云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法获得病原菌菌株LW2015.3,通过形态学特征及分子生物学技术对菌株LW2015.3进行鉴定,并研究其生物学特性。结果表明,荞麦叶枯病病原菌的分生孢子呈倒棍棒状或倒梨状,褐色,具3～8个横隔膜,0～4个纵斜隔膜,大小为16.5～45.0μm×5.0～13.5μm,厚垣孢子呈球形,直径为6.0～12.0μm;该菌株ITS序列系统发育进化分析结果表明,菌株LW2015.3与链格孢Alternaria alternata(登录号:MG195995.1)的同源性为100%,结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果确定云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌为链格孢A. alternata(登录号:KT362732.1)。该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20～30℃,25℃为最适温度;当p H为6～9时菌丝生长速率加快,pH 7最适菌丝生长;PDA培养基和PSA培养基最适菌丝生长;该病原菌对以麦芽糖为碳源和以硝酸钠为氮源时的利用率最高;菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10 min;不同光照条件对菌丝生长的影响有显著差异,连续光照最有利于菌丝生长。     

黑龙江省高粱靶斑病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确黑龙江省高粱靶斑病病原菌种类及其生物学特性，采用组织分离法对采集自黑龙江省8个地区的75份高粱病叶进行病原菌分离，利用形态学特征观察及分子生物学技术对选取的代表菌株进行鉴定，并分析其生物学特性。结果表明，共分离得到42株病原菌菌株，按采集地选择的8株代表菌株的菌丝生长速率不同，但形态学特征较一致，分生孢子为棕黄色，呈圆柱形，中部较宽，稍弯曲，大小为29~96 μm×9~15 μm，具3~9个隔膜，脐点明显，基部平脐；8 株代表菌株的ITS序列与高梁生双极蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorghicola（GenBank登录号为AF071332.1）的同源性为99%~100%；结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析确定黑龙江省高粱靶斑病病原菌为高梁生双极蠕孢菌B. sorghicola。8株代表菌株在燕麦片琼脂培养基上生长最好，但不同菌株的菌丝生长速率存在差异；在10~35℃范围内均能生长，但不同菌株的最适生长温度不同；光照对菌丝生长有促进作用；最适生长的pH为8；不同菌株对碳、氮源的利用差异较大，表明高粱生双极蠕孢菌菌株间存在生物学特性差异。     

香榧果实褐斑病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

为明确近年来在香榧Torreya grandis果实上出现的一种新病害——褐斑病的病原菌,通过分离物致病性测定、形态学观察、rDNA-ITS序列分析及病原菌生物学特性进行鉴定,并对苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵、咪鲜胺、肟菌酯及吡唑醚菌酯6种防治药剂进行了初步筛选。结果表明,从病样中分离到的菌株XF01在回接试验出现的症状与田间自然感病症状一致,证明菌株XF01为香榧果实褐斑病的致病菌。该病原菌菌丝初为灰白色,后为深灰色或青褐色;分生孢子梗单生或簇生,无分枝,淡褐色;分生孢子多倒梨形或卵形,大小平均为19.258μm×9.048μm,横、纵隔膜分别为1~7个和0~3个,无喙或具柱状短喙,形态特征与链格孢菌Alternaria alternata一致。该菌ITS序列(Gen Bank登录号为KU525533)与链格孢菌株ITS序列(Gen Bank登录号为KR864893.1)同源性为100%,并聚为一簇,分子鉴定结果与形态学鉴定结果一致,确定引起该病害的病原菌为链格孢菌。该病菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最佳温度均为28℃,最适生长pH均为7。室内毒力测定结果显示,咪鲜胺对该菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,EC50为0.065μg/mL;吡唑醚菌酯对其孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,EC50为0.002μg/mL,表明这2种药剂可用于香榧果实褐斑病的田间防治。     

口红吊兰菌核病病原鉴定及其生物学特性分析

为鉴定1株分离自口红吊兰叶部病斑上的疑似核盘菌菌株,利用柯赫氏法则验证其致病性并通过形态观察和ITS序列分析对该病原菌进行分类鉴定,结合温度、酸碱度等生理指标研究其生物学特性,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了扑海因、多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、腐霉利4种药剂对该病原菌的抑制作用。结果显示:在PDA平板上该病原菌菌丝为白色,均匀生长;约7 d后开始产生菌核,直径3~5 mm;菌核萌发后可产生1~3个子囊盘,内含8个大小为8.0~12.0μm×4.0~5.5μm的子囊孢子。该菌株ITS序列系统进化分析结果显示,其与核盘菌的同源性高达99%。综上所述,初步确定该菌株为核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum。该病原菌在PDA培养基上的最适生长温度为20~25℃、最适生长p H为5~7。室内毒力测定发现供试4种药剂中扑海因对该病原菌菌丝生长有较好的抑制效果,且其EC_(50)最小,仅为0.62 mg/L,证明扑海因对核盘菌毒力最强。     

烟草叶斑病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确贵州省新发现的烟草叶斑病病原菌种类和生物学特性,2019年自田间采集具有典型发病症状的烟叶,采用组织分离法对其进行分离纯化,对分离菌株进行致病性测定,观察病原菌形态学特征,基于ITS、LSU、tub2和rpb2基因序列进行分子生物学鉴定,同时对病原菌的生物学特性进行测定。结果显示,烟草叶斑病病斑呈圆形或椭圆形,病斑中间呈浅褐色,边缘呈棕色,周围环绕黄色晕圈。经分离纯化共获得3株病原菌,形成的菌落为深褐色,气生菌丝呈白色;分子孢子器呈球形或扁球形,为深褐色,大小为79.3～91.7μm×148.4～167.3μm;分生孢子呈椭圆形,光滑,无隔膜,具0～3个油球,大小为3.5～5.6μm×1.7～2.9μm。根据形态学特征和分子生物学特征将其鉴定为Didymella segeticola。该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20～25℃;适宜pH为6～10,最适碳源为乳糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨,通气和光暗交替环境有利于其生长。     

河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌,采用组织分离法对其进行分离纯化,通过形态学和分子生物学手段对其进行鉴定,并对其致病性、寄主范围及生物学特性进行测定,同时对其前期侵染过程进行显微观察。结果表明,从草莓病叶中共分离得到5株形态特征一致的菌株,其菌落中央略隆起,呈浅灰褐色,边缘呈白色,气生菌丝绒毛状且致密;分生孢子呈圆柱形或倒棍棒形,大小为30～252μm×5～10μm,呈半透明至浅棕色,假隔膜6～17个,基脐加厚;基于ITS、EF-1α和TUB序列的系统发育分析结果显示,代表菌株ZM170455与不同寄主来源的多主棒孢霉Corynespora cassiicola聚为同一分支;该病原菌寄主范围广,除草莓外还能侵染黄瓜、辣椒和空心菜等10种经济作物,形成典型病斑。根据形态学特征和分子生物学特征将河南省草莓棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定为多主棒孢霉C. cassiicola。多主棒孢霉侵染前期,其分生孢子萌发产生芽管,而芽管顶端可在远离气孔的位置形成类似附着胞的结构。多主棒孢霉最适温度范围为25～30℃,最适pH为6～10,在光暗交替条件下菌丝生长最快,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为KNO_3<...     

甘肃省马铃薯枯萎病（Fusarium avenaceum）鉴定及其病原生物学特性

对甘肃省马铃薯枯萎病菌进行了分离、鉴定及培养特性的研究。结果表明,该病原菌大型分生孢子镰刀形,无色,多细胞,大小为（12.5~30）μm×（2.5~5）μm;小型分生孢子数量较多,无色,卵圆形或椭圆形,大小为（4.70~12.94）μm×（1.76~2.35）μm;ITS序列分析表明,病原菌与Fusarium avenaceum（JN6317483）亲缘关系最近,相似性达到100%,结合形态特征鉴定该病原菌为燕麦镰刀菌(Fusarium avenaceum)。该病原菌在5~40 ℃范围内均可生长,最适温度为20 ℃;供试的碳、氮源中,果糖和亮氨酸对该菌菌丝生长有显著的促进作用（P<0.05）,而显著抑制菌丝生长的是氯醛糖和碳酸铵（P<0.05）;不同类型培养基中,燕麦片培养基对菌丝生长有显著促进作用（P<0.05）。     

党参斑枯病病原菌及其生物学特性

为明确甘肃省党参斑枯病病原菌及其生物学特性,通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行了病原菌的鉴定,同时利用植物病理学常规培养法进行生物学特性的测定,并利用rDNA-ITS序列构建其系统发育树。结果表明:该菌形态特征与党参壳针孢Septoria codonopsidis Ziling相似,分生孢子器球形、近球形,大小为53.8~76.6μm×40.3~62.7μm;分生孢子无色,针形,1~4个隔膜,大小为15.3~38.8μm×0.9~1.2μm。系统发育树进一步显示,引起党参斑枯病的病原菌为党参壳针孢。该菌菌丝生长、分生孢子萌发和产孢的温度范围分别为5~30、5~35、15~25℃,最适温度分别为20~25、20、20℃;连续光照有利于菌丝生长、孢子萌发,连续黑暗有利于病菌产孢;此菌在相对湿度达90%以上时才可萌发,以水中萌发最好;菌丝生长、孢子萌发和产孢的适宜pH范围分别为4.0~10.0、4.51~9.19和7.0~7.5,最适pH分别为4.5、7.0和7.5;党参根浸渍液和葡萄糖液对孢子萌发有较强的促进作用。表明党参壳针孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的适宜温度偏低,因此该病害在气温偏低及持续阴雨结露条件下发生较重。     

多花黄精叶斑病病原菌的鉴定、生物学特性及杀菌剂对其的抑制作用

采集具有典型叶斑病症状的多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)叶片,分离其病原菌,利用形态学和多基因联合分析对病原菌进行鉴定,研究病原菌的生物学特性,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定杀菌剂对其菌落生长的抑制作用。结果表明,分离出的病原菌分生孢子无色,大多梨形或长梨形,大小为(10～12)μm×(5～7)μm,多基因联合分析表明该病原菌与首都叶点霉(Phyllosticta capitalensis)的同源性达到100%;结合形态学特征和多基因序列分析确定病原菌为首都叶点霉(Ph.capitalensis),这是首都叶点霉(Ph.capitalensis)侵染多花黄精的首次报道;PDA培养基有利于菌丝生长和产孢,25℃条件下菌丝生长最快、且产孢量最大,pH为5.0～10.0时菌丝均可生长,最适pH为7.0,菌丝生长最适碳源为蔗糖、最适氮源为胰蛋白胨,产孢最适碳源为葡萄糖,但酵母、甘氨酸、牛肉膏均不产孢;光暗交替适宜其生长、光照条件可促使病原菌产孢;在测试的9种药剂中,三唑酮EC₅₀=0.292 mg·L^-1对首都叶点霉(Ph.capit...     

牛筋草生防菌NJC-16的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了筛选并获得低毒且高效的牛筋草生防菌,采用常规组织分离法获得牛筋草炭疽病病原菌菌株NJC-16,通过形态学观察结合ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,确定该菌株为牛筋草炭疽菌Colletotrichum eleusines。该病原菌最适生长温度为25℃;不同光照条件对病原菌生长无显著差异;在供试碳（氮）源中病原菌对淀粉和酵母粉的利用效果最好;生长最适pH为6～9;菌丝的致死温度为65℃、10 min。室内生防试验表明,菌株NJC-16分生孢子悬浮液对牛筋草防效最佳,接菌21 d后牛筋草发病率为83.2%,鲜重防效达73%,对稗、马唐、千金子、反枝苋、大巢菜的生防效果较差。作物安全性试验表明,该菌株的分生孢子液对玉米、小麦、水稻安全。综上所述,菌株NJC-16有开发成为生物除草剂的潜力。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。