稻曲病的发病规律及新药剂"爱苗"的防治示范

稻曲病是水稻后期发生的一种真菌性病害,近年来已成为水稻主要病害之一。稻曲病在开花后至乳熟期发生,一般产量损失约5%,重病田损失更大。影响稻曲病菌发育和侵染的气候因素以降雨为主。防治稻曲病重点是针对感病品种,采取综合措施,积极开展预防。“爱苗”可以有效防治水稻中后期的稻曲病、纹枯病、稻粒黑粉病等病害,且增产效果最佳,对水稻安全。是值得推广的新产品。     

2010年福建省早稻新品种稻曲病抗性差异调查

品种抗病性是水稻育种的重要目标，也是品种评价利用的基础。近年稻曲病的发生呈现加重的趋势，通过对2010年早稻品种间稻曲病发病率的方差分析，表明不同品种对稻曲病的抗病能力有极大差异，认为加强品种抗病选育是解决稻曲病危害和实现水稻高产优质的重要措施。     

滨海稻区水稻病虫草害发生情况与防治措施

对水稻稻瘟病、水稻纹枯病、水稻条纹叶枯病、稻曲病、水稻胡麻斑病、二化螟、稻蝗、稻飞虱、稻水象甲、稻纵卷叶螟等近年来滨海稻区水稻主要病虫草害的发生情况进行了详细分析,并找出了发生原因,提出了有效的防治措施。     

稻曲病发病规律、病菌功能基因组以及免疫反应的遗传机制

稻曲病已成为我国水稻生产中重要病害之一,不仅影响水稻产量和品质,且危害人畜健康安全。目前对稻曲病研究已取得一定进展,但在抗性评价标准、抗性基因挖掘、病原菌侵染方式、致病机理以及防控预测等方面还存在局限性。本文综述了稻曲病简史与发生概况、稻曲病菌的生物学特征、稻曲病菌的侵染特征、稻曲病抗性遗传规律与基因鉴定、抗性遗传机制、抗性鉴定技术以及病害发生影响因子等方面的研究进展。同时,探讨当前稻曲病抗性鉴定方法、抗性基因挖掘、侵染机制、稻曲病菌与水稻互作以及病情监测预报和防治等方面存在的问题,分析与展望了相关问题及研究方向。     

稻曲病的发生及防治

简述了稻曲病会引起水稻空秕粒增多,千粒重下降等危害症状,从颜色、形态上指出了稻曲病发生的特征,总结了该病的发生条件和发展规律,结合实践提出了从品种选择、施肥管理,水层控制等方面对稻曲病进行防治的措施。     

稻曲病的发生及防治

简述了稻曲病会引起水稻空秕粒增多，千粒重下降等危害症状，从颜色、形态上指出了稻曲病发生的特征，总结了该病的发生条件和发展规律，结合实践提出了从品种选择、施肥管理、水层控制等方面对稻曲病进行防治的措施。     

稻曲病菌侵染循环及其分生孢子致病作用的研究进展

稻曲病是一种由Ustilaginoidea virens (cooke) Takahashi侵染引起的水稻穗部病害,在中国广泛发生。被稻曲病侵染后,水稻产量与品质会受到严重影响。研究稻曲病菌侵染水稻的过程及其致病机制,将为稻曲病的防治提供理论依据。介绍了稻曲病菌侵染过程及侵染循环、分生孢子的形成和萌发及其相关基因以及稻曲病菌与水稻分子互作机制等方面的研究进展,并就进一步深入研究提出了建议。     

水稻主要病虫害防治技术

介绍了稻瘟病、水稻纹枯病、水稻白叶枯病、稻曲病、稻水象甲、水稻二化螟、稻飞虱等在水稻生产过程中主要影响水稻产量的几种病虫害的防治技术.对水稻病虫害的防治要以预防为主,勤观察、早发现、早防治,进行综合防治,以保障水稻优产、高产.     

稻曲病大发生关键因子及药剂防治研究

针对稻曲病在水稻生产上危害日趋加重的现状，2002-2005年对引起该病大发生的关键因子及药剂防治技术进行了连续4年的研究。结果表明：感病品种（组合）和水稻孕穗至抽穗期间5d以上降水天气是引起稻曲病大发生的二个关键因子‘同时，稻曲病为害程度还与水稻栽培方式、种植密度、肥水管理及施药水平等因素有关。稻曲病药剂防治技术关键：一是选用有效药剂。二是抓住施药适期施药。筛选出防治稻曲病的有效药剂有30％爱苗EC，43％好力克SC和62．25N仙生WP。稻曲病施药适期是水稻分蘖末期、破口前3～7d、始穗期3个时期。     

浅谈水稻“三病一虫”的防治技术

稻瘟病、纹枯病、稻曲病和二化螟虫(简称"三病一虫")对吉林省水稻生产造成较严重危害,影响水稻产量及水稻生产的发展。介绍了"三病一虫"的发生概况,总结分析了其发生流行因素及发生危害特点,并从农业技术措施防治、药剂防治等方面详细阐述了水稻"三病一虫"的防治技术。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.