防治珍珠李叶枯病的药剂筛选

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种药剂对珍珠李叶枯病主要病原胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的抑制作用,并进行田间施药防病试验,调查各药剂的实际防效。结果表明,氟硅唑·咪鲜胺、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑·醚菌酯对病原菌的室内毒力较高,EC50均低于0.03μg/mL;50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂、5%氨基寡糖素水剂、325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·醚菌酯悬浮剂、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油的田间防病效果较好,均在75%以上。     

药剂拌种对大麦条纹病的防治效果

选用喹啉铜、苯醚甲环唑、烯肟·戊唑醇、己唑醇、烯酰吗啉、咪鲜胺、腈菌唑等7种药剂按1∶500剂量拌种,进行大麦条纹病防效试验.结果表明,7种药剂均有一定的防病效果,尤以25％腈菌唑乳油防效最好,但综合出苗率、产量和防治效果等因素,33.5％喹啉铜悬浮剂、20％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂可作为药剂拌种的首选药剂.     

不同种类杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病的田间防效

为筛选出对辣椒炭疽病具有较好防效的杀菌剂,选用10种不同杀菌剂于2021年进行田间药效试验。结果表明：3次药后7 d, 32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂的防效分别为85.1%、82.7%和81.9%;25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、24%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂三者的防效在75.8%～77.8%之间;80%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂、22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂和25%溴菌腈乳油等处理的防效在69.2%～74.6%之间;50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂的防效相对较差。32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂及43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂可作为福建地区防治辣椒炭疽病的较优选择。     

12种杀菌剂防控莴笋菌核病效果研究

为筛选对莴笋菌核病有较好防效的杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对莴笋菌核病病菌的毒力,对其中5种毒力较强的杀菌剂进行了田间防效验证。咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、抑霉唑、多·福和菌核净对莴笋菌核病病菌的室内毒力较强,EC_(50)分别为0.0136、0.0263、0.2092、0.2880、0.8806、1.1088、1.3635μg/mL;上述5种药剂对莴笋菌核病的田间防效分别为85.89%、82.39%、75.24%、71.81%和64.73%。在生产上,推荐轮换使用咪鲜胺、戊唑醇或苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯3类药剂,可提高对该病的田间防效,并延缓病菌抗药性的产生。     

苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑300g/L乳油防治小麦包粉病试验效果

田间试验表明,药后14d,苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑300g/L乳油对小麦白粉病防效达75.49%.增产效果达36.47%,优于常规药剂三唑酮处理;丙环唑250g/L乳油对小麦白粉病防效达64.53%.增产效果达27.30%,低于常规药剂三唑酮处理.     

药剂对稻曲病菌的毒力测定及复配研究

为筛选防治稻曲病的有效单剂和复配组合,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定烯唑醇、腈菌唑、丙环唑、咪鲜胺、苯菌灵、多菌灵、戊唑醇、井冈霉素、松脂酸铜9种杀菌剂及互相复配后对稻曲病菌的毒力,并比较了不同复配组合的协同作用.结果表明:稻曲病菌对烯唑醇最敏感,EC5o为0.145 μg/mL;井冈霉素对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最弱,EC50为13.6 μg/mL.从252种不同比例复配的药剂中,筛选出12种增效配方,其中烯唑醇和咪鲜胺复配(1∶10),协同系数高达3.70,增效作用最大;烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶10)对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最强,EC5o为0.06μg/mL,其次是烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶20)与烯唑醇和腈菌唑(10∶1),EC50分别为0.10μ/mL和0.11μg/mL.田间试验结果也表明:烯唑醇与咪鲜胺(1∶10)复配,对稻曲病的平均防效为79.2％,高于其他常用药剂.     

3种药剂对罗汉果炭疽病田间防效初探

为寻找能有效防治湖南桂东罗汉果炭疽病的药剂,2018年开展田间施药试验,比较了75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、40%苯醚·甲环唑悬浮剂、500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂3种药剂对该病的防效。发现在第3次药后7 d,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂有效成分用量7.5 g/667m~2和40%苯醚·甲环唑悬浮剂7.5 g/667m~2对该病的病指校正防效均可达70%以上,500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂37.5 g/667m~2的防效为63.29%,相对较低。     

10种杀菌剂对水稻稻叶褐条斑病菌的室内毒力

为了解化学药剂对水稻稻叶褐条斑病病菌的抑制作用,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了10种杀菌剂对稻黑孢霉菌［Nigrosporaoryzae Berk.etBr.Petch］的敏感性。结果表明：各药剂对稻黑孢霉菌的毒力差异显著。10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂对稻黑孢霉菌毒力居前列,EC50分别为0.5072、0.6398、0.9959mg/L,其次是50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、30%苯甲·丙环唑乳油、12. 5%氟环唑悬浮剂、25%氟环·醚菌酯悬浮剂,EC50在1. 3803~2. 1182 mg/L,毒力较弱的是40%稻瘟灵可湿性粉剂和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂,EC50分别为16.3178、17.4257mg/L,毒力最小的是75%百菌清可湿性粉剂,EC50达41. 5957 mg/L。综合各供试药剂的斜率和EC50、EC90,稻黑孢霉菌对测定的苯醚甲环唑、咯菌腈、咪鲜胺锰盐以及苯甲·丙环唑等药剂最为敏感,这些药剂可作防治稻叶褐条斑病的候选药剂。     

30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑防治水稻纹枯病田间试验

为了明确30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑(爱米)对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,进行了田间药效防治试验。结果表明,30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油防治水稻纹枯病每667m2用量20g、15g和10g的3个处理防效分别为84.5%、75.4%和68.54%,对照药剂30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑(爱苗)乳油每667m2用量20g和43%戊唑醇(好力克)悬浮剂每667m2用量15g的防效分别为83.4%和69.1%。30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑可作为防治水稻纹枯病的药剂,在试验剂量下对水稻安全,可以大面积推广应用,生产上推荐每667m2用量为15～20g。     

不同药剂处理对小麦赤霉病的田间防治效果

为筛选出防治小麦赤霉病高效药剂以便更好地服务于农业生产,本试验采用200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂+250 g/L丙环唑乳油、40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂、480 g/L氰烯·戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%肟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂、40%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂、44%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂共6种药剂处理对小麦赤霉病进行田间防治试验。结果表明,200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂975 mL/hm²+250 g/L丙环唑乳油600 mL/hm²处理和40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂750 mL/hm²处理的防效和增产效果相当,且均优于其它药剂处理,值得在生产中推广应用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.