平衡猪氨基酸营养──减少氮排出的有效途径

在动物生产密集或土地资源相对紧缺的地区,动物粪便有可能造成对环境的污染。粪便中的氮和磷是主要的污染源,平均而言,进人生态系统的磷60％来自于动物生产。氮和磷对植物而言是重要的营养素,从这一点来说,动物粪便是有价值的肥料。但如果美中氮和磷超过植物的需要量或在土地休产期施肥,氮和磷就会被雨水冲刷出土壤,进入地下水或地面水系统。为此,欧洲各国在两年前已建立了有关法规。例如德国规定在今后两年每公顷土地最多可撒播170千克氮,且只能在耕种期撒播。立法是为防止土壤中氮和磷浓度的进一步升高。170千克氮相当于传统饲养…     

低蛋白配合饲料添加氨基酸对中华鳖摄食的影响

大量研究表明,饲料中蛋白质过高,既增加了鱼体代谢负荷,严重者造成营养或代谢性疾病,同时又增加氮、磷排泄,尤其是氮的排泄,严重污染养殖生态环境。为了提高水产动物对配合饲料的利用效率,降低饲料成本,配制适合的饲料,不仅需要研究各种水产动物的营养需求,还需在饲料中添加能促进水产动物摄食的引诱物质（即诱食剂）,从而提高水产动物的食欲并促进其摄食进程。诱食剂能够改善低鱼粉饲料的风味,解决蛋白质饲料紧缺问题,为新型饲料资源的开发利用提供广阔的前景。     

植酸酶在鱼饲粮中的应用

<正>植物中的磷大部分(60%～80%)以植酸磷的形式存在,不能被单胃动物和无胃鱼类利用。植酸酶由于能特异地水解难以吸收的植酸磷,近年来得到越来越广泛的应用。目前,对植酸酶能提高蛋白质和能量利     

精氨酸的免疫作用

在人和动物营养中,精氨酸的免疫作用对人的健康和动物的生长是不可忽视的。精氨酸是半必需的二元氨基酸,能通过尿素循环由其它氨基酸合成,但在合成代谢(幼年和受伤)或应激(败血症、创伤和氮负荷)时期,内源精氨酸是必需的,以确保动物获得理想的生长和维持体内的氮平衡。在尿素循环中,精氨酸是通过鸟氨酸转化成瓜氨酸后合成的,由于精氨酸在尿素循环中位置的特殊性,它在消除氨中毒的过程中起重要作用。瓜氨酸能替代精氨酸并促进动物生长,鸟氨酸能参与精氨酸的很多生物化学和药理学的过程,但不能替代精氨酸。为保持动物的理想生长,精氨酸参与其…     

通过营养调控手段控制动物生产对环境的污染

现代动物生产中,为了追求高生产率,使用高蛋白、高能量饲料较为普遍,并在饲料中大量使用多种添加剂,过量的氮、磷、微量元素等随动物粪尿排出,污染环境.本文对应用营养调控手段提高饲料养分利用率,减少氮、磷、微量元素等代谢产物随动物粪尿的排出量,防止环境污染进行了综述.     

饲料中添加不同益生菌对鸭垫料中氮、磷含量的影响

<正>以往的研究表明,益生菌能提高饲料中营养物质的利用率,并能有效减少动物排泄物中氮、磷营养物质损失及对环境的污染。本试验研究了饲料中添加4种益生菌对樱桃谷鸭垫料中氮、磷含量的影响,初步评估这4种益生菌在减少污染物排放方面的作用。1材料和方法1.1材料1.1.1菌种:农业微生物学国家重点实验室保藏的凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)、丁酸梭菌     

通过营养调控手段控制动物生产对环境的污染

现代动物生产中，为了追求高生产率，使用高蛋白、高能量饲料较为普遍，并在饲料中大量使用多种添加剂，过量的氮、磷、微量元素等随动物粪尿排出，污染环境。本文对应用营养调控手段提高饲料养分利用率，减少氮、磷、微量元素等代谢产物随动物粪尿的排出量，防止环境污染进行了综述。     

饲粮不同磷水平对三黄鸡钙磷代谢和养分消化率的影响

<正>在几乎所有的种子植物中,植酸磷(Phytate P)是磷的主要贮藏形式。单胃动物对这种磷的利用率较低(NRC,1994)。禽类日粮中大量的磷未被吸收,而随粪便排出,粪尿中的磷和氮元素等会对环境造成污染(张梅申和李宗民,1997;瞿明仁,1997)。     

酶制剂在动物营养上的应用研究进展

酶制剂作为一种催化剂,既能提高饲料的消化利用率和动物的生产性能,又能减少畜禽排泄物中的氮、磷的排放,减少对环境的污染,它是一类高效、无毒副作用和环保型的“绿色”饲料添加剂。笔者就现今酶制剂的发展概况、种类、作用机理及在动物营养上的应用作一综述,并对酶制剂应用前景作一展望。     

单胃动物内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素研究进展

氨基酸消化率是评定饲料蛋白质生物学效价的重要指标。对内源氨基酸损失进行准确测定可获得精准的氨基酸消化率,不仅可以节约日粮蛋白资源,降低饲料成本,还可减少因氮排放造成的环境污染。目前,内源氨基酸损失测定的方法主要包括无氮日粮法、绝食法、差量法、酶解蛋白日粮法、回归法、高精氨酸法和同位素法等。内源氨基酸损失又与动物、饲养环境、日粮组成(日粮蛋白、纤维、抗营养因子)及测定方法等有关。本文综述了内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。