两个玉米自交系对纹枯病的抗病反应机制初探

玉米纹枯病是由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的一种重要病害。具有优良性状的自交系是开展玉米抗病品种选育的重要种质资源。本试验以西南地区两个优良玉米自交系R08与18-599R为材料,采用人工接种R.solani菌丝融合群AG1-IA,对成株期玉米进行了抗性鉴定,并对病原菌诱导后苗期玉米叶片上的活性氧(ROS)、抗病相关基因(PR1、ZmDREB2A、ZmERF3和WIP1)表达及细胞坏死情况进行了动态检测。结果显示,R08对纹枯病表现为中抗,而18-599R为高感材料;受R.solani侵染后,玉米叶片ROS的积累在R08中较18-599R多;两个自交系中基因表达量及表达时间存在显著差异;R08叶片出现显著的细胞坏死反应,而18-599R相对较轻。本研究表明两个自交系对R.solani的抗性差异主要体现在相关抗病反应的时间和强度上,这为进一步研究玉米纹枯病抗病机理提供了依据。     

立枯丝核菌侵染玉米的研究

 用获自水稻及玉米的立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Khn) AG-11A接种玉米发生典型纹枯症状,其致病力显著强于AG-4。玉米拔节期,上位叶鞘抗性较强,抽雄及抽丝期抗性减弱,下位叶鞘无论在拔节期或抽雄、抽丝期,均较上位叶鞘感病。接种玉米后8小时,形成侵染垫及附着胞,从这些结构上形成侵入钉侵入,AG-4侵染上位叶鞘时,常以菌丝直接穿透表皮或从气孔侵入。在去掉菌体的叶鞘表面,发现有周边光滑或稍破损的侵入孔。接种后12小时,在叶鞘细胞中发现菌丝,它们在穿过细胞壁进入邻近细胞时,明显变细。接种后16小时,新生出的菌丝从气孔成丛出现。     

木霉对玉米纹枯病的生物防治

为明确木霉菌在玉米纹枯病防治上的作用,研究了从雅安郊区大田玉米根际土壤中分离到的18个木霉菌株对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用及对玉米纹枯病的田间防治效果.对峙培养结果表明,这些木霉菌株对立枯丝核菌的抑制率为39.44%～84.98%;而木霉发酵滤液的抑菌作用为13.48%～85.81%.对峙培养和液体发酵滤液的抑菌测定相结合,筛选出木霉菌株T8、T2、T13,经鉴定分别为哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum、黄绿木霉Trichoderma aureoviride和长枝木霉Trichoderma Longibrachiatum.用这3种木霉的固体培养物作进一步的田间防治试验,防治效果分别为62.75%、64.48%、68.52%,比井冈霉素(49.68%)效果高;T13菌株的发酵滤液的防治效果仅为40.07%.3株木霉固体培养物对玉米产量影响显著,增产率依次为29.77%、43.37%、54.21%.     

河北省小麦纹枯病菌群体组成及致病力分化

为明确河北省小麦纹枯病发生特点及病菌特征,采用五点取样法调查该病的发生情况,通过细胞核染色、菌丝融合反应和r DNA-ITS序列分析测定196株纹枯病菌群体组成,并比较其对不同小麦品种的致病力差异。结果表明,河北省3个不同生态类型麦区30个监测点均有纹枯病发生,临漳县发病最重,其次是邯郸县和馆陶县,青县发病最轻;纹枯病菌可划分为AG-D、AG-B(0)、AGI、AG-4和AG-5共5种融合群,分别占菌株总数的88.3%、1.5%、5.1%、3.6%和1.5%;采自黑龙港平原区和山前平原区的纹枯病菌对石新828、良星99和邯6172的平均致病力均明显强于冀东平原区;菌株可划分为极强、强、中等和弱4个致病类型,分别占菌株总数的45.92%、33.67%、7.65%和12.76%。表明河北省小麦纹枯病发生普遍,总体呈南重北轻的趋势,纹枯病菌群体组成较简单,以强致病力AG-D融合群为主。     

稻曲病菌和水稻纹枯病菌真菌病毒的研究进展

由稻绿核菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的稻曲病和水稻纹枯病是水稻上的2种重要真菌病害.真菌病毒是一类以真菌和卵菌为寄主的病毒,一些引起寄主真菌低毒力的真菌病毒具有生防潜力,可用来防治植物真菌病害.评述了从稻曲病菌和水稻纹枯病菌中分别发现并完成测序...     

增强UV-B辐射对立枯丝核菌抗氧化酶及细胞壁降解酶活性影响研究

作为太阳光谱的一部分,到达地球表面的UV-B辐射有逐渐增加的趋势,影响地球生态系统.为揭示增强UV-B辐射对立枯丝核菌的影响,本文采用UV-B灯辐照处理病菌菌丝,并对菌丝生长、菌核形成,活性氧稳态和细胞壁降解酶进行分析.结果表明,增强UV-B辐射可导致供试菌株菌丝生长抑制、刺激菌核提早形成.处理菌株O2和H2O2的含量...     

受玉米大斑病菌侵染后玉米抗感近等基因系SOD动态变化的研究

 以玉米抗、感大斑病菌近等基因系为材料,研究了玉米抗病系和感病系在接种玉米大斑病菌后SOD活性和SOD同工酶谱的动态变化。结果发现,在病原菌侵染初期携带显性抗病单基因的抗病系SOD活性一般呈下降趋势,明显地低于不携带任何已知抗病基因的感病近等基因系;在病原菌侵染中、后期却较大幅度上升,反而逐渐明显地高于感病近等基因系。在HZ1遗传背景中Rf值为0.25的SOD同工酶酶带,与Ht2和HtN等抗病基因的作用有关。本文认为SOD及有关活性氧代谢在玉米对大斑病菌抗性中可能具有重要的作用。     

东北地区水稻种质资源抗纹枯病研究初报

为明确东北地区水稻种质资源对纹枯病的抗性, 收集了本地区水稻种质资源152份, 在苗期和分蘖期进行离体叶片接种; 在分蘖末期对79份种质进行了牙签嵌入法接种鉴定?结果表明, 供试的152份稻种资源中, 苗期离体叶片接种表现抗病的种质有2份, 中抗种质有42份?分蘖期离体叶片接种表现抗病的种质2份, 中抗种质8份; 进行牙签嵌入法接种鉴定的79份种质中, 表现中抗的种质16份?在苗期?分蘖期离体叶片接种?牙签嵌入法接种鉴定中均表现为中抗以上的种质仅有‘沈农9819’?分蘖期离体叶片接种和牙签嵌入接种法所获结果符合率最高, 为77.22%?     

嘧菌酯对扁豆纹枯病的物理作用方式及其生物动力学特性

以多菌灵和福美双为对照药剂,测定了嘧菌酯对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani的抑制活性,并用离体叶片法测定了嘧菌酯对该病原菌引起的扁豆纹枯病的物理作用方式及其生物动力学特性。嘧菌酯、多菌灵和福美双对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长的EC50值分别为0.072 4、1.134 4和1.202 6 μg/mL。施药后立即接种, 250 μg /mL嘧菌酯、500 μg /mL多菌灵和1 000 μg /mL福美双对扁豆纹枯病的保护效果分别为95.61％、99.88％和81.45％;施药3 d后再接种,嘧菌酯、多菌灵和福美双对扁豆纹枯病的保护效果分别为92.27％、100％和46.96％;接种36 h后再施药,3种药剂对扁豆纹枯病的治疗效果分别为90.40％、95.75％和61.94％。表明嘧菌酯对扁豆纹枯病具有很好的保护作用、持效性和治疗作用。在叶片基部施药后在顶部接种,嘧菌酯、多菌灵和福美双对扁豆纹枯病的防治效果分别为87.81％、42.09％和7.24％;在叶片背面施药后在正面接种,3种药剂对扁豆纹枯病的保护效果分别为87.30％、37.00％和16.15％。表明嘧菌酯在扁豆叶片中具有很好的木质部输导和跨层转移活性。     

草坪草立枯丝核菌褐斑病在淄博地区的发生及防治方法

通过专题调查,摸清了山东淄博市草坪草病害的主要种类及其为害特点。立枯丝核菌褐斑病是当地草坪草上的重要病害之一。笔者简要介绍了该病的病原、寄主、症状特征、发病规律及其防治方法。     

Characterization by conventional techniques and PCR of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing banded leaf sheath blight in maize

Rhizoctonia -diseased specimens were collected from various host species growing in or near maize fields in different geographic regions of the Philippines. A greater range of host species, with varying types of disease symptoms, was found in Mindanao than in Luzon. Fifty-two isolates belonged to anastomosis group AG1-IA and caused banded leaf and sheath blight in maize ( Zea mays ), but they showed considerable variation in virulence. The most and least virulent isolates recovered from maize were both collected from Mindanao. Isolates from necrotic spots/foliar blight of durian and coffee, which were collected from the same region, showed the lowest lesion heights. UPGMA-SAHN clustering analysis from RAPD fingerprint data of 30 haplotypes of R. solani AG1-IA isolates from the Philippines and Japan resolved seven groups of AG1-IA at the 75% similarity level. Variation among isolates from upland crops seemed to be partially correlated with geographical origin and virulence. In the case of paddy rice isolates from Japan and the Philippines, some were closely related, with over 75% similarity, suggesting a common origin. In PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, no polymorphism was observed among the AG1-IA isolates but they were differentiated from subgroups AG1-IB and AG1-IC using the endonucleases Eco RI, Mbo I and Hin fI.     

绿豆立枯丝核菌研究初报

本研究通过形态学、菌丝融合群和致病力测定研究,对从河北省石家庄地区绿豆种植区分离的90个立枯丝核菌进行鉴定。在90个分离物中有71个属于AG4,占供试分离物的78.89%,2个属于AG2-2,占供试分离物的2.22%,另外17个分离物与标准菌株不融合,占供试分离物的18.89%;属于AG4的71个分离物中,55个与AG4完全融合（占77.46%）,16个与AG4不完全融合（占22.54%）。在温室条件下采用人工接菌法对40个代表性分离物的致病力进行测定,发现不同分离物对同一品种的致病力存在差异,其中分离物R3、R6、R9、R35致病力最强,分离物R23、R31-1致病力最弱。属于AG 4的分离物R3、R6、R9、R35与其他供试分离物致病力差异极显著;属于未知群体的分离物R20、R29和R24之间致病力差异极显著;属于AG2-2的分离物R21、R31-1致病力较弱,且差异不显著。     

丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及对纹枯病的防治效果

为明确丙环唑对水稻纹枯病的防治作用,通过离体抑菌试验,温室盆钵试验和田间试验研究了丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用和对纹枯病的防治效果.离体抑菌试验表明,丙环唑能够强烈抑制水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的菌丝生长,EC50为0.045 μg/mL,并能够强烈抑制菌核产生,但不能抑制菌核萌发.温室试验表明,纹枯病菌经丙环唑处理后,致病力随药剂浓度提高而显著减弱;丙环唑可以很好地被水稻叶片和根系吸收,并输送到水稻的茎部和叶鞘;丙环唑对水稻纹枯病具有保护和治疗作用,400 μg/mL丙环唑处理水稻,抑制病斑长度分别达到82.16％和76.61％,并随药剂处理浓度的降低而降低;丙环唑对立枯丝核菌有较长的持效期,800 μg/mL处理水稻11 d后再接种的防效为40.10％.田间药效试验表明,25％的丙环唑乳油在有效剂量150 g/hm2下3次喷药后14 d的防效达到89.15％,丙环唑在本试验剂量范围内对水稻安全.表明丙环唑对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用,可为生产上防治水稻纹枯病和科学用药提供依据.     

防御相关激素与纹枯病菌处理下水稻VQ基因家族的转录分析

VQ蛋白与WRKY转录因子互作,调节植物防御反应.本研究分析了水稻VQ基因家族在水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、乙烯(ET)3种防御相关激素和纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)处理下的转录表达谱.结果表明,水稻VQ基因家族有1/3以上成员至少响应一种处理,OsVQ2、-11和-35的表达在3种激素处理下均...     

水稻纹枯病菌毒素致病机理研究

 Crude toxin of Rhizoctonia solani(RS-toxin) caused obvious damage to the cell of rice.The permeability of cell membrane changed and phosphorous permeated exterior when the sheath and leaves were treated with RS-toxin.After 12 hours treated with RS-toxin,chloroplast membrane was damaged and lamella was relaxed and swollen,with some cavities in the chloroplast.Treated with RS-toxin for 36 hours,the chloroplast was disassembled,other organelles became unclear and disappeared such as mitochondria,and some parts of the cell wall thinned and loosed.Treated with 10 times diluted RS-toxin,the chlorophyll content in the rice plants was reduced over 85%.With higher RS-toxin concentration and longer treatment time,the lower the chlorophyll content became.     

苹果3种常见潜叶蛾的识别与防治

本文描述了苹果上常见的3种潜叶蛾金纹细蛾（Phyllonorycter ringoniella)、旋纹潜蛾（Leucoptera malifoliella）和银纹潜叶蛾（Lyonetia prunifoliella）的鉴别特征,附有识别特征图,并依据生物学特性提出防治措施。     

玉米纹枯病研究进展

玉米纹枯病已成为我国玉米生产上一种重要病害,且有逐年加重的趋势。本文系统介绍了玉米纹枯病症状、病原菌、致病机理、发病规律、防治措施以及玉米纹枯病抗性遗传等方面的研究进展,并从实际出发,提出了抗玉米纹枯病育种的分子标记辅助选择策略。     

Pathotypic and genetic diversity in the population of Rhizoctonia solani AG1‐IA causing rice sheath blight in China

Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1‐IA, is one of the most serious diseases of rice. In this study, a total of 175 isolates of R. solani AG1‐IA were collected from five rice‐growing regions in China. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all isolates were virulent to five cultivars with different levels of resistance at the rice seedling stage in the greenhouse. There was considerable variation in aggressiveness, and the isolates were classified into three pathotypes based on disease severity, with moderately virulent isolates prevalent in the population. Forty‐three haplotypes were identified based on ITS sequencing, and 39 haplotypes were distinct among isolates. There were high levels of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity within the populations of R. solani AG1‐IA. High gene flow (Nm = 1·63–5·22) was detected, consistent with relatively low differentiation between pairs of populations. Five populations were divided into two distinct clusters by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), and no spatial population differentiation was discernible. The majority (97·8%) of genetic diversity was distributed among isolates within populations, with only 2·2% of the genetic diversity attributed to differences among populations. The star‐like shape of the haplotype network provided evidence of signatures of population expansion in recent history. No significant relationships were found between the genetic diversity and aggressiveness or geographic origin among populations of R. solani AG1‐IA. These results highlight that the population characteristics of R. solani AG1‐IA should be taken into account in evaluating the germplasm resistance of rice cultivars to sheath blight.