辣木多糖酶促提取技术优化及不同部位含量研究

为研究辣木多糖的酶促提取工艺和辣木不同部位的多糖含量,在单因素试验的基础上,以多糖提取率为指标,选择纤维素酶用量、提取温度、提取时间、液料比为试验因素,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对纤维素酶辅助提取辣木多糖的工艺参数进行优化,并在此基础上研究辣木不同部位的多糖含量差异。4种因素对辣木多糖提取率的影响顺序依次为:纤维素酶用量>提取温度>液料比>提取时间。建立辣木多糖提取率(Y)与纤维素酶用量(X1)、提取温度(X2)、提取时间(X3)、液料比(X4)的二次正交回归模型:Y=18.6602+0.8134X1+0.7572X2–0.4312X3+0.6909X4–0.5181X12–0.4935X22–0.6277X42,该模型拟合度好,4个因素均对多糖提取率有显著影响(p<0.05)。通过回归模型获得优化的提取工艺为:纤维素酶用量1.60%,提取温度53℃,提取时间68 min,液料比52∶1,在此条件下辣木多糖提取率为19.83%,实际值与预测值一致。辣木不同部位的多糖含量结果表明,辣木根、花、嫩叶、茎中均含有丰富的多糖,其中根中含量最高且极显著高于其他部位(p<0.01),可进一步开发利用。采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化得到的辣木多糖酶促提取工艺条件准确可靠,可有效提高辣木多糖提取率并可在生产中推广应用。     

应用响应面分析优化酶法辅助超声提取余甘子多糖工艺

利用酶法辅助超声提取法从余甘子中提取多糖,考查了超声时间、液料比、超声温度和超声功率对多糖提取率的影响.在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面分析优化提取工艺条件.结果表明,余甘子多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声温度41℃,液料比6∶1,超声时间75min,超声功率300W,多糖提取率为5.76%,接近于模型预测值.     

椰子水多糖的提取工艺

对椰子水多糖的提取工艺进行研究, 分别探讨温度、 pH 值、 提取时间、 乙醇体积比等因素对多糖提取率的影响。 结果初步表明, 以料水比 1 ∶ 10、 温度 75 ℃、 pH7.0、 提取时间 120 min, 然后加入乙醇, 使得乙醇浓度（体积比）为 85％时, 4 ℃下沉淀 24 h 的工艺条件有利于椰子水多糖的提取。     

椰子可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

对从椰蓉中提取椰子可溶性膳食纤维的工艺进行了研究。首先探讨料液比、温度、pH、Na2CO3浓度、时间等因素对提取率的影响,在此基础上探索最佳的提取工艺。结果表明:在Na2CO3浓度为4%、pH8.0、料液比为1∶15、提取温度为70℃、提取时间为120 min时,CSDF的提取率最高;方差分析表明,温度和料液比对提取率的影响达显著性水平。所提CSDF的纯度为65.18%。     

金线莲多糖的提取工艺优化

以金线莲为试验材料,采用热水浸提法,对其多糖提取工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取温度、提取时间及提取次数对多糖提取得率的影响,优选出最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:影响金线莲多糖提取率的主次因素为:提取温度提取次数提取时间料液比,并且4个因子对多糖提取得率影响均达到显著水平。金线莲多糖的最优提取工艺条件为:料液比1︰30、水浴温度70℃、提取时间90 min、提取4次。在最优提取工艺条件下,金线莲多糖提取得率为26.68%。研究认为应用此工艺多糖得率高,且简单易于调控,具有一定的应用价值。     

丝瓜络多糖提取工艺的研究

研究了丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺。在进行预处理方法和提取次数试验后,对浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间分别进行单因素试验和L9(33)正交设计对丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:丝瓜络晒干后直接提取、在浸提温度70℃、料液比1∶30、浸提时间10h、浸提1次为最佳提取条件。在此条件下,丝瓜络多糖粗品的提取率为10.08%,多糖含量为19.27%。     

正交法筛选超声提取银杏果中黄酮及多糖的工艺

目的:筛选银杏种仁中具有抗氧化作用的银杏果多糖和黄酮的超声优化提取工艺。方法:通过正交实验法来确定银杏果多糖和黄酮超声辅助提取法的最优条件。采用硫酸-苯酚法确定多糖含量;三氯化铝显色法确定总黄酮的含量。结果:最优提取工艺为料液比:1:30,超声时间:30min,温度:40℃,其中,料液比、超声时间、温度对提取率的影响依次减小。在此条件下得到的总提取率为12.27%。     

响应面法优化火麻籽蛋白质的提取工艺

运用碱提酸沉法从火麻籽中提取粗蛋白质。研究中以提取时间、提取温度、料液比和提取pH值为影响因素,采用单因素试验和响应面试验设计,以火麻籽蛋白质的提取率为指标,确定火麻籽提取工艺参数的最佳组合。结果表明提取时间1.58 h、提取温度49.54℃、液料比20.17:1、提取pH值10.99为蛋白质提取的最佳条件,实际最大提取率为24.47%。火麻籽蛋白质含量较高,具有较大的开发利用价值。     

复合酶解辅助乙醇提取茶多酚工艺研究

以单枞茶为实验材料,研究复合酶解辅助乙醇提取茶多酚的工艺条件,考察酶解温度、酶添加量、酶解pH、酶解时间、乙醇质量分数、料液比、提取时间、提取温度8个单因素对茶多酚提取率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验优化提取工艺参数。结果表明:酶解温度60℃、酶添加量3.5%、酶解pH4.8的条件下酶解预处理3 h后,在乙醇质量分数为60%、提取温度为70℃、料液比为1︰50的条件下提取1.5 h,茶多酚的提取率达25.82%,与传统水提法相比,茶多酚提取率提高了69.87%。     

纤维素酶辅助法提取柚子皮中多糖的工艺研究

目的纤维素酶辅助法在柚子皮多糖提取的应用。并筛选出最佳提取条件。方法采取单因素及正交实验的方法,对料液比、反映时间、酶解温度、pH值以及酶含量进行考察,以柚子皮多糖的提取量作为评价指标,找到最佳提取条件。结果酶辅助提取的最佳提取工艺：料液比1：30、反映时间5．5h、酶解温度60℃、pH值5．5、酶含量0．1％。结论纤维素酶辅助法可作为柚子皮多糖提取的一种有效方法。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.