RNA干扰DGAT1和DGAT2在猪肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞中表达的研究

本研究旨在探索DGAT1和DGAT2基因表达对猪脂肪沉积效率的影响。以3日龄宗地花猪为实验动物,针对DGAT1和DGAT2基因m RNA序列设计6对sh RNA序列,构建RNA干扰表达载体,将DGAT1和DGAT2的sh RNA干扰载体分别转染至猪的肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞中,采用RT-q PCR筛选出肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞中的最佳sh RNA干扰载体,将最佳干扰载体再次转染肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞,测定细胞代谢液中甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量变化。结果表明:所构建的干扰载体对肝细胞中DGAT1和DGAT2基因的最高抑制效率分别为78.45%和87.52%,对肌内前体脂肪细胞中DGAT1和DGAT2基因的最高抑制效率分别为82.24%和89.82%;肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞培养液中甘油三酯和总胆固醇的含量均降低,其中转染p GPU6/GFP/Neo-DGAT2-1实验组的肝细胞培养液中甘油三酯含量显著低于空白组(P0.05)。结果提示,抑制DGAT1和DGAT2基因的表达,可降低猪肝细胞和肌内前体脂肪细胞代谢液中甘油三酯和总胆固醇的含量。     

山羊DGAT1基因的克隆及对前体脂肪细胞脂质沉积的调控作用研究

旨在克隆山羊DGAT1基因序列,明确DGAT1基因在山羊不同组织中的表达模式,并进一步揭示过表达DGAT1基因对山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞脂质代谢的影响。本试验以10月龄健康简州大耳公羊（n=7）为试验动物。采用RT-PCR法克隆山羊DGAT1基因序列,并对序列进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR （real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）检测DGAT1在山羊不同组织中的相对表达水平;采用双酶切法构建pcDNA3.1-DGAT1真核表达载体并转染至山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞;使用RT-qPCR检测DGAT1过表达效率及脂质代谢相关基因的表达情况;通过油红O染色法观察过表达DGAT1对脂滴形成的影响,利用GPO-Trinder酶学反应检测甘油三酯含量。结果显示,获得山羊DGAT1基因序列全长1 651 bp （GenBank登录号：MT221183）,包含5'UTR 125 bp,CDS 1 470 bp,3'UTR 56 bp,编码489个氨基酸残基;山羊DGAT1基因在小肠中的表达量最高,在脾中表达量最低;RT-qPCR检测结果显示,DGAT1在细胞中过表达极显著（P<0.01）,GPAM基因的相对表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）,ADRP和ACOX1基因极显著上调（P<0.01）,而AGPAT6基因相对表达水平显著下调（P<0.05）,MLYCD和HSL基因极显著下调（P<0.01）;油红O染色结果显示,过表达DGAT1后脂滴聚积相较于对照组极显著增多（P<0.01）,甘油三酯测定结果显示,过表达DGAT1基因可极显著增加山羊肌内脂肪细胞甘油三酯含量（P<0.01）。本研究成功获得山羊DGAT1基因CDS区序列并构建了pcDNA3.1-DGAT1真核表达载体,过表达DGAT1可显著促进山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞脂质沉积,并显著影响脂质代谢相关基因的表达,这些结果为进一步阐明DGAT1对调控山羊肌内脂肪代谢的作用机制提供了重要数据。     

藏绵羊KLF7基因表达特征分析及其过表达对前脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

【目的】分析藏绵羊Krüppel样因子7(Krüppel-like factor 7,KLF7)基因表达特征,研究过表达该基因对前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。【方法】从藏绵羊脂肪组织中分离前脂肪细胞进行培养及成脂诱导,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测KLF7基因在藏绵羊7个组织(大脑、皮下脂肪、肾脏、背最长肌、瘤胃、睾丸和回肠)和前脂肪细胞不同分化阶段(第0、2、4和8天)的mRNA相对表达水平;应用RT-PCR方法从藏绵羊脂肪组织中扩增KLF7基因CDS区序列,并将其连接到pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达载体获得pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒,转染前脂肪细胞;应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测脂肪细胞增殖及分化标志基因mRNA表达水平;采用EdU和CCK-8方法分别检测过表达KLF7基因对EdU阳性细胞数和细胞活力的影响;采用油红O染色检测过表达KLF7基因后脂肪细胞脂滴生成量。【结果】KLF7基因在藏绵羊7个组织中均有表达,其中在大脑中的表达量最高,其次为皮下脂肪和肾脏,均显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);诱导分化第2、4和8天脂肪细胞mRNA表达量均显著高于分化前(P＜0.05),且分化第2天表达量最高;pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒转染前脂肪细胞2 d后显著或极显著抑制增殖标志基因CDK4、CyclinB1和CyclinD1的表达水平(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),极显著降低细胞活力及EdU阳性细胞数量(P＜0.01);pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒转染前脂肪细胞,诱导分化8 d后,脂肪细胞分化标志基因PPARγ、Glut4和ELOVL6的mRNA相对表达水平显著或极显著下调(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),且脂质沉积极显著减少(P＜0.01),表明过表达KLF7基因可抑制藏绵羊前脂肪细胞增殖及分化。【结论】KLF7基因在藏绵羊多个组织中广泛表达,且大脑、皮下脂肪、肾脏中表达量较高;诱导分化后脂肪细胞表达量显著高于分化前,且分化第2天表达量最高;过表达KLF7基因可抑制藏绵羊前脂肪细胞的增殖及分化。试验结果为阐明藏绵羊脂肪沉积的分子调控机制提供了基础数据。     

FADS1基因对猪不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响研究

【目的】研究脂肪酸去饱和酶1(fatty acid desaturases 1,FADS1)基因对不饱和脂肪酸代谢的调控作用,为揭示其分子机制提供参考。【方法】利用PCR扩增猪FADS1基因的CDS区,将目的基因与pcDNA3.1(-)骨架载体连接获得重组表达载体pcDNA3.1-FLAG-FADS1,将重组表达载体瞬时转染宁乡猪肾成纤维细胞,转染后24、48 h分别收集细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测FADS1基因的表达情况,经过遗传霉素(geneticin, G418)筛选之后获得稳定表达FADS1基因的细胞系,命名为1-4^#。利用甘油三酯检测试剂盒检测野生型和1-4^#细胞甘油三酯含量变化;利用气相色谱质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS)检测野生型和1-4^#细胞不饱和脂肪酸含量变化情况。【结果】成功获得过表达载体pcDNA3.1-FLAG-FADS1,在转录水平和蛋白水平检测均有过表达效果。通过G418筛选出1株稳定过表达F...     

FADS2基因在奶牛乳腺细胞中的过表达和干扰研究

为了研究脂肪酸脱氢酶2(fatty acid desaturases 2,FADS2)基因在奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸代谢中的作用,本研究在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中对FADS2基因进行过表达和干扰,研究FADS2基因表达对脂肪酸合成相关基因的调控及对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中甘油三酯含量的影响。针对FADS2基因的CDS序列设计siRNA和过表达载体pcDNA3.1-FADS2-EGFP,转染奶牛乳腺细胞检测FADS2基因过表达和干扰对脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的影响及细胞中甘油三酯含量的变化。结果显示,试验成功获得过表达载体pcDNA3.1-FADS2-EGFP和干扰片段,转染细胞后具有良好的过表达和干扰效果。FADS2基因过表达后,1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT1)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白裂解激活蛋白(SCAP)、3-磷酸甘油转移酶(GPAM)、脂肪酸延长链5(ELOVL5)、乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1(ACAA1)、脂肪酸脱氢酶1(FADS1)、二酰基甘油转酰基酶1(DGAT1)和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体α(PPARα)基因显著下调(P<0.05),脂滴蛋白2(PLIN2)基因极显著上调(P<0.01)。FADS2基因干扰过后可引起AGPAT1、GPAM、ELOVL5、ACAA1、PLIN2和FADS1基因显著上调(P<0.05),脂肪酸合成胰岛素诱导基因1(INSIG1)极显著上调(P<0.01),DGAT1和PPARα基因显著下调(P<0.05)。甘油三酯检测结果显示,FADS2基因过表达和干扰均可降低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中甘油三酯的含量。综上所述,在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中,FADS2基因能调控脂质合成相关基因的表达,对乳腺脂质合成具有调控作用。     

FADS2基因在奶牛乳腺细胞中的过表达和干扰研究

为了研究脂肪酸脱氢酶2(fatty acid desaturases 2,FADS2)基因在奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸代谢中的作用,本研究在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中对FADS2基因进行过表达和干扰,研究FADS2基因表达对脂肪酸合成相关基因的调控及对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中甘油三酯含量的影响。针对FADS2基因的CDS序列设计siRNA和过表达载体pcDNA3.1-FADS2-EGFP,转染奶牛乳腺细胞检测FADS2基因过表达和干扰对脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的影响及细胞中甘油三酯含量的变化。结果显示,试验成功获得过表达载体pcDNA3.1-FADS2-EGFP和干扰片段,转染细胞后具有良好的过表达和干扰效果。FADS2基因过表达后,1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT1)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白裂解激活蛋白(SCAP)、3-磷酸甘油转移酶(GPAM)、脂肪酸延长链5(ELOVL5)、乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1(ACAA1)、脂肪酸脱氢酶1(FADS1)、二酰基甘油转酰基酶1(DGAT1)和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体α(PPARα)基因显著下调(P0.05),脂滴蛋白2(PLIN2)基因极显著上调(P0.01)。FADS2基因干扰过后可引起AGPAT1、GPAM、ELOVL5、ACAA1、PLIN2和FADS1基因显著上调(P0.05),脂肪酸合成胰岛素诱导基因1(INSIG1)极显著上调(P0.01),DGAT1和PPARα基因显著下调(P0.05)。甘油三酯检测结果显示,FADS2基因过表达和干扰均可降低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中甘油三酯的含量。综上所述,在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中,FADS2基因能调控脂质合成相关基因的表达,对乳腺脂质合成具有调控作用。     

miR-26a-5p对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响

分别将miR-26a-5p mimic和inhibitor成功转染至3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,使miR-26a-5p过表达和功能缺失。采用CCK-8和流式细胞术检测细胞活力及细胞周期,实时qPCR和Western blot技术分别检测细胞周期G1期标志基因CyclinD1和CDK4及成脂标志基因FABP4和C/EBPα的表达,油红O染色检测甘油三酯含量变化。结果显示:过表达miR-26a-5p显著降低3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的活力并导致其G1期阻滞;与对照组相比,miR-26a-5p mimic组CyclinD1和CDK4的mRNA和蛋白水平表达显著下调而FABP4和C/EBPα的mRNA和蛋白水平表达显著上调,甘油三酯积累增加;当抑制其表达后出现与之完全相反的结果。结果表明:miR-26a-5p显著抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖并促进其成脂分化。     

小窝蛋白-1在猪前体脂肪细胞分化中的作用及其机理

以体外培养1日龄猪皮下前体脂肪细胞为研究对象,通过脂质体LipofectamineTM2000介导小窝蛋白-1（Caveolin-1,CAV1）过表达载体pEGFP-N1-CAV1及CAV1的干扰片段siRNA-CAV1分别转染猪皮下前体脂肪细胞,采用RT-PCR定量分析转染后24、48、72、96h的CAV1mRNA表达量以及转染后72h脂肪细胞分化相关基因的mRNA表达量;其后又进行了CAV1过表达或干扰且诱导分化后甘油三脂含量以及脂肪细胞分化相关基因的mRNA表达量测定。结果显示,过表达CAV1基因上调前体脂肪细胞分化相关基因PPARγ、C/EBPβ、AP2、GPDH的表达量,干扰CAV1基因下调C/EBPβ、PPARγ、AP2、LPL、VLDLR的表达量;诱导分化后干扰组C/EBPβ、LPL、VLDLR的表达量仍显著降低,而甘油三脂含量检测结果说明过表达CAV1基因能促进脂肪细胞分化,提示CAV1可能通过C/EBPβ、LPL、VLDLR等基因影响猪前体脂肪细胞分化。     

从江香猪PDK4基因干扰载体的构建与检测

为了进一步揭示PDK4基因在猪肌内前体脂肪细胞中的调控作用,本试验采集5日龄从江香猪背最长肌,采用Ⅱ型胶原酶进行消化,分离肌内前体脂肪细胞,进行原代和传代培养及形态学观察;根据克隆得到的PDK4基因序列,利用在线软件设计合成3对特异性单链siRNA序列和1对阴性对照序列,经退火后形成双链,连接pLVX-shRNA2-Puro载体,重组质粒采用双酶切及测序进行验证。针对干扰载体转染培养的从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法筛选出最有效的干扰序列。结果显示,原代从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞约4 h开始贴壁,24 h后细胞形态均一,贴壁牢固,第5天汇合呈单层细胞,基本铺满培养板;重组质粒经双酶切及测序鉴定结果显示,设计合成的4对siRNA干扰序列与载体质粒均连接正确,表明成功构建了PDK4基因的干扰载体,并可成功转染猪肌内前体脂肪细胞;实时荧光定量PCR方法检测发现,干扰载体可有效减少从江香猪肌内脂肪前体脂肪细胞中PDK4基因mRNA的表达,最佳干扰效率可达81.90%。本试验成功培养了从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞,构建并得到了PDK4基因的最佳干扰载体,为进一步研究PDK4基因对脂肪代谢的调控机制奠定基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.