盐酸环丙沙星注射液的高效液相色谱测定

建立测定盐酸环丙沙星注射液中盐酸环丙沙星含量的高效液相色谱检测方法。色谱柱为Gemini C18110A(250 mm×4.60 mm,5μm),流动相为0.025 mol/L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH至3.0±0.1)-乙腈(75∶25),检测波长277 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL。在12.5μg/mL~200μg/mL浓度范围内,盐酸环丙沙星的峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 4(n=5),平均回收率为99.58%。该方法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于测定盐酸环丙沙星注射液的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸林可霉素注射液的含量

建立盐酸林可霉素注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:0.05 mol/L硼砂溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH值至5.0)∶甲醇∶乙腈=67∶33∶2(V/V),流速:1 mL/min,检测波长:214 nm,进样量:10μL,柱温:30℃。盐酸林可霉素浓度在0.1-2 mg/m L范围内峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(R~2=0.999 9)。此法简便、快捷、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

HPLC法测定盐酸小檗碱预混剂的含量

采用HPLC法测定盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸小檗碱含量。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(3.9mm×150mm,4μm),流动相为0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调pH为2.5)-乙腈(70∶30,V/V),检测波长346nm,流速1.0mL/min,柱温为30℃,保留时间约6.2min。盐酸小檗碱浓度在5~80μg/mL范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.9999)。平均回收率99.5%,RSD为0.4%。该方法适用于检测盐酸小檗碱预混剂。     

RP-HPLC法测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱含量

为了建立测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷、苦参碱含量的反相高效液相色谱法,采用Wonda Sil?C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,黄芩苷以甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至3.0)(52∶48,V/V)为流动相,检测波长为274 nm。苦参碱以乙腈∶甲醇∶0.2%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至7.0)(22∶13∶65,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长220 nm;柱温30℃。术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱分别在浓度为10μg/m L~150μg/m L和10μg/m L~400μg/m L范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,r=0.99991和r=0.99994,平均加样回收率分别为99.32%和98.37%,其相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.625%和1.206%。用上述方法分别测定黄芩苷和苦参碱含量条件简单、稳定、快速,可用于检测术苦芩颗粒的质量控制标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中三聚氰胺

采用高效液相色谱法测定饲料中三聚氰胺含量。色谱柱为Waters Xterra柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈:10mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(10∶90,V∶V),检测波长为240nm,流速1.0mL/min,进样量20μL,保留时间约6.23min。三聚氰胺在1.0～50μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.99996),在添加浓度为20～100mg/kg范围内,三聚氰胺添加回收率在90%～95%,RSD小于5%。     

HPLC法测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量

建立反向高效液相色谱法检测白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以0.5%三乙胺水溶液(用85%磷酸调p H值至3.0)-甲醇(60:40,v:v)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;进样量为10μL;检测波长为270 nm;龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量测定范围分别为4.09~102.2μg/m L(R=0.999 7),3.93~98.26μg/m L(R=1.000 0);加样平均回收率分别为98.63%,97.78%;RSD分别为0.96%,1.23%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量。     

离子色谱法测定磷酸替米考星中磷酸根含量

建立离子色谱法测定磷酸替米考星中的磷酸根含量,并考察替米考星与磷酸的成盐比率。方法:色谱柱为ASLL-HC阴离子交换柱(250 mm×4 mm),检测器为电导检测器,流动相为30 mmol/L氢氧化钠溶液,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃,进样体积为25μL。结果:磷酸根离子的检测限与定量限分别为0.002μg/m L、0.006μg/m L,在0.1~4.0μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9991),精密度良好(RSD=1.04%,n=8),平均回收率为99.11%(RSD=0.33%,n=9)。磷酸替米考星中替米考星与磷酸的成盐率约为1∶1。结论:所建立的离子色谱法专属性强、精密度好、准确度高,可用于磷酸替米考星的磷酸根含量与成盐率测定,5批磷酸替米考星样品的成盐状态良好。     

HPLC法同时测定复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶注射液中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠和甲氧苄啶含量

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠和甲氧苄啶的含量。采用C₁₈柱(5μm, 4.6 mm×250.0 mm),以乙腈∶0.1%磷酸溶液(20∶80,V/V)为流动相，检测波长230 nm,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL/min。结果表明，磺胺间甲氧嘧啶在5.00～200.00μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(R²=0.999 6),平均回收率为99.49%,RSD为0.18%;甲氧苄啶在1.00～50.00μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(R²=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.02%,RSD为0.60%。本方法简单快捷，精密度好，可用于控制复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠和甲氧苄啶的含量。     

兽用白头翁颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量测定方法的建立

采用ZORBAX.SB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.05 moL/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50∶50)(每100 mL中加十二烷基硫酸钠0.4 g,以磷酸调节pH值为4),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长342 nm,进样量10μL。结果显示:盐酸小檗碱在0.1².5 mg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 95,n=7),平均含量为6.23 mg/g,平均加样回收率99.33%(n=9,RSD=0.82%),盐酸小檗碱的定量限为1.0 ng/mL,检测限为0.15 ng/mL。本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可用于兽用白头翁颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

UPLC法同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7μm)色谱柱，以甲醇-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.0)为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为214 nm。苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱分别在12.04～48.17μg/mL、13.18～52.71μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，相关系数(r)分别为1.0000、0.9999;准确度考察中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱平均加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)、98.9%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)。该方法具有良好的专属性、精密度及准确度，且操作简便、环境友好，可用于苦参功劳颗粒的质量控制。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -