水牛卵母细胞和体外受精早期胚胎端粒酶活性测定

为了解水牛卵母细胞和体外受精（IVF）胚胎早期发育过程中端粒酶的活性变化,本研究利用端粒重复序列扩增法（TRAP）进行了水牛未成熟卵母细胞,成熟卵母细胞和2～4细胞,8～16细胞,桑椹胚以及囊胚各阶段的早期胚胎端粒酶活性的测定。依据电泳条带在成像系统下的光密度值,计算端粒酶的相对活性（RTA）。结果发现,未成熟卵母细胞端粒酶活性比成熟卵母细胞高（P〈0.05）,受精后2～4和8～16细胞胚胎端粒酶活性相对较低,桑椹胚端粒酶活性明显升高（P〈0.05）,囊胚阶段达到最高水平。通过对水牛不同发育阶段胚胎细胞数计数及单细胞相对端粒酶活性的分析比较结果显示,卵母细胞的单细胞端粒酶活性最高,囊胚阶段的最低。单细胞端粒酶活性从未成熟卵母细胞到IVF囊胚阶段呈逐渐降低的趋势。这些结果表明,水牛卵母细胞及早期胚胎的端粒酶活性变化与其成熟、发育阻断及全能性的逐步降低有关。     

hTERT永生化牛乳腺上皮细胞核移植胚胎的早期发育

为了研究供核细胞端粒酶基因的激活是否影响核移植胚胎的早期发育,试验采用转染端粒酶基因的牛乳腺上皮细胞与正常乳腺上皮细胞分别作为供核细胞进行核移植,检测重构胚卵裂率、囊胚发育率和孵化胚发育率及囊胚细胞数的差异。结果表明:2种细胞都可被牛卵母细胞重编程,各项指标差异均不显著。说明供核细胞人端粒酶催化亚基水平的高低对植入前阶段的核移植胚胎发育无显著影响,推测牛早期核移植胚胎可以调节端粒酶基因的表达和端粒的延伸,无需外源人端粒酶催化亚基活性。     

体细胞克隆的小鼠胚胎在附植前后发育的研究

采用成年小鼠的卵丘细胞核、胎儿成纤维细胞作核供体细胞来进行核移植,研究小鼠卵母细胞的去核程序和影响重构胚附植前发育的激活条件;随后将重构胚与供体细胞系共培养后获得囊胚阶段的小鼠重构胚,并将其移植到受体鼠体内后获得了24%克隆胚胎。结果表明,小鼠卵母细胞质能够进行重编程来支持早期的胚胎发育。     

Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响。收集屠宰场废弃卵巢,抽取卵母细胞。采用电激活联合化学激活的方法得到孤雌胚胎,同时用所得的卵母细胞与卵丘细胞构建猪体细胞核移植重构胚;并将所得的孤雌胚、核移植重构胚移入NCSU-23(培养液)中与Vero细胞共培养。结果,Vero细胞共培养组的囊胚率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组囊胚细胞数无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,Vero细胞作为共培养体系中的滋养层细胞有利于猪胚胎的早期发育。     

小鼠4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球体外培养体系的研究

以CZB为基础培养液,培养小鼠4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球,研究葡萄糖、牛磺酸和猪输卵管上皮细胞共培养在其体外发育中的作用。结果表明:牛磺酸添加与否对4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为29%、30%和14%、14%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。添加葡萄糖后,4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为36%和19%,有显著提高(P<0.05)。含有葡萄糖而牛磺酸的添加与否对4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球的囊胚发育率分别为36%、38%和19%、20%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组内4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球形成的囊胚细胞数分别为(10.44±1.24～(12.43±1.18)和(7.57±0.97)～(8.48±1.16),均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。4、8-细胞胚胎单卵裂球与猪输卵管上皮细胞共培养,其囊胚发育率分别为47%和26%,囊胚细胞数分别为(17.57±1.13)和(11.43±0.92),均高于单一培养(P<0.05)。     

家兔胚胎细胞核移植与连续移植

将发育不同时期的兔胚和移核胚的卵裂球细胞核与去核的成熟卵母细胞共同组成移核胚,通过中间受体培养和移植实验检验胚胎的发育能力。结果表明,（１）兔囊胚之前各个时期的胚胎细胞核均可使移核胚发育到囊胚;（２）胚胎极化前后的卵裂球参与组成的移核胚发育到囊胚的比例无显著差异。但极化后 ６４细胞胚的卵裂球与去核卵母细胞的融合率低于极化前的 ８细胞胚胎卵裂球;（３）兔 １６细胞胚与去核的卵母细胞组成的移核胚可以发育到期,产仔率为 ３．１６％ ;（４）兔移核胚卵裂球用于连续核移植,其后 ２ 代均可发育成囊胚,其中第 １ 代移核胚与第 ２ 代移核胚发育率相似,但显著高于第 ３ 代移核胚;（５）兔移核胚和各代连续移核胚卵裂球与去核卵的融合率无显著差异。     

FGF4在牛早期胚胎发育过程中的表达

应用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫荧光染色技术对成纤维生长因子4(FGF4)在牛早期胚胎发育各个阶段的表达和定位规律进行研究。结果表明,FGF4mRNA及蛋白在牛MⅡ期卵母细胞及各阶段早期胚胎均有表达,其表达量由强到弱依次为桑椹胚、囊胚、8-细胞胚、MⅡ期卵母细胞、4-细胞胚、2-细胞胚;从定位来看,FGF4在MⅡ期卵母细胞及8-细胞期前的各阶段早期胚胎的细胞质和细胞核中均有表达,而8-细胞期及之后的桑椹胚和囊胚期仅分布于细胞质。结果提示,FGF4在牛的早期胚胎发育过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

昆明小鼠内细胞团和滋胚层细胞注入去核2-细胞胚的核移植研究

采用核移植技术将单个细胞注入去核2-细胞卵裂球中,比较来自于囊胚的内细胞团(ICM)和滋胚层细胞(TE)产生孕体或嵌合体的发育潜力。用TE和ICM重构胚胎的发育潜力,主要取决于注射hCG后从输卵管收集到的2-细胞胚胎的时间。在注射hCG后38～42 h和43～46 h收集得到的2-细胞胚胎,其重构胚胎仅仅能够发育到4-细胞期。注射hCG后48～51 h收集得到的2-细胞胚胎,重构后发生卵裂的胚胎比率显著提高,有少部分会发育到囊胚期。用诺考达唑(Nocodazole)处理这些重构胚,发生卵裂的胚胎比率会显著提高,并且有部分重构胚发育到囊胚阶段。将这些囊胚移植到受体鼠中,在其妊娠中期未检测到供体核的出现。用ICM和TE进行重构得到的嵌合2-细胞胚胎,其体外发育潜力有限,本试验中也未得到嵌合孕体。     

猪体外受精中多精子受精

多精子受精指多于一个的精子进入卵母细胞的胞质中,导致多倍体合子的形成、早期胚胎发育夭折或发育异常。哺乳动物在正常的体内受精中多精受精只占1％～2％,当猪卵母细胞在体外成熟和受精时,多精子受精率明显比体内成熟猪卵母细胞的高。多精子受精而发育的猪早期胚胎可发育至囊胚阶段甚至可以更进一步发育,但和两原核正常胚胎相比它们的囊胚内细胞团细胞数明显减少。     

单胚胎RT-qPCR对猪体细胞核移植囊胚全能性的分析

为了检测猪体细胞核移植囊胚的质量和全能性基因表达量,采用体细胞核移植技术制备克隆胚胎并于体外培养5 d后获得囊胚,对照组为从人工授精5 d后的长白母猪体内获取的体内囊胚。在高倍镜下检测两组囊胚的形态,用Hoechest 33342染色细胞核DNA,记录囊胚细胞总数;建立单胚胎cDNA的制备方法,并用qPCR检测囊胚中全能性基因(Oct4、Nanog、Sox2)的表达量。结果表明,与体内囊胚相比,猪体细胞核移植囊胚质量较差,细胞数目显著降低(分别为110±10.3和54±12.6);并且全能性基因表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。由此可见,全能性基因表达量偏低是影响猪体细胞核移植囊胚发育能力的因素之一。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.