豚草条纹叶(虫甲)的生物学特性

豚草条纹叶(虫甲)在北京地区年发生3代,以成虫入土越冬。越冬成虫于4月底至5月上出土活动。1、2、3代成虫分别于6月中下、7月下至8月初和9上中旬羽化出土。在26±1℃恒温条件下,雌雄成虫的寿命为82.5和67.8天。产卵前期16.5天,产卵期49.1天,一生产卵394.5粒。成虫一般仅在产卵后第30天前后出现一次明显的产卵高峰。卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期分别为5.0、13.9和12.9天,在保温条件下,卵的孵化率最高,达92％。幼虫和蛹的存活率在16±1℃、26±1℃恒温及20～27℃室温条件下,差异不明显,最高78％,最低66.7％。     

卵和蛹短时高温对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵和蛹经短时高温处理对其生长发育的影响,将草地贪夜蛾卵和蛹在34、38、42、46℃高温下分别处理2、4、6 h后,测定短时高温下草地贪夜蛾卵的孵化率、不同虫态的发育历期、蛹的羽化率和雌成虫及其子代的繁殖力等指标。结果表明:随着温度升高和高温持续时间延长卵的孵化率逐渐降低,卵在38℃及以上处理6 h或高温46℃处理2 h以上孵化率显著降低;46℃处理6 h的孵化率最低为12.21%,幼虫不能成活;在42℃处理4 h以上和46℃处理2 h以上卵的发育历期延长,与对照差异显著,幼虫的发育历期显著短于对照,蛹的发育历期与对照比无显著差异;38℃处理6 h、42℃处理6 h成虫的产卵量显著低于对照。短时高温处理蛹后,雌蛹和雄蛹在46℃处理2～6 h后羽化率分别为0～15.00%和0～6.75%,均显著低于对照,雌蛹在42、46℃下的羽化率高于雄蛹,蛹在38℃处理6 h和42℃处理2 h以上后羽化的成虫产卵量较低,为121.25～186.75粒。表明高温38℃以上持续6 h或42℃以上持续2 h以上草地贪夜蛾种群生长会受到抑制。     

红树林植物无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性研究

为了明确无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾的生活史和各虫态生活习性,通过室内饲养、林间套笼观察和野外调查相结合的方法对迹斑绿刺蛾的生物学特性进行了系统研究。该虫在广西钦州红树林自然保护区1年发生4代,有世代重叠现象;以蛹在茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬成虫开始羽化,第1代幼虫为害期发生在4月下旬到6月下旬;第4代幼虫11月上旬开始结茧化蛹越冬。成虫具有较强趋光性,成虫夜间羽化率达到98.6%,以晚上24:00前居多。成虫羽化后第2天交尾,雌虫产卵量为35～183粒,雄虫平均寿命6.7d,雌虫平均寿命8.1d。本研究明确了迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性,为该虫的预测防治工作提供基础。     

短期低､高温对草地贪夜蛾蛹和成虫的影响

为了明确短期低温和高温对草地贪夜蛾蛹和成虫生长发育的影响, 设置低温10?13?16?19℃和高温35?38?41?44℃共8个温度梯度, 将初化蛹和新羽化成虫分别处理2 d和4 d, 之后置于28℃下继续饲养, 观察了不同处理下蛹的发育历期?羽化率?成虫寿命?成虫产卵期及繁殖力等生物学指标?结果表明, 草地贪夜蛾蛹经10~19℃低温2 d和4 d处理, 羽化率随着温度和时间的增加而逐渐增加, 最高达到100.0%, 而经35~38℃高温2 d和4 d, 其羽化率降至30%~60%?发育历期随温度的升高逐渐缩短, 41℃以上高温处理2 d时蛹全部死亡, 即蛹的致死高温≤41℃?在10~19℃时, 成虫寿命随着温度升高表现为先增加后减少的趋势, 在16℃处理4 d时雄成虫和雌成虫寿命达到最高值, 分别为10.2 d和11.1 d, 44℃处理2 d成虫不能存活, 即成虫的致死高温≤44℃?雌蛾产卵量随温度升高而增加, 19℃处理4 d的产卵量最高, 为984.5粒?35~41℃处理2 d或4 d, 雌蛾不产卵或产卵量显著降低?综上所述, 16~19℃短期低温有利于草地贪夜蛾雌成虫产卵, 而16℃以下短期低温或35℃以上短期高温对草地贪夜蛾蛹和成虫的生长发育有抑制作用?     

三种饲料对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的饲喂效果

比较了3种饲料（米蛾卵、赤眼蜂蛹和桃蚜）对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫发育和生殖力的影响，在瓢虫生长发育全过程中，分别用3种饲料饲养的结果表明，取食米蛾卵的两种瓢虫在低龄幼虫期即全部死亡；取食赤眼蜂蛹或桃蚜的瓢虫65.2%-84.6%均能羽化成虫,性比无差异；但取食赤眼蜂蛹的瓢虫，其幼虫和蛹的发育历期较取食桃蚜的显著延长，羽化的成虫体重也显著较轻，在瓢虫不同生长发育期（幼虫期和成虫期）喂饲不同饲料，对成虫产卵能力有明显的影响：幼虫期用赤眼蜂蛹、成虫期用赤眼蜂蛹或米蛾卵作饲料的瓢虫都不能产卵；幼早期用桃蚜、成虫期用赤眼蜂蛹或米蛾卵作饲料的亦不能产卵；幼虫期用赤眼蜂蛹、成虫期用桃蚜作饲料的瓢虫能产少量的卵（221粒）；幼虫期和成虫期全部用桃蚜作饲料产卵较多（404粒）。研究表明，米蛾卵不适于饲养这两种瓢虫；桃蚜饲养瓢虫的效果最好；桃蚜饲养瓢虫的效果最好；桃蚜供应不足时，在瓢虫幼虫期可适当用赤眼蜂蛹作为补充饲料。     

不同温度下番石榴实蝇在芒果上的生长发育及存活率

本试验在室内17~35℃的固定温度下对番石榴实蝇的生长发育、成虫羽化时间及存活率等生物学习性进行了初步研究。结果表明,在17~32℃,随着温度逐渐升高,番石榴实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的历期逐渐缩短,但35℃时的历期比32℃时有所延长;在23~32℃,随着温度升高,成虫产卵前期逐渐缩短。卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为12.18、7.13、11.75和12.85℃;有效积温分别为20.16、124.11、155.50和339.09日·度。成虫羽化时间从黎明持续至黄昏,在较低和较高的温度下,成虫大多集中在上午羽化,而在23~26℃下,成虫全天羽化时间比较均衡,在正午前后羽化更多。在20~32℃,从卵发育至成虫的总存活率均为70%以上,17℃时为56.15%,35℃时仅为28.56%。     

豚草卷蛾的寄主专一性测定

1990～1992年在北京对从澳大利亚引进原产地为北美的豚草卷娥,对有代表性的15科37种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定,特别对菊科植物中有经济价值的作物向日葵,在特定环境条件下进行了多种选择、诱导、强迫性等产卵、取食试验。结果表明:(1)常规方法的测定:无论选择性试验还是非选择性试验,豚草卷蛾只在豚草、三裂叶豚草、银胶菊和苍耳上产卵,并完成发育;而在供试的其它寄主上均未发现成虫产卵,也未发现幼虫企图咬食或钻蛀的痕迹。(2)特定方法的测定:豚草卷蛾不选择向日葵植株产卵;仅在混栽区诱导实验中,发现低龄幼虫可转移到茎秆较细或倒伏的向日葵上蛀食并形成虫瘿,并能完成发育,但向日葵不是豚草卷蛾的适口寄主植物。对影响豚草卷蛾取食行为的各种因素综合分析后,作者认为该天敌可在我国长江以南非向日葵作物区释放,在北方向日葵作物区能否释放,尚需进一步研究。     

饥饿对谷斑皮蠹幼虫习性及成虫生殖力的影响

谷斑皮蠹幼虫在无任何食物和水供应的饥饿条件下，有互相残食行为；对同类的卵有取食的习性；对同类各虫态尸体有摄食现象。但取食量甚微，且都不可能是其延续生命的补充营养来源。主要依靠滞育幼虫的生理特征和自身体内营养物质的特殊低耗来维持生命。饥饿１８０天的幼虫恢复取食后生长发育正常，对以后成虫的生殖力无明显影响。饥饿３６５天后恢复取食的幼虫，化蛹率明显降低；少数幼虫能化蛹并羽化发育正常的成虫；多数幼虫不能化蛹或化蛹不能羽化而死亡     

井上蛀果斑螟昼夜行为节律研究

为明确井上蛀果斑螟(Assara inouei)昼夜行为节律,在温度(25±1)℃、光周期L∥D=15h∥9h、RH 60%±10%条件下,系统观察了井上蛀果斑螟的羽化、交配、产卵、卵孵化及幼虫化蛹等行为节律。结果表明:井上蛀果斑螟的羽化、交配、产卵、孵化、化蛹行为具有明显的昼夜节律。成虫的羽化主要发生在18:00-04:00,此时成虫的羽化数量占总羽化数量的80%以上,其中以20:00-22:00羽化率最高;成虫交配活动主要发生在04:00-08:00,交配率超过75%,以06:00-08:00交配率最高;单次交配持续时间为20~60min,平均为42.12min;其产卵活动主要发生在02:00-10:00,该时段所产卵量达到总产卵量的73.99%,显著高于其他时段;卵孵化主要发生在04:00-10:00和16:00-20:00两个时段,卵的孵化数量占孵化总数的82.86%,显著高于其他时段;幼虫化蛹主要发生在10:00-14:00和18:00-22:00两个时段,幼虫化蛹数占总化蛹数的72.83%,化蛹高峰为18:00-20:00。     

玫烟色拟青霉亚致死浓度对小菜蛾取食和成虫生殖的影响

在室内测定了玫烟色拟青霉菌株SCAU-PFCF01的亚致死剂量对小菜蛾幼虫取食量、蛹重、化蛹、羽化、成虫寿命和雌蛾产卵量的影响。结果表明,用玫烟色拟青霉1×102和1×103孢子/ml处理小菜蛾2龄幼虫后,其幼虫期的总取食量较对照相比分别降低29.3%和54.1%。处理4龄幼虫后,玫烟色拟青霉导致其化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫寿命及成虫产卵量显著下降,1×103孢子/ml处理4龄幼虫后小菜蛾的平均蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雄成虫寿命、成虫的产卵量分别为4.3mg、15.3d、17.2d和135.1粒/雌,显著低于对照。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.