浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

繁育寄主植物对浅黄恩蚜小蜂生防潜能的影响

为明确以雪莲果Smallanthus sonchifolius为寄主植物繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia的生防潜能,测定雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂个体大小以及其对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum的致死能力,并解析其寄生2种粉虱若虫后的子代发育情况。结果表明,雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌雄蜂体长、头宽及后足胫节长度均显著高于番茄繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂。雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的平均致死数量分别为24.7头和25.0头,显著高于番茄繁育的21.4头和21.0头。相对于番茄,雪莲果繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫后其子代发育时间更短,平均分别为13.2 d和12.5 d;而且子代羽化率也显著高于番茄繁育的子代羽化率,分别为84.1%和86.9%。表明与番茄相比,雪莲果为寄主植物繁育的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱具有更强的生防潜能。     

丽蚜小蜂的低温贮存

在低温3、8、10和12℃中,贮存被丽蚜小蜂寄生的温室白粉虱黑蛹,经过15、20、25、30和35天后的结果指出:温度越高,羽化率也越高。贮存时间越长,羽化率越低。在12℃中贮存20天,羽化率为87％,与对照93％差异不显著。带叶贮存比不带叶贮存羽化率为高。贮存时,寄生蜂的发育时期(黑蛹日龄)对羽化率无明显影响;但贮存已发育3天以上(即4日龄以上)的黑蛹,在贮存期间(20天内)陆续有羽化。黑蛹贮存20天后羽化的丽蚜小蜂,其产卵量较对照减少48％,寿命也从18.9天减少为13.8天;贮存25—30天后影响更显著。初羽化的成蜂在12℃中贮存5天后,死亡率虽仅2％,但产卵量比对照减少76％。     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

喂饲蜂蜜水对丽蚜小蜂成蜂产卵寄生能力的影响

为了明确对丽蚜小蜂成蜂补充营养,在温室白粉虱上产卵寄生能力的影响,在25℃±1℃下,用10％蜂蜜水喂饲成蜂3天,并以新羽化未喂饲蜂蜜水的蜂作为对照。在平均温度16.9℃的养虫室内测定其产卵寄生能力及寿命。结果表明:喂饲10％蜂蜜水的雌蜂平均可产卵寄生粉虱若虫86.8±41.8头,而对照蜂仅寄生55.2±38.3头;喂蜂蜜水的蜂产卵速度也高于对照蜂,接蜂后5天和10天,前者每雌平均累计产卵量分别占总产卵量的29.47％和41.13％,而对照蜂仅占12.20％和27.10％,喂饲蜂蜜水与不喂蜂蜜水的成蜂寿命则无显著差异;在两间日平均温度为15.9℃的温室内放蜂,喂饲蜂蜜水的小蜂对粉虱的致死率为41.63％,其中寄生致死率为31.94％;而不喂蜂蜜水的小峰对粉虱的致死率仅为18％,其中寄生致死率为14.95％。研究结果表明,在京郊温室温度较低的条件下,补充丽蚜小蜂成蜂的营养,可以提高对白粉虱的防治效果。     

丽蚜小蜂生产技术

<正>温室害虫的防治日益成为棘手的问题,其中最严重的害虫之一就是白粉虱。近年来,由于温室一直使用化学农药,使害虫增加了抗药性,人们不得不寻找生物方法来进行防治。实践证明,利用白粉虱的天敌——丽蚜小蜂来实施生物防治,可收到事半功倍的效果。     

常用农药对丽蚜小蜂和中华草岭的毒力测定

用14种农药对温室白粉虱的主要天敌丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明:灭螨猛对丽蚜小蜂成虫和幼虫在寄主体内的发育、羽化,以及中华草蛉各虫态均无影响。供试的有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对丽蚜小蜂有较高的毒性。中华草蛉对有机磷类杀虫剂敏感。大棚中常用的杀菌剂、杀螨剂和选择性杀蚜剂对丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉均安全。中华草蛉具有天然的抗拟除虫菊酯的能力。     

Wolbachia共生对丽蚜小蜂生殖和适应性的影响

通过喂食合有盐酸四环素的蜂蜜水抑制丽蚜小蜂体内Wolbachia的活性,并研究以烟粉虱为寄主时Wolbachia内共生菌对丽蚜小蜂生殖力、寿命和后代性别的影响.结果表明:抗生素处理后丽蚜小蜂产生雄性后代,雄性后代所占比例与抗生素浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.322,P<0.01).在1mg/mL抗生素浓度下丽蚜小蜂产生的寄生蛹数(黑蛹数)为68.1±8.9,较对照的49.1±4.5显著增加;而雌成蜂寿命与对照无显著差异(抗生素处理15.56 4-1.55,对照12.50±0.88),且从第4天开始产生的后代全部为雄性.说明Wolbachia的共生对丽蚜小蜂的生殖力具有一定的负面影响,Wolba-chia调控宿主生殖的强度与其密度有关.     

温室条件下丽蚜小蜂的扩散行为

丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌,目前已广泛应用于设施蔬菜烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum的防控。本文在温室条件下对丽蚜小蜂的扩散行为进行了研究,并分析了扩散距离、释放时间等因素对其寄生率的影响。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂成虫释放后其扩散行为是渐进的、不连续的,主要在1~4 m范围内扩散,少量个体可扩散至6~8 m。番茄植株高度对丽蚜小蜂寄生率没有明显影响,这说明其释放后可成功地搜索到不同高度植株上的寄主。丽蚜小蜂释放后第2 d,距释放点l和2 m处其寄生率分别为92.5%和85.3%;释放后4 d,距释放点l和2 m处其寄生率分别为53.1%和39.7%。同一释放时间距释放点l和2 m处丽蚜小蜂寄生率没有显著差异,但却显著高于距释放点4、6和8 m处丽蚜小蜂的寄生率。因此,从寄生率也可以看出丽蚜小蜂成虫主要在1~4 m范围内进行扩散。利用丽蚜小蜂的有效扩散距离和寄生率可以确定其在温室的释放数量、释放点之间的距离和释放次数,研究结果对于更好地发挥丽蚜小蜂在生物防治中的控害作用具有重要的应用意义。     

常用杀虫剂与球孢白僵菌的相容性及对温室白粉虱的协同防效

本试验测定6种常用杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,并选取相容性高的杀虫剂在10倍稀释浓度下与球孢白僵菌复配对温室白粉虱进行防治。结果表明,球孢白僵菌与10%吡虫啉WP的相容性最高,而与2.5%联苯菊酯EC和20%高氯·噻嗪酮EC相容性较差,在10倍稀释浓度下10%吡虫啉WP对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制率分别为12%和3.38%,产孢量为1.94×106个/mL。对白粉虱协同防效试验中,3个处理间存在显著差异,复配药剂的防效最高能达到85.19%,在防治3d后一直维持在80%以上,高于单独使用球孢白僵菌制剂和10%吡虫啉WP的防效。因此,在温室白粉虱的防治过程中,可利用生防真菌制剂与低浓度的化学杀虫剂复配,从而达到增效作用。     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.     

氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱高效的农药复配组合,本试验选择9种杀虫单剂对田间采集的温室白粉虱进行了毒力测定,并利用共毒因子和共毒系数对氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配组合的联合毒力进行评价,同时对筛选出的药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：杀虫单剂毒力测定中,LC₅₀最低的为鱼藤酮,最高的为螺虫乙酯,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.43μg/mL和78.59μg/mL;毒力大小顺序为鱼藤酮>氟啶虫胺腈>除虫菊素>苦参·印楝素>d-柠檬烯>氟吡呋喃酮>啶虫脒>高效氯氰菊酯>螺虫乙酯。共毒系数大于120的复配组合为氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1、氟吡呋喃酮与苦参·印楝素1∶2和1∶5,共毒系数分别为268.31、247.80和241.46,LC₅₀分别为5.76、4.51μg/mL和4.34μg/mL。氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1复配增效作用明显,为最佳配比。田间药效试验表明,10 d后,17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂与1%苦参·印楝素乳油、5%d-柠檬烯可溶液剂复配对温室白粉虱的防效达到83.5%～83...     

辣椒碱与3种药剂对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum具有增效作用的农药复配组合,室内采用玻璃管饲喂法测定了辣椒碱与吡虫啉、溴氰虫酰胺、苦参碱复配对温室白粉虱初羽化成虫的联合毒力,并以共毒因子法与共毒系数法对各复配组合的联合毒力进行评价.试验结果表明,共毒因子大于20的配比共6组,进一步细化配比后筛选...     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California

Since 1998, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has emerged as a major insect pest of many horticultural crops in coastal California. Control of this pest has been heavily dependent upon chemical insecticides. Objectives of this study were to determine the status of the greenhouse whitefly susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Oxnard/Ventura, a year-round intensive horticultural production area of southern California. For bioassay tests, adult whiteflies were collected from commercial strawberry crops, and immatures were directly developed from eggs laid by these adults. LD(50) values of soil-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were respectively 8.7, 3.2 and 4.9 times higher for the adults, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.5 times higher for the first-instar nymphs and 89.4, 390 and 10.4 times higher for the third-instar nymphs than their top label rates. LC(50) values of foliar-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were respectively 6.1, 6.0 and 1.7 times higher for the adults and 3.8, 8.7 and 4.4 times higher for the second-instar nymphs than their top label rates. For the adults, LC(90) values of endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were 2.2, 1.2, 1.9, 2.3 and 4.9 times lower than their respective top label rates. Chlorpyrifos was not very effective against the adults, as indicated by its LC(90) being 120% higher than its top label rate. The present results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

新疆两种粉虱的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶的比较研究

应用电泳分析方法 ,对乌鲁木齐地区所发生的温室白粉虱和烟粉虱进行了酯酶同工酶、过氧化物同工酶的比较研究。结果表明 :两种粉虱的酶谱有明显的种间差异。温室白粉虱的酯酶酶谱可分 2组区带 ;过氧化物酶酶谱可分 5组区带。烟粉虱的酯酶酶谱可分 5组区带 ;过氧化物酶酶谱可分 4组区带     

在黏虫板控制状态下温室白粉虱空间分布调查初报

在利用黏虫板控制虫情的条件下,通过系统调查,初步明确了在冬、春季温室白粉虱具有向温室后部集中和趋向植株上部的特性,为该虫科学监测和防治提供了依据。