巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒感染HEK293细胞模型的建立

首先将巴马小型猪（BM）、巴马香猪（BMXZ）外周血淋巴细胞分别与G418抗性HEK293细胞（G418^R293）共培养，通过G418加压筛选，除去共培养体系中巴马小型猪、巴马香猪外周血淋巴细胞，然后应用PCR及RT-PCR的方法对所制备的感染细胞模型进行系统鉴定。结果经6周共培养及3周加压筛选后，细胞的形态、生长速度及折光性均未见明显变化；PCR及RT-PCR鉴定表明，筛选后的共培养体系中已没有巴马小型猪、巴马香猪外周血淋巴细胞的存在；PERV特异性检测方法检测显示，该细胞模型的DNA中已有PERV的整合且有PERV特异性mRNA的表达。从而证实了猪外周血淋巴细胞来源的PERV在体外也能够感染人源细胞系，为研究PERV的生物学特性及病原安全性的评价搭建了技术平台。     

中国巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的检测

目的 :对我国特有巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒 ( porcine endogenous retrovirus,PERV)的存在与 m RNA的表达情况进行检测 ,了解巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的携带情况。方法 :根据以往建立的 PCR、RT-PCR检测方法 ,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的 DNA和RNA样品进行 PERV核心蛋白基因 ( gag)、多聚酶基因 ( pol)及囊膜基因 ( env)的存在与表达进行检测 ;同时 ,根据目前通用的 env基因分型方法检测 PERV env-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达。结果 :在 1 2个被检的 DNA样品中均检出了PERV特异性 DNA的存在 ;同样 ,在 1 2个被检的 RNA样品中均有 PERV特异性 RNA的表达 ,且所表达的 PERV均为 A型和 B型 ;其中有9个 DNA样品检测出 PERV-C型的存在 ,所有样品中均未检出 C型 PERV的表达。结论 :检测结果表明 1 2个被检巴马小型猪基因组中存在着内源性反转录病毒序列 ,且能以 m RNA的形式表达 ,这一结果为我国特有小型猪的开发、利用及其病毒安全性评价奠定了基础。     

中国巴马小型猪封闭群内源性反转录病毒存在状况分析

检测分析猪内源性反转录病毒(porcine endogenous retrovirus;PERV);PERV)在中国巴马小型猪封闭群中的携带情况.根据本实验室已建立的PCR、RT-PCR检测方法,对来自于巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞的DNA和RNA样品进行PERV核心蛋白基因(gag)、多聚酶基因(p0l)及囊膜基因(env)的存在与表达进行检测;同时根据目前通用的env基因分型方法检测PERVenv-A、env-B、env-C的存在与表达情况.所有被检样品不仅存在PERV gag、pol、env特异性DNA,而且都能够转录为RNA;所有样品同时存在PERV A、B亚型的前病毒,且有70%个体还同时存在PERV-C亚型前病毒,但仅有90%样品检测到PERV-A亚型的表达,50%检测到PERV-B亚型的表达,而所有的样品均未检测到PERV-C型的表达.巴马小型猪封闭群外周血淋巴细胞基因组中存在PERV-A、B、C 3种亚型,但仅有A、B两种亚型能够表达.PERV-A、B、C 3种亚型的同时存在,预示着巴马小型猪封闭群中存在不同亚型病毒重组的可能性.     

一种检测猪基因组中内源性反转录病毒C方法的建立

猪内源性反转录病毒使异种移植猪细胞、组织和器官存在风险,猪内源性反转录病毒A和猪内源性反转录病毒B都出现在猪基因组中,并能在体外感染人.猪内源性反转录病毒C只感染猪细胞,并可整合到大多数猪基因组中,但不是全部.猪内源性反转录病毒A和C的重组能感染人细胞,并大量复制.为了避免这种重组,猪内源性反转录病毒C阳性动物不能用于异种移植.为检测猪内源性反转录病毒C阳性猪,建立了多种不同的方法,如用不同引物建立的特异性PCR技术、异种高灵敏度的巢氏PCR技术和可定量前病毒拷贝数的实时定量PCR技术.实时定量PCR技术可用于区分污染和真正的前病毒分子.这些PCR方法经过优化,具有稳定的检测灵敏性.首先进行PCR1,如果检测结果为阴性,则进行PCR2或PCR5或巢氏PCR;如果检测结果是阳性,则进行实时定量PCR来排除污染.使用这些方法可评估猪内源性反转录病毒C的流行程度和识别未感染猪内源性反转录病毒C的动物.由于可能从其它动物细胞带来污染,不是使用耳活体检测,而是采用血细胞检测.     

不同代次广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒3′UTR克隆及结构和调控元件分析

利用CDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）成功扩增了广西巴马小型猪近交系连续4代次及封闭群的猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）3UTR,共获得8条序列（GenBank登录号分别为：GQ475493、GQ475494、GQ475495、GQ475496、GQ475497、GQ475498、GQ475499、GQ475500）,分为638、749bp 2种不同的类型,都属于PERV-A亚型。以PERV-3UTR构建遗传进化树,PERV-A,B,C分群清晰,3UTR可作为PERV亚型区分的另一基因序列。对调控元件定位分析,推测具有749bp类型3UTR的PERV病毒转录水平更高。在所获得序列的209～227bp位置,发现了＂CTTGAAACTT＂10个碱基的1.9个重复。模拟RNA二级结构,广西巴马小型猪PERV-3UTR 2种类型无论从空间构型、自由能,还是茎环数量都存在明显的不同。这些结果为全面评价广西巴马小型猪来源的PERV病原安全性提供了参考。     

中国小型猪内源性反转录病毒研究进展与对策

作者介绍了国内外猪内源性反转录病毒（PERV）研究进展,简述了中国不同品种小型猪PERV存在情况、PERV前病毒全基因克隆与序列分析、细胞水平鉴定方法、感染HEK293细胞研究平台的创建、猪A3F对PERV的抑制作用研究,以及从分子遗传学上揭示不同品系PERV特异性等创新性研究成果,分析了五指山小型猪近交系具有PERV基因拷贝少且没有PERV-C等特异性,以及展望培育中国PERV阴性猪新品系方法等研究,以期为人类异种器官移植和生物医用材料产品安全性研发,解决小型猪PERV疾病传播危险性提供科学对策和新的方向。     

广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录B亚型病毒5′非编码区的序列扩增及分析

应用SMART RACE方法快速扩增广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒(PERV)5'非编码区,获得了一条长度为1 423 bp的PERV-5'UTR序列(GenBank登录号GU390231),该序列与GenBank已发表的PERV-A、B、C各亚型同源性分别为92.4%～95.2%、91.8%～99.5%和86.5%～...     

巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒的整合对HEK293细胞周期、细胞凋亡和相关基因表达的影响

检测广西巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒(PERV)整合到HEK293细胞基因组(HEK293-PERV-BM)后,宿主细胞的细胞周期、细胞凋亡及cyclin D1、CDK4、c-Myc、p53、p16和k-Ras等相关基因表达的改变,推测相关作用机制。检测发现P10代巴马小型猪内源性反转录病毒感染HEK293细胞模型(HEK293-PERV-BM)的细胞周期主要被阻滞在S期和G2/M期,细胞凋亡受到抑制,P25代细胞周期主要被阻滞在S期,细胞凋亡明显受到诱导。通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测发现细胞周期相关基因的表达与细胞感染模型传代次数(P1～P35)有密切关系,其中cyclin D1、c-Myc和k-Ras基因表现为先降低后升高,而CDK4和p16基因则恰好相反,同时,p53基因表达的改变不明显,据此可以推测P10代细胞周期的改变可能由Rb调控通路诱导发生,P25代细胞周期的改变可能由Rb调控通路与p53调控通路协同诱导发生。上述结果提示PERV的感染可能存在潜在的危险。     

五指山小型猪内源性反转录病毒囊膜基因变异特征研究

为分析近交系连续3代次五指山小型猪内源性反转录病毒囊膜基因(PERV-env)变异特征,本研究采用PCR方法对该基因进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,将其与参考序列比对和遗传进化分析.序列分析显示:PERV-env核苷酸序列与参考序列之间的同源性为98.3 ％～99.3％,具有明显G→A突变,并且偏好发生于GA、GG.进一步分析表明,在PERV-env序列190 bp和1 875 bp位置均有G→A突变发生.PERV-env基因遗传进化树分析表明,五指山来源的PERV与国外小型猪PERV-A亲缘关系较近,但仍存在差异.本实验将有助于PERV分子特性的研究,为进一步开展异种移植中PERV的安全性评价奠定基础.     

Large-scale survey of porcine endogenous retrovirus in Chinese miniature pigs

We conducted a large-scale survey on the existence and expression status of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) in seven breeds of Chinese miniature pigs. Genotyping of PERV was examined by PCR using type-specific primers according to the env genotyping method. The presence and expression status of viral gag, pol and env genes were further analyzed in Wuzhishan pigs (WZSP) and Bama minipigs (BMP). The results showed that PERV existed in all 348 genomic DNA samples. The genotype distribution was subtype A-74.43%, subtype B-95.40% and subtype C-30.46%. No expression of subtype C was found in WZSP and BMP. This research obtained an adequate level of information on the molecular epidemiology of PERV in China. The results indicated that it is possible to monitor pig herds for individuals with the lowest PERV prevalence, especially lacking PERV-C.     

Experimental infection of dogs with a feline endogenous retrovirus RD-114

Background

The feline endogenous retrovirus RD114 is contained in the genome of cats. The virus may contaminate live canine vaccines based on cultured feline cells. The in vivo infectivity, acute and subacute pathogenicity, and viral proliferation of the RD114 virus were evaluated by experimental infection of dogs.

Methods

Nine specific pathogen free dogs were divided into three groups, with each group consisting of one female and two male dogs. Dogs were subcutaneously inoculated in the neck with either 1 ml RD114 stock virus (group A), inactivated RD114 virus suspension (group B), or cell culture medium (group C) as a negative control. To assess blood cell counts and biochemical properties, blood samples from each group were collected 5 days before inoculation, just prior to inoculation, and 1, 3, 7 and 10 days post-inoculation.

Result

During the experimental period of 51 days, none of the dogs inoculated with RD114 virus showed any clinical signs, significant increases in rectal temperature or abnormal blood biochemical characteristics including C-reactive protein when compared with the negative controls. We were not able to re-isolate the RD114 virus from buffy coat cells of group A dogs. Additionally, we could not detect RD114 provirus in the genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph node, spleen and sternal bone marrow cells.

Conclusions

Signs of RD114 virus proliferation were not found after subcutaneous infection of dogs. Although the potential risk caused by infection with RD114 virus in dogs could not be assessed in this study, we suspect that RD114 virus has little or no virulence in dogs.     

Stability of expression of reference genes in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear and dendritic cells

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a critical tool used to evaluate changes in gene expression. The precision of this tool is reliant upon the selection of reference genes whose expression remains unaltered in culture conditions and following stimulation. Stably expressed reference genes are used to normalize data so observed changes in expression are not due to artifacts but rather reflect physiological changes. In this study, we examined the expression stability of the porcine genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma-like protein (eEF1), ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19), beta-actin (ACTB) and ATP synthase mitochondrial F0 complex (ATP5G1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), blood isolated dendritic cells (BDCs) and T cells with or without stimulation with lipolysaccharide (LPS). An M value was used as a measure of gene stability as determined using geNORM software. Recommendations for the use of reference genes include using GAPDH and B-actin in PBMCs: RPL19 and SDHA in T cells; RPL19 and B-actin in monocytes; RPL-19 and SDHA in BDCs: and RPL-19 and ATP5GA in MoDCs.     

Chitosan and D-glucosamine induce expression of Th1 cytokine genes in porcine spleen cells

Chitosan, a polymer of D-glucosamine, is a polysaccharide derived from the chitin found in the exoskeleton of shellfish, such as shrimp or crabs. The effects of chitosan has been recognized that chitosan-fed farm animals demonstrated higher weight gains but less incidence of diseases than the unfed ones. However, these beneficial effects has not been elucidated clearly. In this study, we examined the modulatory effect of chitosan and D-glucosamine on the expression of porcine cytokines in vitro. Porcine spleen cells were cultured in the presence of chitosan and D-glucosamine, and the effects of chitosan on the cytokine mRNA expression were evaluated. Expressions of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were increased in the chitosan-treated porcine spleen cells. Expressed cytokines in the D-glucosamine-treated cells were IL-2, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 p40 subunit. In particular, IFN-gamma was expressed more efficiently, and D-glucosamine was more effective for expressing the cytokine gene. These results suggest chitosan as well as D-glucosamine could induce the expression of cytokines as Th1 subset such as IL-2, IFN-gamma.     

Spontaneous expression of an endogenous retrovirus by the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line

A retrovirus is spontaneously released into the culture medium of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. The MC-1 virus did not exhibit in vitro transforming activity or replication when tested on equine fibroblasts or a variety of other mammalian cell cultures. Complementary DNA, synthesized using detergent-activated MC-1 virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, detected homologous sequences in the DNA of an established equine dermal cell line and in the DNA of primary equine dermal fibroblasts. Iododeoxyuridine or azacytidine induced a replication-deficient endogenous retrovirus in the normal fibroblasts and amplified the production of MC-1 virus by the tumor cells. It was concluded that the endogenous virus, repressed in normal equine cells, is spontaneously expressed by the tumor cells.