基于混合蛙跳算法的马铃薯病害图像分割优化

针对Otsu算法对直方图呈现多峰多谷的复杂马铃薯病害图像分割效果不佳的问题,结合混合蛙跳算法(shuffled frog leaping algorithm,SFLA)提出了一种Otsu-SFLA分割优化模型,将Otsu病害图像的分割结果作为SFLA算法的优化起点,进行复杂背景的马铃薯病害图像的分割优化,将马铃薯叶枯病、马铃薯晚疫病、马铃薯菌核病、马铃薯根腐线虫病、马铃薯灰霉病的病害图像作为分割对象进行分割,分割匹配率分别为97.0%、96.2%、96.9%、95.7%、94.8%,平均分割匹配率为96.1%,错误率分别为1.6%、1.1%、1.2%、1.1%、1.4%、平均错误率为1.3%,正确率分别为95.4%、95.1%、95.7%、94.6%、93.4%,平均正确率为94.8%,表明Otsu-SFLA模型可有效从复杂马铃薯病害图像中获取病斑区域。     

基于图像处理技术的小麦条锈病严重度自动分级系统构建

条锈病是小麦上最重要的病害之一,严重影响小麦安全生产。该病害的严重度准确评估对病害预测和病害管理措施制定至关重要。为了实现小麦条锈病严重度的准确评估,本研究基于图像处理技术建立了小麦条锈病严重度自动评估方法,构建了小麦条锈病严重度自动分级系统。借助图像处理软件对获取的小麦条锈病各个严重度级别的发病单叶图像进行了手动分割,获取叶片区域图像和病斑区域图像,并统计获得每一发病单叶的叶片区域和病斑区域的像素数量,计算获得了每一发病单叶的病斑面积占发病叶片总面积的实际百分率。基于图像处理技术,利用4种图像分割方法对发病单叶图像进行叶片区域和病斑区域自动分割,与利用图像处理软件对病害图像进行手动分割所获取结果进行比较,获得了最优的病害图像自动分割方法。利用最优病害图像自动分割方法情况下获得的每一发病单叶的病斑面积占发病叶片总面积的百分率,分别依据每一个严重度级别的基于平均值中间值的实际百分率参考范围和病斑面积实际百分率的99%参考值范围,对每一发病单叶进行严重度评估,评估结果表明,基于病斑面积实际百分率的99%参考值范围的严重度评估方法最优,其严重度评估平均准确率为88.19%。利用最优的病斑图像...     

马铃薯主要病害的发生与防治技术

马铃薯病害的发生严重影响马铃薯的生产。马铃薯主要病害有晚疫病、早疫病、青枯病和病毒病等。笔者介绍马铃薯常见病害的发生规律和防治方法。
　　1晚疫病
　　1.1症状
　　晚疫病主要为害马铃薯叶片、茎和薯块。叶片感病,先在叶尖或叶缘呈水浸状绿褐色斑点,病斑周围有浅绿色晕圈,湿度大时病斑迅速扩大,呈褐色,并在叶背面产生白霉（孢子梗和孢子囊）,干燥时病斑变褐干枯,质脆易裂,不见白霉,且扩展速度减慢。叶柄、茎部感病,呈褐色条斑。发生严重时,叶片萎蔫、卷缩,全株黑腐,散发出腐败的气味。块茎感病,呈褐色或紫褐色大块病斑,稍凹陷,病部皮下薯肉呈褐色,并逐步向四周扩大或烂掉。     

几种检疫性细菌病害的识别和病原菌的鉴定技术

文章对西瓜果斑病、马铃薯环腐病、番茄细菌性叶斑病、水稻白叶枯病和水稻细菌性条斑病的生物学症状及病原菌的鉴定特征进行了介绍,并对血清学检测、分子生物学检测技术在上述检疫性细菌病害病原菌鉴定中的应用进行了综述.     

加强植物检疫,控制马铃薯环腐病、黑胫病在山西省的传播蔓延

马铃薯在我省北部地区粮食生产中占有很重要的地位。每年因病虫危害造成的损失十分惊人。马铃薯环腐病、黑胫病又是马铃薯生产的主要病害,这些病害初期仅在局部     

金柚贮藏病害及防腐保鲜技术研究

梅州金柚贮藏期的真菌病害有柚果绿霉病、柚果炭疽病、柚果黑腐病、柚果焦腐病和柚果酸腐病等 5种引起。从几个安全性较高的保鲜剂中筛选出 1个混用配方 ,该配方对贮藏柚果防腐保鲜效果明显 ,贮藏5个月无病斑好果率达100% ,6个月也只有20%的柚果出现少量病斑 ,且柚果几项质量指标都较好。     

马铃薯黑痣病病原菌分子鉴定及其生物学特性

随着马铃薯产业迅速发展,种植面积不断扩大,轮作倒茬年限逐渐缩短,诸多病害呈逐年加重的趋势,影响了马铃薯的产量和品质。黑痣病Rhizocto-nia solani是一种普遍且危害严重的土传病害。据调查,2009年内蒙古乌兰察布市马铃薯种植区黑痣病发病率为2.7%～52.3%,发病严重地块的植株死亡率高达90%。据Dj bali&Belhassen[1]报道,该病害能够造成马铃薯减产50%。马铃薯黑痣病菌侵害芽形成褐色斑并致芽坏死,地下茎和匍匐茎受侵表皮形成紫褐色溃疡斑,侵害薯块导致薯块畸形并在其表皮形成黑色颗粒状物。目前,国内关于马铃薯黑痣病的相关报道极少。本试验进行了马铃薯黑痣病病原菌鉴定和生物学特性研究。     

玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

马铃薯环腐病种薯检验技术程序

马铃薯环腐病〔Corynebactorium mi-chiganens PV.sepedonicum(Spiek＆Kotth.)Dye〕是马铃薯上一种危险的细菌性病害,各国都把它列为重要植物检疫对象,要求种薯带病许可量为零。 早期采用的马铃薯环腐病种薯检验方法,主要为症状观察、革兰氏染色和病原细     

2000年莆田市春番茄脐腐病发生严重原因

番茄脐腐病又名蒂腐病 ,是大田栽培中经常发生的一种生理性病害。近几年在莆田市病果率为 5%～1 0 % ,重者达 1 5%以上。 2 0 0 0年 6月 2 7日田间调查 ,病果率 30 %～ 4 0 % ,严重田块达 60 %以上。该年全市春番茄种植面积超过 1 50 0ｈｍ2 ,因脐腐病造成的损失惨重。1　症状脐腐病在番茄幼果期到着色成熟前的青果期均可发生 ,尤以青果期最易染病。病斑只发生在果实顶端的脐部 ,病部初为水渍状暗绿色 ,不久即变为暗褐色或黑色的直径达 1～ 2ｃｍ的坏死斑 ,严重时扩展到小半个果实。病部的果肉组织呈干腐状收缩 ,脐部凹陷 ,表皮如革状并皱缩…     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.