副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂MetaphyCUS parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang生物学特性的研究

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang是新发现的橡副珠蜡蚧成虫内寄生蜂,自然寄生率约为15.68%。实验室内对其形态、发育、繁殖、存活、行为等生物学特性进行了观察。结果表明,在26±1℃,RH70%±5%条件下,每头寄主出蜂4.5头,雌性比例80.6%;雌蜂生殖系统解剖发现,未交配雌蜂卵巢内的卵经1d可发育成熟,但同一雌蜂卵巢内卵粒之间发育程度不一致;该蜂完成一个世代需15～19d,但幼虫蜕皮现象不明显;该蜂可营孤雌产雄生殖,孤雌羽化后24h内即可产卵,平均每头寄主可出雄蜂5.3头;雌蜂交配后24h内即可产卵,产卵期1～17d;1头已交配雌蜂可寄生1～10头寄主,一生产卵3～76粒,每日平均产卵量为8.2±4.0粒;雌、雄成蜂平均寿命均不超过3d,补充蜂蜜水可延长雌、雄成蜂的寿命。     

不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇的寿命及生活力的影响

本文研究了取食不同浓度的蜂蜜、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和清水对照对伞裙追寄蝇寿命、日均存活率、产卵量、产卵期、逐日产卵量,以及子代发育历期、寿命、寄生率、羽化量、雌蝇率等指标的影响。结果表明,10%的蜂蜜水处理的伞裙追寄蝇,雌蝇平均寿命为33.13 d,雄蝇平均寿命为21.71 d,与清水对照存在显著性差异。喂食10%蜂蜜水的雌蝇存活天数最长为51 d。补充10%蜂蜜水的伞裙追寄蝇产卵量和日均产卵量与其他处理差异显著（P<0.05）,分别为70.20和13.77粒/d。10%蜂蜜水喂食的成虫其子代羽化出的雌蝇平均寿命最长,为35.41 d。不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇子代蛹重、寄生率、雌蝇率的影响差异不显著。     

管氏肿腿蜂抚育行为的代价和收益

为明确管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu雌蜂抚育行为付出的代价和收益,本试验以管氏肿腿蜂有、无母蜂抚育为处理水平,观察了管氏肿腿蜂雌蜂抚育行为对母蜂生殖力和子代发育适合度的影响。研究发现,抚育与否,母蜂寿命分别为26.64和28.85 d,二者之间差异不显著,但抚育母蜂的寄生次数最多为2次,显著小于不抚育下的4次,抚育母蜂的子代幼虫数量也显著少于未抚育母蜂。同时,母蜂抚育下子代幼虫的死亡率、化茧蛹率和雌蜂体重分别为9.29%、61.52%、0.64 mg,均显著优于不抚育下的22.04%、27.40%、0.55 mg,提高了子代发育适合度。另外,抚育与否并不影响子代雌性比例和羽化率,抚育子代的雌性比例、茧蛹羽化率和非茧蛹羽化率分别为90.77%、99.57%和79.57%,而未抚育子代的雌性比例、茧蛹羽化率和非茧蛹羽化率分别为87.96%、97.74%和84.45%,但化蛹方式显著地影响子代的羽化率,茧蛹的羽化率比非茧蛹高13%以上。     

温度及光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

为明确温度、光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere发育与繁殖的影响,在不同温度、光周期条件下观察日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、雌蜂寿命以及寄生率。结果表明：温度和光周期显著影响日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长。在18~30℃之间,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期及雌蜂寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,18℃时发育历期与雌蜂寿命最长,分别为60.9 d和29.9 d,30℃时发育历期最短,为21.3 d,33℃时雌蜂寿命最短,为8.3 d;18~24℃之间,寄生率及出蜂数随温度的升高而增加,24℃时最高,分别为77.1%和38.7头;24~30℃之间,随温度升高日本食蚜小蜂的寄生率及出蜂数呈下降趋势。在光周期L 8 h∶D 16 h~L 16 h∶D 8 h范围内,当光周期为L 12 h∶D 12 h时,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期最短,为22.1 d,出蜂数最高,为39.0头;当光周期为L 14 h∶D 10 h时,雌蜂寿命最长,为22.6 d,寄生率最高,为71.1%。表明温度24~27℃、光周期L 12 h∶D 12 h为日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长的最适温度和光周期条件。     

喂饲蜂蜜水对丽蚜小蜂成蜂产卵寄生能力的影响

为了明确对丽蚜小蜂成蜂补充营养,在温室白粉虱上产卵寄生能力的影响,在25℃±1℃下,用10％蜂蜜水喂饲成蜂3天,并以新羽化未喂饲蜂蜜水的蜂作为对照。在平均温度16.9℃的养虫室内测定其产卵寄生能力及寿命。结果表明:喂饲10％蜂蜜水的雌蜂平均可产卵寄生粉虱若虫86.8±41.8头,而对照蜂仅寄生55.2±38.3头;喂蜂蜜水的蜂产卵速度也高于对照蜂,接蜂后5天和10天,前者每雌平均累计产卵量分别占总产卵量的29.47％和41.13％,而对照蜂仅占12.20％和27.10％,喂饲蜂蜜水与不喂蜂蜜水的成蜂寿命则无显著差异;在两间日平均温度为15.9℃的温室内放蜂,喂饲蜂蜜水的小蜂对粉虱的致死率为41.63％,其中寄生致死率为31.94％;而不喂蜂蜜水的小峰对粉虱的致死率仅为18％,其中寄生致死率为14.95％。研究结果表明,在京郊温室温度较低的条件下,补充丽蚜小蜂成蜂的营养,可以提高对白粉虱的防治效果。     

不同营养源对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂寿命和生殖力的影响

地在室内评价了不同天然营养源对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoideabactrae寿命、寄生能力、子代羽化率和雌蜂率的影响。结果表明,几种天然营养源饲喂的赤眼蜂的寿命依次为：菜心花＋菜心叶片（6．40d）、菜心花（4．57d）、菜心叶片（3．17d）和清水（3．03d）,均显著高于空白（1．50d）处理（P〈0．05）,其中花＋叶片处理与25％蜂蜜水（6．63d）处理的效果相当。这4种营养源饲喂赤眼蜂的寄生卵数（49．33~65．73粒）均显著高于空白（34．60粒）处理（P〈0．05）,但均显著低于25％蜂蜜水（77．27粒）处理（P〈0．05）。与25％蜂蜜水处理相比,几种处理对赤眼蜂的子代羽化率和雌蜂率并没有不利影响。因此,这几种天然营养源均能作为食物来提高赤眼蜂的寿命和寄生能力。     

外源营养补充对圆柏大痣小蜂成虫寿命的影响

为探究外源营养对圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He成虫寿命的影响,本研究通过给当日羽化的同批次圆柏大痣小蜂成虫饲喂清水、蔗糖水及蜂蜜水,研究不同外源营养饲喂对雌、雄成虫寿命的影响。研究表明：3种喂养条件下雄蜂寿命均短于雌蜂,其中清水饲喂雌、雄蜂寿命差异显著;取食蔗糖水和蜂蜜水的圆柏大痣小蜂雌蜂寿命分别为18 d和14 d,两者均与饲喂清水对照之间存在显著差异;雌、雄蜂单独饲喂与雌、雄蜂混合饲喂存活数变化趋势基本一致。本研究为圆柏大痣小蜂生物防治研究提供虫源保障,同时也为研究圆柏大痣小蜂的生物学特点和行为提供支持。     

补充外源营养对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响

采用单管饲养法,研究了外源营养对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响。结果表明:外源营养对不同性别豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响差异不显著。补充蜂蜜、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖等糖类营养均能显著延长姬小蜂的寿命,与补充牛血清白蛋白、清水以及无饲喂处理相比,平均寿命延长了5～9倍。15%葡萄糖水、15%蜂蜜水和15%蔗糖水的饲喂效果显著好于其他浓度,雌蜂平均寿命分别达(47.0±3.5)d、(45.7±2.9)d和(44.5±3.5)d,较无饲喂处理寿命延长15倍以上。该测定结果可以为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂的大量繁殖提供一定参考。     

范氏黄蚜小蜂研究

范氏黄蚜小蜂Aphytis vandenboschi是松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila重要的寄生蜂。其发育历期在23—26℃变温下平均为19.3±1.4天;在27、28和30℃恒温下分别为17.0—19.0天、14.0—18.0天和14.0—16.0天。成蜂全天可羽化,羽化高峰出现在14—18时。成蜂雌雄比平均为11:1。以两性生殖为主,也能行孤雌生殖。雌蜂一生产卵量平均为30粒;产卵期约10天。经常更换寄主,促使寿命缩短,从而减少总产卵量。光照存在与否对产卵寄生无明显影响。雌蜂基本上仅选择雌性蚧虫产卵,尤其对发育日龄为30—36天,即孕卵后期至产卵初期的寄主寄生率为最高。雄蜂寿命约为2天,雌蜂为3—15天;有补充营养和寄主存在时其寿命最长。林间散放后有一定的效果。     

椰子织蛾蛹寄生蜂——金刚钻大腿小蜂的生物学特性

椰子织蛾是在2013年入侵海南的一种棕榈科植物的重要害虫,金刚钻大腿小蜂是寄生椰子织蛾的本土天敌。为了明确营养和温度对金刚钻大腿小蜂种群影响,本文研究了在不同营养和不同温度条件下金刚钻大腿小蜂的寄生率、羽化率及寿命等生物学参数。结果表明,分别补充10%蜂蜜水、10%葡萄糖水和10%蔗糖显著地延长了金刚钻大腿小蜂的寿命、增强了繁殖力。金刚钻大腿小蜂生长发育与繁殖的适宜温区在28℃~32℃,其发育起点温度为8.13℃,有效积温378.71日·度,由此推算该蜂一年可以在海南发生13代。本研究结果可为金刚钻大腿小蜂的繁殖及控害提供相关的理论基础。     

Suitability of different mealybug species as hosts to solitary endoparasitoid,Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) ( = Aenasius bambawalei Hayat)

We investigated the suitability of six mealybug species, namely Phenacoccus solenopsis, Saccharicoccus sacchari, Paracoccus marginatus, Drosicha mangiferae, Nipaecoccus viridis and Ferrisia virgata as hosts to Aenasius arizonensis ( = Aenasius bambawalei). The study was conducted to ascertain a viable parasitic relationship between a parasitoid species and different mealybug hosts. Successful parasitization, complete development of immature stages within the host and adult emergence was observed only in P. solenopsis, whereas, other mealybug species were not found suitable as hosts by the parasitoid in both choice and no-choice tests. The development studies of A. arizonensis on P. solenopsis showed that the mean duration from oviposition to mummy formation was 6.13 days, while, from mummy formation to adult emergence, it was 5.43 and 7.05 days for male and female, respectively. The total development period from oviposition to adult emergence was 11.28 days for males and 13.13 days for females. Female adults (19.96 days) live longer as compared to male adults (7.83 days). Among different mealybug species, P. solenopsis was observed to be the only ecological and fundamental host of A. arizonensis.     

补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖与寿命的影响

为明确补充营养对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)的影响,通过室内试验研究了5%蜂蜜水、5%葡萄糖水及蒸馏水3种补充营养处理对其成虫生殖与寿命的影响。结果表明,补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖和寿命均有显著影响。经5%蜂蜜水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最长,为7.17d,平均单雌产卵量最高,为248.23粒;经5%葡萄糖水处理的雌蛾产卵历期、平均单雌产卵量与5%蜂蜜水处理均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最短,为5.53 d,平均单雌产卵量最低,为162.13粒,显著低于5%蜂蜜水;3种补充营养处理间雌蛾产卵前期、交配率、交配次数和卵孵化率均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雄蛾寿命显著低于其它处理。研究表明,补充营养主要对二点委夜蛾成虫的产卵历期、产卵量和雄蛾寿命有影响,是影响其种群动态的重要因素。     

Seasonal and biological interactions between the parasitoid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aenasius arizonensis</Emphasis> (Girault) and its host, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phenacoccus solenopsis</Emphasis> Tinsley on cotton

Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important solitary endoparasitoid of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Studies on seasonal and biological interactions between host and parasitoid are important to optimize the mass production and field release of high-quality females. We investigated the influence of different crop seasons viz., pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon and host stages viz., three nymphal instars (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and adult stage of P. solenopsis on the development, longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of its parasitoid, A. arizonensis. A. arizonensis female parasitized all life stages of its host except the 1st instar nymphs. Only males emerged from parasitized 2nd instar nymphs, while the sex ratio in the later host instars was strongly female-biased. The adult host stage was most suitable for A. arizonensis in terms of shorter development time, while the 3rd instar nymphal stage was most suitable with respect to higher fecundity, proportion of adults emerged and more females in the progeny. Among different seasons, post-monsoon season (September–October) with temperature (25 to 29 °C) and relative humidity (68 to 73%) was most suitable for the overall fitness of the parasitoid. The findings of this study have implications in designing mass rearing of this parasitoid and devising an effective biological control strategy for P. solenopsis on cotton.     

Temperature-dependent parasitism and development in Aenasius arizonensis Girault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a solitary endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Ophmella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae). To reveal its climate adaptation, the effect of temperature on life traits of Aenasius arizonensis, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis was studied. The results showed that both the highest parasitism and emergence rates of A. arizonensis were observed at 31 °C. The parasitism and emergence rates of the parasitoid significantly increased with the increasing temperature from 19 °C to 31 °C, but dropped when the temperature exceeded 31 °C. Female ratio reached a higher value at 19, 22, 31, 34 or 37 °C. The minimum threshold temperatures for female and male parasitoids were 11.5 and 11.2 °C, respectively. The effective accumulative temperatures for the parasitoid to develop from eggs to both female and male adults were 222.2 day-degrees. Since the highest parasitism rate, the highest emergence rate and a higher female ratio were observed at 31 °C, we conclude that the optimum temperature for mass rearing of A. arizonensis is 31 °C in the insectary based on the results of our study.     

噻虫嗪对丽蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱的影响

为了明确噻虫嗪对烟粉虱天敌昆虫丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa的影响,在室内模拟田间噻虫嗪灌根和叶面喷雾2种施药方式,研究了施药后丽蚜小蜂的直接死亡率及其寄生Q型烟粉虱的生物学参数。结果表明,经噻虫嗪叶面喷雾后,丽蚜小蜂的死亡率高达98.10%,显著高于其它处理,丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的寄生率为5.26%,显著低于其它处理;与清水对照相比,经噻虫嗪处理后丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的致死率降低,且叶面喷雾处理大于灌根处理;噻虫嗪灌根和叶面喷雾处理对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率和发育历期均无显著影响,但均能显著缩短丽蚜小蜂成虫的寿命。研究表明,噻虫嗪灌根施药方式对丽蚜小蜂的死亡率及寄生率影响较小,可将噻虫嗪灌根施药方式与释放丽蚜小蜂相结合以防治烟粉虱。     

黑条帕寄蝇成虫生物学特性初步研究

黑条帕寄蝇(Palesisa nudioculla Villeneuve)是草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)及其他许多鳞翅目害虫的重要寄生性天敌,国内外对其研究报道较少。通过田间调查和室内试验研究了黑条帕寄蝇成虫主要的生物学特性,为该蝇种的保护利用奠定基础。结果表明:黑条帕寄蝇的寄生方式属微卵生型,羽化时间主要集中在每天的08:00-10:00,16:00-18:00,羽化性比为1.13∶1(雌∶雄),且雄蝇比雌蝇先羽化;在条件为(23±1)℃、L∥D=16h∥8h、RH 60%～70%的光照培养箱中饲养,成虫的寿命最长,可达34d;以含糖物质补充营养能延长成虫的寿命,特别是20%的蜂蜜水补充可显著延长其寿命,且雌蝇比雄蝇的寿命长;被寄生的草地螟虫茧低温(4℃)储存20d后的羽化率没有显著变化,但随着储存时间的增加羽化率显著降低。     

适度饥饿浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的寄生和取食选择

为评价释放前经历饥饿对浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia(GiraultDodd)寄生取食粉虱能力的影响,以3龄Q隐种烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Q和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum若虫为寄主,在2种粉虱单独或同时存在的情况下,比较释放前经适度饥饿、初羽化未饥饿和初羽化喂饲蜂蜜水3种处理的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对2种粉虱寄主的寄生和取食选择情况。结果表明,在2种粉虱单独存在时,经适度饥饿6 h的浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生的烟粉虱和温室白粉虱显著多于其它处理,而且能取食更多的温室白粉虱,经适度饥饿的寄生蜂在24 h内通过寄生和取食杀死烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的总量分别为12.5头和12.9头。在2种粉虱同时存在时,适度饥饿寄生蜂取食2种粉虱的总量明显高于其它处理,但不同处理间无显著差异,适度饥饿寄生蜂通过寄生和取食杀死2种粉虱的数量最多为11.5头,显著高于未饥饿处理的6.5头。表明释放前经历适度饥饿可以明显提高浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生和取食粉虱若虫的能力。     

小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性发展趋势及其种群生物适合度代价初步研究

在室内用浸叶法累代筛选,建立了抗氯虫苯甲酰胺的小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella (L.)种群,通过系统观察法研究了敏感及抗性种群的生物学特性。结果表明:小菜蛾以每代30%~ 50%的淘汰率筛选10 代后,其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性达9.09 倍;与敏感种群相比,抗性种群的单雌产卵量下降、雄成虫寿命缩短、幼虫历期延长、幼虫存活率下降、化蛹率降低、蛹重下降、羽化率降低,从而 导致抗性种群的净增殖率下降、种群倍增时间延长、内禀增长率下降、相对适合度变小。表明小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性在用药初期发展较为缓慢,抗性种群的生物适合度降低,抗性风险相对较低。