桃金娘提取物体外抑菌试验

检测桃金娘不同部位水提物及醇提物对大肠杆菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用。采用琼脂扩散药敏法测定抑菌圈直径,微量倍比稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果显示,桃金娘叶、果的醇提液和水提液对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌均有一定的抑菌效果,并且醇提液效果优于水提液,其中桃金娘叶醇提液的抑菌效果最好,对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的MIC分别为0.125 g/mL、0.25 g/mL。桃金娘叶、果的醇提液和水提液对大肠杆菌均无抑菌效果。     

苗药白接骨醇提物对耐药性猪源大肠杆菌体外抑菌效果观察

采用管碟法、微量稀释法和琼脂平板计数法,测定抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC),分析临床分离的大肠杆菌菌株的耐药性,并观察苗药白接骨醇提物对标准大肠杆菌菌株和临床分离的具有耐药性的猪源大肠杆菌菌株的抑菌效果。结果显示,临床分离的大肠杆菌菌株对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑、头孢曲松、环丙沙星均无抑菌圈产生,表现多重耐药。而白接骨醇提物对两株细菌的抑菌圈直径分别达到33.20±0.82 mm和33.78±0.38 mm;MIC均为0.78 mg/m L;MBC均为1.56 mg/m L。苗药白接骨醇提物对具有耐药性的猪源大肠杆菌在体外有较好的抑菌效果。     

功劳叶提取物的体外抗菌活性研究

采用水提法和乙醇回流加热法分别提取功劳叶,应用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法分别检测功劳叶提取物对试验菌的抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(MinimumInhibitory Consistency,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(Minimum Bactericidal Consistency,MBC)。结果显示,功劳叶醇提物金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为20.69 mm、15.40 mE;MIC值分别是31.3 mg/mL、125 mg/mL;MBC值分别是62.5 mg/mL、500 mg/mL。功劳叶水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈13.54mm,其MIC值、MBC值分别是62.5 mg/mL、500 mg/mL,对大肠杆菌抗菌活性较弱,其MIC值为500 mg/mL,MBC500 mg/mL。功劳叶不同提取物对细菌的抗菌活性有所差异,功劳叶醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均由不同程度的抑菌或杀菌能力。     

6种中药醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌效果评价

本文针对甘草、黄连、板蓝根、黄芩、黄芪、大青叶6种中药醇和水提取物,研究其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌作用效果。采用醇提法和水提法获得6种中药醇和水提取物;通过药敏试验,筛选对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有抑菌效果的中药提取物;通过试管2倍稀释法探明该中药提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);进而探明该中药提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌的最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明,6种中药醇水提取物中仅黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌表现较强的抑菌效果,浓度在0.5 mg/mL时,黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌分别达高敏和极敏。黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为0.08 mg/mL和0.04 mg/mL,MBC结果显示,黄连醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌均表现杀菌作用,MBC分别为0.16 mg/mL和0.08 mg/mL。表明黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,且黄连水提物的抑菌效果优于黄连醇提物。     

火绒草的抗菌活性研究

采用试管稀释法，分别测定了火绒草水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物时大肠杆菌C83882、大肠杆菌C83803、大肠杆菌C83814、沙门氏菌C79-20、金黄色葡萄球菌Newbould S-305、金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株等6株病原菌的最低抑菌浓度（M1C）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。试验结果表明，火绒草醇提物及其石油醚部分和乙酸乙酯部分时两种金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制作用，其M1C为0．14mg／ml生药浓度，MBC为0．27mg／ml生药浓度，而其它部分时金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较弱。火绒草醇提正丁醇部分和水溶部分时3株大肠杆菌和1株沙门氏菌具有较强的抑制作用，其MIC为2．70mg／ml生药浓度，MBC为2．70mg／ml生药浓度．显示了较强的抗菌活性。     

茅膏菜不同提取物的抑菌效果及抗氧化能力的研究

研究考察了茅膏菜水提物和醇提物体外抑菌活性和体外抗氧化活性。对茅膏菜水提物及醇提物采用管碟法测试抑菌效果和Fenton法清除羟自由基(-OH)的清除率。结果表明:茅膏菜水提物及醇提物对沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长均有较强的抑制作用;茅膏菜醇提物的抑制效果更为显著;茅膏菜水提物对沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)与最低杀菌浓度(MBC)值相等,为62.50 mg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC与MBC也相同,为125.00 mg/mL;醇提物对沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的MIC与MBC值相等,为31.25 mg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC与MBC也相同,为15.63 mg/mL。茅膏菜水提物及醇提物对羟自由基有较强的清除作用,其效果随浓度的增加而提高。由此可见,茅膏菜水提物和醇提物有较好的体外抑菌活性和抗氧化活性。     

黔中金荞麦活性物质提取工艺优化及提取物抑菌活性研究

为优化贵州地区优质牧草黔中金荞麦活性物质的提取工艺，并探究提取物抑菌活性，试验通过回流法、超声法、水煮法及鲜样榨汁法对黔中金荞麦地上部分和地下部分进行提取，通过打孔法检测各提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果，确定提取方法；利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测提取物中的有效物质含量，对溶液浓度、料液比、提取温度进行优化，设置正交试验确定最优提取工艺。以微量肉汤二倍稀释法检测在最佳提取条件下提取的黔中金荞麦提取物对3种细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明：黔中金荞麦地下部分的70%乙醇超声提取物对3种细菌均有抑制作用，对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果最好，抑菌圈直径为24.2 mm。最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度50%,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶40。提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的MIC介于31.25～62.5 mg/mL之间，MBC介于为62.5～500 mg/mL之间；对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果较好，MIC和MBC分别为31.25 mg/mL和62.5 mg/mL。说明黔中金荞麦地下部分醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均具有抑制作用...     

百里香酚和植酸对猪源致病菌的抑菌效果研究

研究旨在探究百里香酚和植酸对猪源大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制效果，为进一步改善猪舍环境和猪肠道功能研究提供参考。试验采用牛津杯法、二倍稀释法和平板涂布法，分别测定百里香酚和植酸对两种猪源致病菌的抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）的影响。结果表明：猪源大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对50 mg/mL百里香酚表现为高度敏感，对17.5%植酸表现为极度敏感。百里香酚对猪源大肠杆菌MIC和MBC分别为1.56 mg/mL和3.12 mg/mL，对猪源沙门氏菌MIC和MBC均为1.56 mg/mL；植酸对猪源沙门氏菌的抑制效果强于猪源大肠杆菌，对猪源大肠杆菌MIC和MBC均为4.37%，对猪源沙门氏菌MIC和MBC均为2.18%。说明百里香酚和植酸对猪源大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌具有较好的抑菌效果，在抑菌活性物质筛选中具备较好的应用前景。     

11种中药对致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

采用水提醇沉法提取中药中的有效成分,通过测定骆驼蓬子、黄连和没食子等11种中药对致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)值,比较各中药对致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明,11种中药提取物中骆驼蓬子、没食子、黄连和小檗实对致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌抑菌效果最明显,抑菌圈直径分别为:25.63 mm、21.89 mm、21.82 mm、19.32 mm,MIC值分别为3.91 mg/mL、31.25 mg/mL、62.5 mg/mL、62.5 mg/mL,而石榴花、红花、阿魏、柽柳实和甘草提取物对致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌没有显示抑菌作用。     

大蒜提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果观察

大蒜提取液具有抗菌等多种药理作用。本研究通过牛津杯法抑菌试验和试管二倍稀释法测定大蒜提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对大蒜提取物均为高度敏感,大蒜提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为50mg/mL和25mg/mL,MBC值也分别为50mg/mL和25mg/mL。试验结果表明大蒜提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抗菌作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.