MALDI-TOF MS技术在临床感染猪肠球菌检测中的应用研究

为评价基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术在肠球菌的鉴定及同源性分析中的应用,利用10株经16S rRNA确认的肠球菌建立了肠球菌指纹图谱数据库,建库后使用MALDI-TOF MS技术对河南省部分地区临床感染猪分离得到的33株肠球菌野生株进行鉴定并进行了同源性分析。结果表明:在33株肠球菌中,鉴定出粪肠球菌13株、屎肠球菌20株,且可信度分值大于2.300,鉴定符合率为100%。说明MALDI-TOF MS技术可对肠球菌进行快速鉴定和同源性分析,操作快速、简便,准确率高,有利于兽医临床上病原菌的快速诊断。     

一株致仔猪关节炎粪肠球菌的鉴定

对1株分离自关节炎病仔猪的肠球菌进行鉴定。选用常规方法进行染色特性、培养特性观察以及药物敏感性和致病试验,然后利用Vitek-32全自动细菌鉴定系统进行生化特性鉴定,并用PCR方法扩增分离株的16 S rRNA基因,克隆并测序,与GenBank上登录的相关菌株及3个粪肠球菌标准菌株进行16 SrRNA序列比较、同源性分析并构建系统发育树。结果显示,该分离株形态及染色特性与肠球菌一致,对仔猪具有一定的致病性,并对临床常用的7种药物产生了耐受性;Vitek-32生化鉴定和16 S rRNA基因同源性分析及比对结果均显示其为粪肠球菌(E.faecalis)。试验证实了粪肠球菌可导致仔猪关节炎。     

牦牛源肠球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

试验结合革兰氏染色及16S rRNA分子鉴定,对分离自红原县的17份牦牛粪便样中的肠球菌进行鉴定。结果显示,通过细菌分离纯化及PCR扩增,从牦牛粪便样品中分离出8株疑似肠球菌,分离菌的扩增产物经凝胶电泳后均产生1 500 bp特异性条带。16S rRNA测序结果显示,8株疑似肠球菌中,6株为粪肠球菌,2株为屎肠球菌。同源性比对分析显示,粪肠球菌与参考序列同源性为99.7%~100.0%,屎肠球菌与参考序列同源性为98.2%~99.2%,说明牦牛源肠球菌在遗传进化过程中高度保守。运用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,结果显示,分离株对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐受性较高,2株屎肠球菌中,11-1-2菌株表现为5重耐药,且该菌株耐万古霉素,粪肠球菌主要表现为3重耐药,药敏结果提示牦牛源肠球菌耐药较严重,应引起高度重视。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在动物源细菌耐药性监测中的研究应用

细菌鉴定是细菌耐药性监测过程中的重要工作环节之一,基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-off flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)能够高效鉴定细菌。为了快速监测五家养殖场来源的大肠杆菌和肠球菌的临床耐药特征,本研究利用MALDI-TOF MS和微量肉汤稀释法,快速鉴定临床分离的大肠杆菌和肠球菌,并对其进行耐药表型检测。结果显示,MALDI-TOF MS实现了对临床分离菌株(31株大肠杆菌和34株肠球菌)的快速鉴定;鸡源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的耐药情况最为严重,其次为羊和牛。其中,鸡源的大肠杆菌均对四环素(100%)和氨苄西林(91.67%)耐药率最高,肠球菌对苯唑西林(62.07%)耐药率较高。研究结果表明,不同动物源细菌临床耐药性表型严重程度有所不同,与此同时,MALDI-TOF MS技术可以同时实现对动物源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的快速鉴定,值得在动物源细菌耐药性检测领域推广应用。     

MALDI-TOF MS法快速鉴定猪、鸡源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的研究

本研究考察了培养基、培养时间对基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDITOF MS)快速鉴定猪、鸡源大肠杆菌和肠球菌的影响。结果表明:在哥伦比亚血琼脂培养基、胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基和肠球菌显色营养琼脂培养基上培养对粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌的鉴定没有显著区别;在哥伦比亚血琼脂培养基、胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基上培养对大肠杆菌的鉴定没有显著区别,而麦康凯培养基则不适合大肠杆菌的快速鉴定。大于24h的培养时间对大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌3种细菌快速鉴定均有不同程度的影响,其中对大肠杆菌的影响最为显著,而对粪肠球菌的影响最小。重复性实验中,大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的鉴定分值均在90%以上,批间、批内变异系数均小于5%,说明本实验方法稳定性和重复性良好。与传统的生化鉴定方法比较,MALDITOF MS法操作简单快速、准确,可有效提升动物源细菌分离鉴定的工作效率。     

猪源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌多重PCR快速鉴定方法的建立

粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌是引起猪感染发病的优势肠球菌种,以肠球菌的16 S rRNA基因设计属特异性引物,利用SodA基因多态性设计种特异性引物,同时优化反应条件,建立了能同时测定猪源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌多重PCR方法。通过对来源于猪的临床菌株、粪便菌株和鲜猪肉菌株进行测定,均能成功扩增出属特异性片段和种特异性片段。经过与快速生化鉴定试剂盒(Vitek-32)和16 S rRNA测序方法比较,多重PCR与16 S rRNA测序方法对猪的临床菌株、粪便菌株和鲜猪肉菌株的鉴定符合率100%;与Vitek-32鉴定符合率为62.3%,其中,与分离于感染猪的临床菌株符合率仅有46.7%,特别是感染猪的屎肠球菌,符合率仅为22.3%。     

羊源屎肠球菌的分离鉴定与生物学特性研究

某养殖场羔羊突然死亡,为了查明死亡原因,采集病死羔羊病变肺脏等进行细菌的分离培养,分离到1株革兰阳性、短链状排列的球菌,在血琼脂培养基上呈β溶血。通过对该菌的16S r RNA进行扩增和序列分析,其与屎肠球菌的同源性高达99%,应用通用引物对16S～23S rRNA的序列进行PCR扩增产生2个条带,分别为522 bp和619 bp。用Vitek 2全自动微生物分析仪鉴定为屎肠球菌,可能性为98%。该菌对万古霉素和米诺环素敏感,对青霉素、庆大霉素等药物表现耐药。结果显示,分离到的细菌为屎肠球菌,且该菌具有多重耐药性,本实验为兽医临床肠球菌的分离和鉴定提供了参考。     

乌鲁木齐市宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌耐药性及耐药基因检测

为了解乌鲁木齐市宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性及其耐药基因携带情况,在乌鲁木齐市多家宠物医院、警犬基地、犬养殖基地采集宠物(犬和猫)直肠粪样449份进行粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的分离鉴定,通过琼脂稀释法测定10种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度,利用PCR方法检测11种耐药基因。结果分离鉴定出宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌共计123株,其中粪肠球菌81株,屎肠球菌42株。宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对四环素和庆大霉素的耐药率较高,对阿米卡星、恩诺沙星和环丙沙星呈不同程度耐药,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林、万古霉素以及利奈唑胺高度敏感,仅部分屎肠球菌对亚胺培南表现耐药。检出aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3′)-Ⅲ、tetM、tetA和optrA耐药基因;其余被检耐药基因未检出。耐药粪肠球菌以同时携带aac(6′)/aph(2″)+aph(3′)-Ⅲ+tetM耐药基因为主;耐药屎肠球菌以携带tetM耐药基因为主。宠物源粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌对被检抗菌药物存在不同程度耐药,均对四环素类药物耐药最严重、对应耐药基因检出率也最高。建议临床治疗应根据细菌耐药性结果进行合理用药,并持续加强对宠物源肠球菌耐药性监测。     

应用16S rDNA全序列同源性分析鉴定致羔羊脑炎性粪肠球菌

选用通过常规生理生化特性鉴定的疑似粪肠球菌菌株3株,采用16S rDNA的通用引物对其可变区基因进行克隆、测序和同源性比对,并用CLUSTAL和MEGA软件分析其遗传距离并构建系统进化树.结果表明,此3株菌株通过同源性比对,与GenBank数据库中粪肠球菌的同源性均大于99.8%,经遗传距离分析和系统进化树的构建均表明为粪肠球菌.肠球菌属细菌有40个种,各种之间的生化生理特性差别甚微,在无法通过生化生理特性准确鉴定到种的情况下,用粪肠球菌的16S rDNA全序列的测定及系统进化树的分析是鉴定该菌的一个科学可靠的方法.     

猪源粪肠球菌的BIOLOG系统鉴定及其生物学特性

利用BIOLOG自动微生物分析系统和传统鉴定方法对1株猪源粪肠球菌进行了鉴定，并对其生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果显示，2种鉴定方法的结果一致，与传统的鉴定方法相比，BIOLOG自动微生物分析系统更快捷、方便、高效，可快速为临床诊断和用药提供依据。生物学试验表明，本株粪肠球菌在液体和固体培养基内均可有效抑制大肠杆菌生长，从而维持肠道平衡；另外，该菌株可使培养液的pH值降低至3．69。上述结果为该菌株的进一步开发利用提供了理论支持。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -