微肥对马铃薯产量、品质、薯皮超微结构及块茎耐贮性的影响

近年来,微肥在内蒙古马铃薯生产中发挥了重要作用。试验目的是施用微肥后,研究其对马铃薯块茎产量、品质、薯皮超微结构及耐贮性的影响,从而为马铃薯生产上大面积推广提供理论依据。在5种微肥处理中,处理2(干拌+叶面喷3次微肥+滴灌钙镁肥2次)的多项生物学特性如株高、茎粗、单株结薯数、单薯重、商品薯率、块茎产量、薯皮厚度、薯皮粗纤维含量、薯肉可食部分不溶性膳食纤维均高于对照,分别增加11.2 cm、0.4 cm、1.7个、17.1 g、14.59个百分点、13 926 kg/hm~2、50.501μm、2.25个百分点和0.41个百分点;而贮藏损失率较对照低1.93个百分点。     

马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾增产效果的研究

在马铃薯主产区黑龙江省克山县,通过二年试验,研究了马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾对产量、品质及相关生物性状的影响。结果证明:马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾可提高块茎产量、淀粉含量、商品率,提高生育后期光合强度、叶绿素含量,降低病薯率,延长生育期。喷施磷酸二氢钾的不同处理效果不同,以现蕾初期+盛花初期二次喷施效果最佳。     

马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾增效效果的研究

在马铃薯主产区黑龙江省克山县，通过二年试验，研究了马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾对产量、品质及相关生物性状的影响。结果表明，马铃薯叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾可提高块茎产量，淀粉含量，商品率，提高生育后期光合强度，叶绿素含量，降低病薯率，延长生育期，喷施磷酸二氢钾的不同处理效果不同，以现蕾初期＋盛花初期二次喷施效果最佳。     

马铃薯富硒栽培研究

试验比较了硒肥施用时期、方法、浓度对冬闲田早熟马铃薯富硒的影响,研究了硒肥浓度与马铃薯产量、硒含量的相关性。结果表明,硒肥的喷施时期显著影响富硒效果。在开花期叶面喷施1次硒肥,块茎硒含量为0.204 mg/kg,即可达到富硒水平。在开花期叶面喷施硒肥,块茎硒含量极显著地高于根部喷施时的硒含量;而在结薯期施硒肥时,喷施在植株根部和叶面的富硒效果并无显著性差异。不同硒肥浓度(1 500、750、375、187.5倍)水平下的块茎产量无显著性差异,但块茎中硒含量有极显著差异,硒含量随着硒肥浓度的增加而增加。因此在生产富硒马铃薯时,需根据马铃薯富硒标准来调整并确认最佳的硒肥浓度和施硒时期。     

不同氯化钾施用量对陇中地区马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为了确定陇中地区马铃薯生产中氯化钾的合理用量,于2010年在甘肃兰州和定西两地进行了不同氯化钾施用量试验,测定了马铃薯单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率、烂薯率和薯块产量,分析了不同用量下马铃薯品质。结果表明,在施N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2的基础上,K2O用量在0~84 kg/hm2的范围内,随着钾肥施入量的增加,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉和还原糖含量不断提高,而烂薯率明显减小,维生素C含量不断下降;且在钾肥施入量为84 kg/hm2时,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉含量最高,而烂薯率最低。因此,甘肃马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程中,在施纯N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2条件下,氯化钾适宜用量为K2O 36~84 kg/hm2。     

马铃薯微肥拌种与叶面喷施增产效果的研究

为探讨马铃薯高产栽培中的配套措施,试验筛选并研究了两种微肥在马铃薯种植上进行拌种与叶面喷施试验。结果表明:微肥拌种与叶面喷施有利于种薯切块后伤口愈合,能提前出苗、开花,缩短生育期,提高大薯率,增产明显。大西北牌多元微肥拌种与叶面喷施每667 m2增收251.9元,稀土旱地宝增收210.1元。     

叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾对加工型马铃薯生长的影响

通过使用不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾溶液进行加工型马铃薯叶面喷施,研究不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾叶面喷施对加工型马铃薯的生长效应。试验结果表明:随着磷酸二氢钾浓度的提高,马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上部干重和块茎粗淀粉、蛋白质、干物质、维生素C含量增加,产量显著增加,当磷酸二氢钾浓度提高到一定程度时产量开始下降,增产效果随浓度的提高呈抛物线型的变化趋势;磷酸二氢钾溶液叶面喷施马铃薯浓度为0.3%时,其产量最高,品质最佳。     

赤霉素和脱落酸对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

研究结果表明,马铃薯块茎形成期,脱落酸含量显著增加,赤霉素含量则显著降低,赤霉素与脱落酸比值下降到一定水平是块茎开始形成的重要条件.外加脱落酸喷施叶面,使块茎形成提早,但结薯数并未增加;外加赤霉素喷施叶面,使植株细高,匍匐茎细长,块茎形成显著延迟,块茎数显著减少,这一结果进一步证明了脱落酸和赤霉素在块茎形成中的作用.     

椰子不同叶序4种微量元素含量变化初探

根据椰子叶片在树冠上呈旋转轮生的规律,对不同成熟度的叶片进行排序,对叶片数量差异较大的3株植株中不同叶序的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn这4种微量元素含量进行测定,并对其变化规律进行分析与研究。结果表明:不同植株间4种微量元素含量有显著差异,同一植株上不同叶序间的含量及其变化规律也有所不同;整体上,3～37叶,Fe、Mn、Zn含量呈上升趋势,Cu含量呈下降趋势;4种微量元素中,Fe、Mn含量较大,Zn含量次之,Cu含量最低;Fe变化范围为31.59～187.3 mg/kg,Mn为22.06～221.0 mg/kg,Cu为3.45～9.78 mg/kg,Zn为10.3～50.0 mg/kg。     

新型水溶肥料在水稻上的应用研究

为了验证新型水溶肥料在水稻上的应用效果,采取对比试验的方法客观评价其在水稻上的肥效和作用效果。结果表明:于水稻破口期和孕穗扬花期每667 m2各喷一次大量元素水溶肥料(N+P2O5+K2O≥50.0%,Zn+B:0.2%-3.0%)50 g兑水30 kg(稀释600倍)叶面喷施,和每667 m2微量元素水溶肥料(Fe+Mn+Zn+Cu+B≥100g/L)50 g兑水30 kg(稀释600倍)叶面喷施,均可显著增加产量,且这两个处理之间没有显著差异。这两种水溶肥料均可使水稻的植株生长健壮、收获时熟相好,宜在生产中推广应用。     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Phytosterol,Squalene, Tocopherol Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Seeds,Grains, and Legumes

The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (α and β + γ) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline saponification, prior to analysis by HPLC. In addition, the fatty acid profile of the foods was determined via total lipid extraction, fatty acid derivitisation and GC analysis. In general, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging in concentration from 24.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seed to 191.4 mg/100 g in peas. Squalene identified in all foods examined in this study, was particularly abundant in pumpkin seed (89.0 mg/100 g). The sum of α- and β+ γ-tocopherols ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g in rye to 15.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seeds. Total oil content ranged from 0.9% (w/w) in butter beans to 42.3% (w/w) in pumpkin seed and the type of fat, in all foods examined, was predominantly unsaturated. In conclusion, seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols. Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

On the Chemistry,Toxicology and Genetics of the Cyanobacterial Toxins,Microcystin, Nodularin,Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin

The cyanobacteria or “blue-green algae”, as they are commonly termed, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Many aquatic, bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria are capable of producing biologically active secondary metabolites, which are highly toxic to humans and other animals. From a toxicological viewpoint, the cyanotoxins span four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins (irritant toxins). However, structurally they are quite diverse. Over the past decade, the biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin, have been genetically and biochemically elucidated. This review provides an overview of these biosynthesis pathways and additionally summarizes the chemistry and toxicology of these remarkable secondary metabolites.     

Changes in phytates and HCl extractability of calcium,phosphorus, and iron of soaked,dehulled, cooked,and sprouted pigeon pea cultivar (UPAS-120)

UPAS-120, a high yielding and early maturing variety of pigeon peas releasedby the Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar contained a significant amount of phytic acid, i.e. 886 mg/100 g. When it was subjected to various domestic processing and cooking methods viz. soaking (6, 12, 18 h), dehulling, ordinary as well as pressure cooking and germination (24, 36 and 48 h), a drastic decrease in level of phytic acid with a remarkable increase in the HCl-extractability of mono, divalent, andtrivalent ions, like calcium, phosphorus, and iron occurred. Germination (48 h) was found to be the best method for decreasing the phytic acid content, i.e.35 to 39 percent less than the control and significantly (p<0.05) increasingthe non-phytate phosphorus and HCl-extractable phosphorus. Pressure cooking of soaked-dehulled pigeon pea also rendered equally good results. The calcium, phosphorus and iron contents of pigeon pea seeds were 197.3, 473.1, and 9.91 mg/100 g, respectively; some losses varying from 3 to 9 percent were noticed when the legume was subjected to soaking, cooking, and germination but the maximum losses, i.e. 23 percent, occurred when the seeds were dehulled. However, HCl-extractability of Ca, P and Fe improved to a significant extent when the pigeon pea seeds were soaked, soaked-dehulled, cooked and sprouted which may have been due to decrease in the phytate content followed by processing and cooking. The significant negative correlations between the phytic acid and HCl-extractability of minerals of processed pigeon pea strengthens these findings.     

Global status of nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet, and suggestions for future work

Analysis of responses received from 40 cooperators in 20 countries to a questionnaire on nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet suggested that Meloidogyne spp. are internationally important nematode pests of groundnut, chickpea and pigeonpea. Pratylenchus spp. are important on all the five crops. In India, Heterodera cajani and Rotylenchulus reniformis are important pathogens of pigeonpea. Over the last 10–15 years, extensive nematode disease surveys have been undertaken for these crops in Australia, Egypt, India, Jamaica, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand and Zimbabwe; however, < 10% of the total crop areas were covered by these surveys. Except for Brazil, Egypt, USA and Zimbabwe, growers do not use nematicides to control the nematodes. Cultural practices, especially crop rotations, are the most commonly used control measures. Species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus on the legumes, and species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Quinisulcius and Xiphinema on the cereals, are strongly suspected of increasing the severity of fungal diseases. Work aimed at finding host resistance is being done in Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA, and some sources of resistance have been identified against Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and R. reniformis. Facilities for resistance screening work now exist in many countries. Information on damage thresholds of important pest species are available only from Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA.