溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害

溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害袁会珠齐淑华（中国农业科学院植物保护研究所北京１０００９４）近年来，塑料大棚蔬菜发展很快，极大地丰富了我国人民的菜篮子。但由于大棚温室的连年种植，土传病虫害发生越来越重，在一些地区黄瓜枯萎病、黄瓜根结线虫病等病害...     

生物熏蒸用于治理蔬菜根结线虫病的研究

将甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)、芥菜(B.juncea)和雪里蕻(B.junceavar.multiceps)的叶及芥菜疙瘩(B.napifor-mis)的块根组织以3.5 kg/m²的量分别施入密封于棉纱缸中的严重感染根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的土壤中,在25℃和32℃下熏蒸6 d后对活体线虫的测定结果表明,在25℃下用上述4种材料熏蒸后活体线虫数量分别比对照减少80%、85%、87%和91%。32℃下的熏蒸效果明显优于25℃下的熏蒸效果,各处理土壤中均未发现活体线虫,而无处理对照土壤中的活体线虫数量为1 540条/kg土壤。对各类添加物增效作用的调查结果表明,添加麦麸的增效作用最明显。田间试验结果表明,植物材料单独或与添加物混合使用对根结线虫病的防效均显著高于太阳能和土壤还原消毒法的防效。其中芥菜添加麦麸在开花期和盛果期的防效分别为65.2%和66.0%,与对照药剂98%棉隆可湿性粉剂的防效无显著差异;各植物材料熏蒸效果大小依次为芥菜>雪里蕻>芥菜疙瘩>甘蓝。     

二甲基二硫与氯化苦联合熏蒸防治山药土传病害效果及生物安全性评价

为明确二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide, DMDS)与氯化苦(chloropicrin, CP)联合熏蒸对江西黏重土壤条件下山药土传病害的防控效果及生物安全性,选择土质黏重的连作红壤旱地进行熏蒸试验。结果表明,DMDS和CP联合熏蒸对枯萎病和立枯病的防效为90.56%,对根系生长旺盛期吸收根根结线虫病的防效为99.61%,对收获期块茎根结线虫、根腐线虫病的防效为88.70%。解除胁迫后20～120 d,熏蒸处理山药根际土壤微生物总量与空白对照(CK)差异不显著,但真菌/细菌、真菌/放线菌比值显著低于CK(P<0.05),芽胞杆菌数量显著高于CK(P<0.05)。熏蒸处理山药出苗率与CK没有显著差异;山药齐苗期蔓基直径和藤蔓鲜重分别为3.40 mm和76.08 g,甩蔓盛期叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)为52.56,均显著高于CK(P<0.05);收获期商品薯产量为21 292.86 kg/hm²,显著高于CK。综上,DMDS和CP联合熏蒸对江西黏重土壤条件下山药土传病害均具有良好的防病效果,对山药和土壤微生物安全,增产效果显著。     

生物熏蒸——环境友好型土壤熏蒸技术

根据"蒙特利尔议定书"要求,防治土传病害效果优异的溴甲烷已于2015年全面退出农业领域(除必要用途豁免外),环境友好型的生物熏蒸技术作为最具发展前景的溴甲烷非化学替代措施而受到普遍关注。文章主要综述了生物熏蒸的作用机理:产生挥发性活性物质及提高土壤温度;介绍了生物熏蒸对腐霉菌、疫霉菌、尖孢镰刀菌等土传病害以及线虫的防治作用;同时阐述了生物熏蒸对土壤中氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、pH值等土壤理化性质以及作物生长指标和产量的影响,阐明了生物熏蒸材料的选择以及施用熏蒸材料时的环境条件是影响生物熏蒸效果的两个主要因素。作者认为,由于受生物熏蒸材料自身的限制,目前将生物熏蒸技术与其他技术相结合,如生物熏蒸与化学熏蒸轮用等,依然具有广阔的研究应用前景。     

朝天椒土传病害发生特点与综合治理

对朝天椒生长过程中各种土传病害的主要症状、发生情况、发生规律、发生原因等进行了分析,并提出科学合理的治理技术,为朝天椒生产提供科学依据。     

蔬菜地土传病害及其防治技术

蔬菜地土传病害及其防治技术王成德，赵建成（内蒙古锡林郭勒盟植保植检站锡林浩特市０２６０００）土传病害以其为害的广泛性、严重性已引起国内外同行的关注，１９９３年７月２８日至８月６日在加拿大魁北克省蒙特利尔市召开的来自美国、加拿大、英国、法国、德国、日本...     

有机改良剂在防治植物土传病害中的应用

 本文综述了有机改良剂的类型及其在防治作物土传病害的应用情况,包括壳质粗粉、植物残体、绿肥、饼肥、堆肥和粪肥;概括了有机改良剂的防病机制,如直接的抑菌作用、对土壤微生物区系的调节、诱导抗病性、改良土壤结构和促进植物生长等;讨论了当前有机改良剂防治作物土传病害研究存在的一些问题及今后应重点研究的课题,并对有机改良剂防治植物病害在未来的发展前景提出了自己的看法。     

我国农林园艺作物土传病害发生和防治现状及对策分析

土传病害正日趋成为限制我国农林业生产可持续发展的重要因素。本文简要分析了我国农林植物土传病害加重的原因,概述了我国农林植物土传病害的发生状况,总结了土传病害发生和为害的特点,总结分析了现有各类土传病害防治措施的优点和弊端,提出了今后研究中应予加强的课题和技术。     

Biofumigation: environmental impacts on the biological activity of diverse pure and plant-derived isothiocyanates

Four pure isothiocyanates (methyl, 2-propenyl, benzyl and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate), hydrolysing tissue of two brassicas rich in either 2-propenyl or 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, and the methyl isothiocyanate-generating pesticide metam-sodium were tested in vapour exposure tests for biological activity against a model soil insect both in vitro and in the presence of three contrasting soils and under four temperatures from 5 to 20 degrees C. The purpose was to develop an understanding of the factors controlling isothiocyanate release and maintenance in soil in order to identify advantageous attributes to seek in utilising brassicas for isothiocyanate-based biofumigation. Methyl isothiocyanate, structurally the simplest and the most volatile, was the most biologically active isothiocyanate under all conditions. It was less affected by the presence of soil and by lower temperature than the longer-chain aliphatic 2-propenyl isothiocyanate. The activity of the less volatile aromatic isothiocyanates was reduced much more by soil, with a decline up to many thousand-fold in the presence of soil with high organic matter content at lower temperature. Metam-sodium closely reflected the methyl isothiocyanate results. The results indicate that brassicas rich in aliphatic isothiocyanates are more likely to have the potential to exert stronger isothiocyanate-based biofumigation effects than those similarly rich in aromatic isothiocyanates.     

Characterization of weeds and rotational crops as alternative hosts of Spongospora subterranea,the causal agent of powdery scab in Israel

Alternative hosts of Spongospora subterranea may allow multiplication and survival of the pathogen over time; thus, host range is important from an epidemiological aspect. Weeds and rotational crops, such as wheat and barley, were sampled from potato fields with a history of powdery scab (PS) and examined for the presence of S. subterranea by root staining followed by microscopic observations and by qPCR analysis after DNA extraction. The pathogen was detected in plants of 16 weed species from eight families and in volunteer plants of potato and wheat. The ability of the pathogen to infect weeds and rotational crops was further examined by artificial inoculations with sporosori in pot experiments. Successful inoculations occurred with 13 weed species from eight families and with 12 rotational crops from five families. The findings of this study indicate a wide host range in Israel; the families Malvaceae and Zygophyllaceae and the following species are reported for the first time as S. subterranea hosts: Solanum elaeagnifolium, Triticum aestivum, Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris paradoxa, Phalaris minor, Setaria verticillata, Rostaria cristata, Sinapis nigra, Arachis hypogaea, Medicago sativa, Astragalus hauraensis, Amaranthus albus, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium opulifolium, Salsola soda, Malva nicaeensis, Chrysanthemum segetum, Verbesina encelioides, Ammi majus and Tribulus terrestris. Controlling weeds and avoiding the relevant rotational crops observed to be S. subterranea-positive and thus potential hosts, should be taken into consideration in the management of PS, to reduce pathogen inoculum build-up.     

Cumulative and residual effects of different potato cropping system management strategies on soilborne diseases and soil microbial communities over time

Soilborne potato diseases and soil microbial community characteristics were evaluated over 8 years in different potato cropping systems designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement and disease suppression. Results were compared to a standard rotation and non‐rotation control in field trials in Maine. Standard rotation consisted of barley underseeded with red clover, followed by potato (2‐year). Soil‐conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3‐year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). Soil‐improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to SC, and the disease‐suppressive system (DS) featured crops with known disease‐suppressive capability (3‐year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Systems were established in 2004, evaluated with and without irrigation, and actively managed until 2010, with potato also planted in 2011 and 2012 to examine residual effects. All rotations reduced soilborne diseases black scurf and common scab, and increased yield after one rotation cycle (3 years), but diseases increased overall after two rotation cycles. DS maintained lower soilborne disease levels than all other rotations, as well as high yields, throughout the study. Cropping system effects became more pronounced after multiple cycles. SI system and irrigation both resulted in higher yields, but also higher levels of soilborne disease. Cropping system and irrigation effects were significant even after systems were no longer maintained. Soil microbial community data showed significant changes associated with cropping system, and differences increased over time. Cropping system strategy had significant and lasting effects on soil microbiology and soilborne diseases, and can be used to effectively enhance potato production.     

施用生防菌菌剂与日光消毒和生物熏蒸相结合防治番茄根结线虫的研究

在温室条件下,研究了覆膜日光消毒、有机物料生物熏蒸和接种根结线虫拮抗菌Bacillus cereus X5对番茄生物量、根结线虫侵染以及根际土壤和土体土壤中微生物数量变化的影响。结果表明,对根结线虫滋生土壤进行覆膜日光消毒、生物熏蒸和接种拮抗菌的联合处理效果最佳,优于单一处理。联合处理的番茄生物量干重比对照增加了1.8倍;每株番茄根结线虫卵块数和每卵块的虫卵数量分别减少了190.4%和380.5%,对根结线虫的防治效果达到82.7%;根际土壤和土体土壤的细菌和真菌数量显著增加;土壤中根结线虫的数量显著减少。     

Biological Control of Plant Diseases: The European Situation

The most common approach to biological control consists of selecting antagonistic microorganisms, studying their modes of action and developing a biological control product. Despite progress made in the knowledge of the modes of action of these biological control agents (BCAs), practical application often fails to control disease in the fields. One of the reasons explaining this failure is that the bio-control product is used the same way as a chemical product. Being biological these products have to be applied in accordance with their ecological requirements. Another approach consists of induction of plant defence reactions. This can be done by application of natural substances produced by or extracted from microorganisms, plants, or algae. Since they do not aim at killing the pathogens, these methods of disease control are totally different from chemical control. Although promising, these methods have not been sufficiently implemented under field conditions. A third approach consists of choosing cultural practices that might decrease the incidence or severity of diseases. These methods include the choice of an appropriate crop rotation with management of the crop residues, application of organic amendments and the use of new technology such as the biological disinfestation of soils. Biological control practices need an integrative approach, and more knowledge than chemical control.     

In vitro inhibition of soil microorganisms by 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous plants and can kill fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. The effect of 2-phenylethyl ITC (2-PE ITC), the main ITC liberated from the roots of canola, was tested in vitro on a range of fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Bacteria were generally more tolerant than the eukaryotic pathogens to 2-PE ITC, although both groups showed considerable variability in response (ED₉₀ ranging from 0·005 to 1·5 m m for eukaryotes, and from 0·33 to greater than 3·34 m m for complete inhibition of bacterial growth). While intraspecies variability was low, interspecies variability was high within some genera. Amongst the eukaryotes, Trichoderma spp. were the most tolerant to 2-PE ITC, while other genera, including Aphanomyces , Gaeumannomyces , Phytophthora and Thielaviopsis , were very sensitive. A range of responses was exhibited by Pythium spp. and the different anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani . A simple laboratory screening may be an effective way to identify candidate soilborne pathogens for control in rotation cropping systems which include a Brassica crop phase.     

Evidence of soil-located competition as the cause of the reduction of sunflower verticillium wilt by entomopathogenic fungi

The increasing limitation of agrochemicals for disease control is a major challenge for European agriculture and a spur to developing environmentally friendly approaches such as biological control. Entomopathogenic fungi, which have been used in the control of insect pests for a long time, also have other uses, such as being antagonists of fungi, including plant pathogens. We determined the in vitro effect of three strains of Metarhizium brunneum and two of Beauveria bassiana against Verticillium dahliae and Cadophora helianthi, causal agents of sunflower wilts. Both M. brunneum and B. bassiana were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the sunflower pathogens and, according to the dual culture and microscopy results, two types of antagonism were observed as being dependent on the strain: competition and/or antibiosis. Greenhouse experiments showed that, after soil treatments with entomopathogens and plant inoculation by root immersion in conidial suspensions of V. dahliae, the entomopathogens were able to efficiently persist in the soil, and three of the four strains even significantly reduced the severity of symptoms in sunflowers. Interestingly, molecular analysis showed that all the strains were able to establish themselves as endophytes in sunflowers in the absence of V. dahliae. When the plants were inoculated with V. dahliae, we detected the pathogen, but not the entomopathogen, in the sunflowers by molecular methods. The results of this work suggest that the protection conferred by M. brunneum and B. bassiana against verticillium wilt might not be plant-located, but is probably the consequence of their competition with V. dahliae in the soil.