木霉菌对灰葡萄孢菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96个木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种．它们分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）、绿色木霉（T．viride）、长枝木霉（T．longibrachiatum）、康氏木霉（T．koningii）、拟康氏木霉（T．pseudokoningii）、项孢木霉（T．fertile）、黄绿木霉（T．aureoviride）、深绿木霉（T．atroviride）、钩状木霉（T．hamatum）以及T．sp1和T．sp2。拮抗作用和抑菌活性测定结果表明：11种木霉菌对葡萄、番茄和黄瓜灰霉病的致病菌——灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinema Petssp．）均有不同程度的拮抗作用,其中哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、黄绿木霉、钩状木霉和T．sp1对病原菌的拮抗作用及抑菌活性显著,其生长速度比病原菌平均快1．1～3．0倍：在对峙培养中拮抗系数达Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级．其抑菌率高迭98．78％。     

Trichoderma species from China

Seventeen species of Trichoderma, isolated from soil or tree bark from Ch ina are identified based on morphological and physiological characters, and from their phylogenetic position inferred from parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequ ences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA cluster (ITS1 and 2) and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (te f1) . There were T.citrinoviride, T.longibrachiatum, T.sinensis in section Long ibrachiatum, T.…     

从3种基质分离的木霉种类鉴定

从福建省的食用菌、植物线虫虫体和植物根际土壤中共分离到125个木霉(Trichoderma)菌株,根据形态学特征和培养性状,鉴定出5种木霉,分别是哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum).植物根际土壤中的优势种为哈茨木霉和绿色木霉;食用菌上的优势种为康氏木霉和拟康氏木霉;植物线虫虫体上的优势种为绿色木霉.     

木霉菌在生物防治上的应用及拮抗机制

简了拮抗木霉菌在生物防治上的应用前景。许多木霉种群如哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、钩状木霉、长枝木霉等都是植物病原真菌的拮抗菌。木霉菌的作用机制多种多样，包括产生抗生素、重寄生作用、溶菌作用，竞争作用等。     

食用菌木霉病的病原鉴定

鉴定了危害食用菌的5种木霉菌。绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和康氏木霉(T.koningii)为优势种,长枝木霉(T.lon-gibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)首次在福建省食用菌上发现。     

4种木霉对核盘菌的抑制作用

通过对峙培养以及对木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)次生代谢物对病原菌的抑菌率进行了测定,结果表明,供试哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii),以及一株未知种名的木霉菌株TY(Trichoderma sp.)均对核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary)有明显的抑制作用.在对峙培养中,木霉菌菌落与核盘菌的菌落相向生长一定时间后,挑取核盘菌菌落内部的菌丝进行镜检,发现有木霉菌孢子存在,且核盘菌发生菌丝变形,如原生质浓缩,菌丝断裂,或菌丝消解等现象.并发现不同种木霉所产生的次生代谢物的活性不同,对核盘菌的抑制作用也存在显著差异.     

Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination.Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2 % MEA and oat meal agar at 20℃ under ambient laboratory conditions.     

用木霉培养物防治温床蕃茄苗猝倒病

用玻璃纸对峙法测定了57株从西南四省区获得的木霉对蕃茄倒病原菌(Pythium sp.)拮抗作用。结果表明:有37株对 Pythium sp 有明显拮抗作用,占测定菌株的64.9%,其中又以 Trichoderma aureoviride、T.citrinoviride 和哈茨小霉(T.harzianum)居多。木霉对 Pythium sp 的拮抗作用主要表现为菌丝消解和断裂,与木霉对 Rhizoctonia solani 的拮抗现象明显不同。用一株对Pythium sp 有较强拮抗作用的哈茨木霉制成麦麸砂子培养物,防治温床育苗的蕃茄苗猝倒病获得满意的防效,与化学农药敌克松和五氯硝基苯的防效相当,甚至略优。酿热物温床有利于木霉的生长和营养物竞争作用,因此用木霉防治早春蔬菜温床育苗中猝倒病是很有希望的。     

Genetic regulation of conidiation in Trichoderma hamatun

Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and spore production is essential for successful biocontrol by fungi. Low sporulation rates in the field can result in poor establishment and survival,whereas failure of conidia to recognise hosts can lead to persistence without efficacy. Commercial biocontrol products involve bulk preparations of conidia, however considerable variability in conidiation rates exists between biocontrol agents, which can restrict choice of strain for production. The majority of studies on Trichoderma conidiation have focused on the species T. viride and T. atroviride.These species form conidia in response to blue and near-UV light and/or nutrient deprivation and conidiation proceeds in a highly co-ordinated fashion, however relatively little is known on the genetic basis of Trichoderrma conidiation. In addition, whilst photoconidiation appears to be a general response detailed studies in other Trichoderma species are absent. In this study, conidiation in the lesser known biocontrol species T. hamatum is being investigated using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In contrast to T. atroviride, conidiation in response to blue-light was weaker and variable and suggested that additional triggers may be required for the T. hamatum photoresponse. A series of comparative photoconidiation assays are currently being undertaken investigating the effect of inoculum type and abiotic factors on timing and intensity of the response.Results will be discussed in relation to the current knowledge on conidial morphogenesis in Trichoderma. In addition to these morphological assays, a selection of genes implicated in sporulation and the blue-light responses are currently being isolated and characterised from T. hamatum. Two genes, phr1 and cmp1 , which were isolated previously from T. atroviride will be used as early and late markers of gene expression during the photoresponse in T. hamatum in order to define time points for harvesting comparable stage-specific RNA from T. hamatum and T. atroviride. Using degenerate PCR putative sporulation gene orthologues have also been identified in T. hamatum.Work is currently underway to isolate genomic clones of these genes from T. hamatum and T.atroviride. Sequence and expression analysis of orthologues, including expression in response to abiotic factors will be presented and discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of conidiation in Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.……     

四川棉区土壤木霉种群分布和生物活性

本文报告了棉田土壤木霉的种类、生物活性及其垂直分布。从川西棉田土壤中分离到哈茨木霉、拟康氏木霉、康氏木霉、绿色木霉、长枝木霉、黄绿木霉以及桔绿木霉共7个种群。上述7个种群中以哈茨木霉、拟康氏木霉和长枝木霉为优势种群。分别占木霉群体的30％、20％和18％。哈茨木霉主要分布在0-10CM深的土壤上表层;拟康氏木霉和长枝木霉在10-20CM深的较下层土壤。在0-20CM土壤耕作层内。木霉群体密度在不同深度土层并无明显差别。     

Trichoderma spp.对樟子松枯梢病病原菌的影响

通过Trichoderma属3个菌株与樟子松枯梢病茵(sphaerop sissapinea)对峙培养试验的结果表明：Trichoderma virideI．Trichoderma viride2及Trichoderma harzianum对樟子松枯梢病病原茵都有抑制效果，其中Tri—choderma viride2对病原茵的相对抑制效果最好，且其相对抑制效果随着时间的增加而增长，在40h达到最高，为73．55。Trichoderma viridel和Trichoderma harzianum对病原茵的相对抑制效果在16h达到最高，分别为4．86及2．59。     

3种滇牡丹根际木霉的促生功能及其对幼苗生长的影响

【目的】揭示3种滇牡丹根际木霉的促生功能,并探讨其对幼苗生长发育的影响,为根际木霉的资源利用及滇牡丹的品质提升提供依据。【方法】以滇牡丹根际真菌康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)、近渐绿木霉(T. paraviridescens)和哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)为研究对象,分别测定其产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体能力及溶磷和解钾活性,探讨接种与未接种目标菌株对滇牡丹幼苗生长、生物量、叶绿素含量和抗性相关生理指标的影响,并采用隶属函数值法对植株品质进行综合评价。【结果】T. harzianum和T. koningii具有产IAA能力,其中T. harzianum能力较强;仅T. koningii有产铁载体能力,接种该菌后滇牡丹幼苗铁含量是其他处理的3~5倍;3种木霉均无溶磷活性,但接种T. paraviridescens的幼苗土壤和根系酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他处理(P<0.05,下同);仅T. harzianum有解钾活性,接菌后幼苗的土壤速效钾和植株全钾含量最高。接种T. paraviridescens幼苗的株高和叶片增量数值最高,分别为3.23 cm和3.70片,茎粗也最粗,同时叶绿素含量及叶片、根部的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、根部的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高。接种T. koningii幼苗的叶片可溶性糖(SS)含量及接种T. harzianum幼苗的叶片可溶性蛋白(SP)含量显著高于其他处理,接种3种木霉的处理组根部SS和SP含量显著高于未接种处理。结合主成分分析和隶属函数值进行综合评分,幼苗质量由高到低依次为T. paraviridescens>T. harzianum>T. koningii>未接种。【结论】接种3种根际木霉对滇牡丹幼苗的营养吸收、光合作用及抗性诱导有积极的促进作用。其中,经T. paraviridescens处理的幼苗生长性状指标、叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性显著提高,为滇牡丹理想的促生菌。     

5个木霉菌株的抑菌谱及部分生物学特性

 5个木霉菌株在对峙培养中对水稻稻瘟病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、油菜菌核病菌等18种植物病原真菌和7株土壤习居镰刀菌都有明显抑制效果。哈茨木霉菌株Th-B的抑菌效果显著高于绿色木霉菌株LTR-2和其他3个菌株,哈茨木霉菌株Th-A和Th-B的产孢能力高于其他菌株,Th-B对辣椒灰霉病的预防效果达65.20%.     

保护地土壤生防木霉菌种群多样性研究

采用传统的形态学特征和分子方法(ITS、TEF序列和UP-PCR)研究了蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群多样性及其影响因素.结果表明:提交genbank 11个木霉种的序列,分别为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)、棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、非钩木霉(Trichoderma inhamatum)、微孢木霉(Trichoderma minutisporum)、长孢木霉(Trichoderma longipile)和粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens);木霉菌24个菌株经UP-PCR扩增,引物AS4、AS19、L45扩增出一条500 bp大小的木霉菌种的特征性谱带,其他谱带则为多态性谱带,多态性达93.5％;营养条件、杀菌剂及土壤因素对不同种木霉菌的影响不同,得到2株适应性较强的木霉菌株,有望成为生防菌株.     

钩状木霉在辣椒根际定殖动态及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治

木霉菌（Trichoderma spp.）是自然界广泛分布的一类重要生防真菌资源。生防菌在宿主根际及其组织中定殖能力的强弱是评价其生防潜力的重要指标。选择钩状木霉（Trichoderma hamatum）真菌、辣椒及其重要土传病害菌辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）三者互作体系,通过绿色荧光蛋白标记的钩状木霉菌株灌根接种辣椒植株,通过平板拮抗试验和温室盆栽试验,检测钩状木霉菌在辣椒植株及根际的定殖情况,及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果。结果表明,钩状木霉菌在辣椒根、茎和叶等组织中和辣椒根际土壤中均能够定殖。在辣椒根际土壤中,钩状木霉菌呈动态变化的定殖过程。灌根接种1～25 d,钩状木霉菌定殖量呈缓慢增长,在第33 d,达到最高值(700×107 conidia·g-1),然后逐渐下降,呈现先增加后减少的动态变化过程。钩状木霉菌在辣椒根际和植株的定殖过程中,对辣椒疫病具有生物防治作用,防治效果达到5333％。综上,钩状木霉菌能够成为辣椒根际微生态中的有益微生物,可以有效预防辣椒疫病的发生,研究为辣椒疫病的生物防治提供了理论依据和有效途径。     

Colonization and degradation of senescent flowers of zucchini squash by Trichoderma harzianum YC459, a biocontrol agent of gray mold, Botrytis cinerea

In commercial greenhouses, senescent flower petals or flowers of vegetables such as tomato, strawberry, hot pepper and zucchini squash were blighted to be removed from fruits within five days after spraying of Trichoderma harzianum YC459 (TORY, JGreen Inc.), a biocontrol agent with good and consistent efficacy as chemical fungicides for the control of gray mold rot caused by B. cinerea. The mechanism for selective colonization of senescent floral tissues by T. harzianum YC459 was …     

哈茨木霉菌诱导烟草抗黑胫病代谢差异的研究

为研究哈茨木霉菌对NC89接种烟草疫霉菌前后抗病相关代谢途径的影响,以烟草品种NC89为试验材料,设置四个处理：接种清水（NC89CK）、接种烟草疫霉菌谷（NC89_P）、接种哈茨木霉菌（NC89_T）、接种哈茨木霉菌后接种烟草疫霉菌谷（NC89_T_P）,利用超高效液相色谱与质谱联用技术（liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer,LC/MS）比较各处理抗病相关代谢通路的变化差异。结果表明,哈茨木霉菌对烟草疫霉菌有着较好的生防作用。代谢组学分析表明,筛选到893个差异代谢产物及其富集的代谢通路,涉及抗病相关的代谢途径20条;各处理间脂肪酸及其衍生物、黄酮和类黄酮、萜类、苯丙氨酸及其次生代谢物和泛酸等物质的含量存在显著差异,为进一步探究哈茨木霉菌对烟草疫霉菌的抑制机理奠定了基础。     

Malathion degradation by Trichoderma viride and a Pseudomonas species

Malathion was found to be metabolized quickly by a soil fungus, Trichoderma viride, and a bacterium, Pseudomonas sp., which were originally found in soils from northern Ohio that had been sprayed heavily with insecticides. Results of a survey of the breakdown capabilities of 16 variants of T. viride revealed that certain colonies from this species had a very marked ability to breakdown malathion through the action of a carboxylesterase(s). The enzymes can be made soluble by preparing the acetone powder suspension.     

Diversity of Trichoderma in greenhouse soil

The protected agricultural production has become one of the fast growing and wid espread cultivation technology in the north parts of China. Continuous cultivati on of single crop or less rotation of crops usually resulted in the large amount of accumulation of soilborne pathogens and serious crop diseases in the greenho use. After a few years of investigation of soilborne fungi in the north parts of China, nearly one hundred species of mictosporic fungi have been identified by the authors.…     

Identification of novel Trichoderma hamatum genes expressed during mycoparasitism

Trichoderma species are currently used as biocontrol agents for crop diseases caused by a number of fungal plant pathogens. However, their biocontrol performance in the field can be unreliable and it is likely that more consistent performance could be achieved through knowledge and manipulation of the genes involved. For example, induction of the genes could be optimised for variable environmental and physiological conditions, superior strains could be selected more effectively and novel st…