughout 1988, and data were converted to discharges. These field observations show that discharge variation at the head of distributaries greatly exceeds the original design criteria. The data also indicate that two design assumptions for outlets are no longer valid: continuous full supply water level in the distributary and outlet modular flow conditions. Field measurements confirm that the distribution of surface water among the outlets of all three distributaries is substantially inequitable. Outlets in the channels' head reaches commonly draw 3 to 6 times greater share of total supplies than do tail outlets. Although all three selected distributaries are perennial canals, some outlets remained dry for up to 90% of the total operational days in a year. Finally, evaluation of field data also shows that better operational procedures at the distributary level can substantially improve water supply conditions in the tail reaches.     

Using a hydraulic model to prioritize secondary canal maintenance inputs: results from Punjab,Pakistan

A computer-based hydraulic model,RAJBAH, was used to assess the utility of such models to assist and support canal system managers in planning and targeting maintenance activities on secondary canals. The work was conducted on Lagar distributary, a secondary channel off-taking from Upper Gugera Branch canal, Lower Chenab Canal system, Punjab, Pakistan. Measured discharges of off-takes and water levels along the distributary for premaintenance and post-maintenance periods were obtained. These data were used to assess the impact of actual maintenance inputs at specific locations identified in a model application in 1989. The predicted results of the model were satisfactorily close to conditions measured in the field. The study confirmed that suitably calibrated hydraulic simulation models can be effectively used in a decision support planning capacity to target and prioritize maintenance inputs for secondary canals in the irrigation systems of Pakistan's Punjab.     

防渗渠道输水损失的估算

渠道防渗已成为我国大型灌区改造的主要手段 ,以提高水资源的利用率 ;如何估算防渗渠道的水量损失 ,已成为评价灌区改造的重要技术问题。在概括渠道输水损失的各种估算理论和方法的基础上 ,揭示了流量指数型估计式 σ=A/ Qm(% )对于防渗和非防渗渠道都具有广泛的适用性。并基于全国范围内的实测资料统计分析 ,对影响估计式参数的因素及规律性进行了深入分析 ,建议对防渗或非防渗渠道的渠道渗漏损失均采用该估计式 ,防渗渠道的参数可通过现场静水试验求得 ,或直接对透水性系数进行折减。