鹅喉羚

鹅喉羚Gazella subgutturosa又名长尾黄羊、羚羊,为国家二级保护动物。它生活在亚洲中部荒漠地区,对荒漠地区干旱贫瘠的自然环境适宜性强,广布于荒漠盆地和山地。分布鹅喉羚的分布,从阿拉伯半岛、巴勒斯坦至高加索,到伊朗、阿富汗、巴基斯坦,以及前苏联中亚地区,蒙古和中国西北部。已记录6个亚种,中国境内分布有4个亚种,即青海柴达木     

新疆鹅喉羚叶尔羌亚种微卫星遗传多样性研究

为了深入了解国家二级保护动物新疆鹅喉羚叶尔羌亚种(Gazella subgutturosa yarkandensis)种群的遗传现状,运用非损伤取样技术,从主要分布区中收集的58份粪便样本和15份肌肉样品中提取基因组DNA,采用10个特异微卫星位点来评价该区域的鹅喉羚种群的遗传多样性。经多次重复提取和重复PCR扩增后,发现58份粪便样本来源于49只不同的鹅喉羚个体。10个微卫星位点的平均的个体识别率(DP)值为0.918,累积个体识别率(CDP)值为0.9992。总共检测到57个等位基因,平均等位基因数(A)为5.7±1.3375(5~8);平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为4.72±0.6903(3.68~5.76);平均期望杂合度(He)为0.685±0.0296(0.5862~0.7627);平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.719±0.0583(0.661~0.819)。除了和静种群在0ar FCB304位点上和且末种群在BM1818位上偏离Hardy-Weinderg平衡之外都基本遵守此平衡。以上结果显示该分布区鹅喉羚种群具有较高的遗传多样性。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的采食地选择

2006-2007年,通过野外直接观察采样的方法,研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类动物保护区内鹅喉羚的采食地特征。Mann-Whitney U检验表明,春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地内的植物种数、植被盖度、植被高度和可食生物量均显著高于对照地中相应成分。主成分分析表明,影响研究区内春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地选择的关键环境因子是食物因子(植物种数,可食生物量和各季节大宗食物密度)、警戒因子(坡位和植被盖度)、温度因子(坡向和植被高度),以及水分因子(富含水分的食物)。冬季鹅喉羚经受严重的放牧干扰,采食地呈现为生存而被迫选择局部次适宜区域栖息的特征。     

国家级重点保护的新疆野生动物

一、Ⅰ级保护的兽类(14种):紫貂、貂熊、新疆虎(认已绝灭)、雪豹、蒙古野驴、西藏野驴、普氏野马、野骆驼、野牦牛、普氏原羚、藏羚、高鼻羚羊、北山羊、河狸。二、Ⅱ级保护的兽类(17种):豺、棕熊、藏马熊、石貂、水獭、草原斑猫、荒漠猫、猞猁、免狲、麝、马鹿、藏原羚、鹅喉羚、岩羊、盘羊(大头羊)、雪兔、塔里木兔。     

中国鸨类的分布与现状

依据1990-2002年调查资料,分析了我国国家一级保护动物3种鸨类的分布和现状.大鸨(Otis tarda):东方亚种(O.t.dybowskii)中国种群繁殖于黑龙江西南部、吉林西部、内蒙古东部和中部、宁夏北部和甘肃,少数个体滞留在南部繁殖地越冬.指名亚种(O.t.tarda):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部和西部.越冬区尚不清楚,推测可能在南亚一带,新近在新疆察布查尔发现越冬个体.繁殖地生境为草原、荒漠草原和农田;越冬地生境为挥湖沿岸滩涂、草甸、草甸草原和麦地等.波斑鸨(Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni):中国种群繁殖于准噶尔盆地周边、乌伦古河两岸、巴里坤及吐鲁番盆地南部、内蒙古西部和甘肃西部.准噶尔盆地东部木垒东北为国际间的主要繁殖区之一.生境为荒漠和荒漠草原,越冬地在西亚和南亚一带.小鸨(Tetrax tetrax ):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部,我国为繁殖区的东界.生境为草原和半荒漠,越冬于南亚一带.我国种群数量十分稀少.     

新疆珍稀濒危动物

据《大自然》杂志1985年第1期所载《我国保护动物名录》,新疆列入名录的动物共87种,占全国保护种数的三分之一强。其中一类保护动物20种,包括野骆驼、野马、蒙古野驴、西藏野驴、野牦牛、河狸、藏羚、赛加羚、新疆虎、雪豹、貂熊等11种兽类和斑嘴鹈鹕、藏雪鸡、白鹳、自肩雕、黑颈鹤、角鸊鷉、黑鹳、游隼、白鹤等9种鸟类。二类保护动物67种,其中爬行类1种,鸟类53种,兽类13种,主要有棕熊、马鹿、北山羊、鹅喉羚、盘羊、天鹅、四爪陆龟、雪兔、水獭、紫貂、草原斑猫、兔狲、麝、普氏原羚、白额雁、黑琴鸡、灰鹤等。新疆深居内陆,地区辽阔,是我国一独特生态地理区,成为保护珍稀、濒危动物种质资源的天然基因库,中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所已开展新疆内陆干旱区濒危、珍稀动物的考察研究。为了推动动物保护工作,该所将陆续发表有关研究成果和学术论文,并对新     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼在夏季和秋季的食性

2012年6—11月,在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区(卡山保护区)采用痕迹截线等方法,共收集狼粪便278份,采用粪便分析法研究了狼的夏秋季食性。结果表明:夏季和秋季,该区域的主要有蹄类蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚在狼食谱中的相对频率仅为1.94%和3.10%,而野放普氏野马相对频率达到了1.42%。2010年春季的严重雪灾,导致野生有蹄类种群数量锐减,这是狼捕食较少蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的主要原因,同时也说明狼已经对普氏野马在卡山保护区的野化进程中起到了一定的作用。狼的主要食物为植物、沙鼠和昆虫,其相对频率分别为30.19%,19.35%和13.55%,且夏秋季的食物组成差异不显著(Pearsonχ2检验,P=0.192,>0.05;似然比χ2检验,P=0.131,>0.05),狼的食物生态位宽度比较窄(Bsta=0.28)。狼的食性研究有助于明晰狼与有蹄类,特别是放归普氏野马之间的关系,为普氏野马野放保护管理和监测提供了基础数据,为保护区内狼的数量调控提供本底资料。     

新疆鸟类研究中的动物地理学问题浅论

新疆的边界有相当一部分与苏联、蒙古和巴基斯坦等国家衔接,国界上往往分布有众多的高山大川作为地理屏障。这样,在研究靠近国界分布的动物种类时,不得不考虑两个问题,一是该种动物是否跨国界而分布;二是该种动物的分布是否受到了国界上某些地理屏障的影响。笔者在研究新疆的鸟类区系时,经常遇到这个问题,尤其是涉及到种下的分类,更为棘手。现据笔者自己的一些体会浅谈几例。灰(脊鸟)鴒(Motacilla cinerea)是新疆平原、低山区的常见种。六十年代郑宝赉、钱燕文等均将分布于新疆南部和北部的灰(脊鸟)鴒鉴定为M.c. melanope,而郑作新将其鉴定为M.c. robusta,并在伊犁地区划出一块孤立的繁殖区,以后研究新疆鸟类的文献均同意郑的观点。据文献,M.c. robusta主要分布在苏联库页岛和沿海一带,与我国东北、华北该亚种分布相连续,最西限可达河西走廊张掖和酒泉等地。而M.c.melanope在苏联境内的分布比前述亚种广,西起乌拉尔,北至叶尼塞,南以苏联和伊朗交界的科彼特山为界,分布的东限恰恰是天山和中苏边境的塔尔巴哈台、阿尔泰山脉。众所周知,地理阻隔是亚种形成的一个重要因素,很难想象M.c. robusta能远离亚种的连续     

世界波斑鸨的现状与研究动态

波斑鸨为栖息于干旱荒漠草原的世界性珍禽，国家一级保护动物。数量十分稀少。３本文根据近年国内外对该种的研究结果，对其亚种分布，种群数量，生态生物学行为作了综述，通过对生存现状和研究动态的论述，为该的种的保护提供科学依据。     

新疆北塔山地区的野生动物

于 1998年 9月、10月对新疆东北部阿尔泰山系北塔山地区的野生动物 ,以有蹄类为重点 ,采用定点观测、路线考察和调查访问相结合的方法进行了专题考察研究。通过 12个定位点的观测 ,定位点周边地区的辐射考察和 95 3km的路线考察并参阅有关文献 ,共记录陆栖脊椎动物 14 9种 ,其中两栖类 1种、爬行类 6种、鸟类 10 0种、兽类4 2种。考察过程中 ,于 10月 7日在考察区南部山前荒漠见波斑鸨 (Otisundulatamacqueeni) 2只 (N4 4°5 2 .310′,E91°4 4 .30 4′) ,结合卫星跟踪定位监测 (另项专题研究 )结果 ,证实北塔山地区南部冲积平原为波斑鸨的繁殖地、迁徙的经途和停息地。同时对分布于该地区的数种主要有蹄类动物的生存现状作了考察 :1、野马 (Equusprzewalski)。证实原野中的野马已不复存在 ,野马已经从中国的原野消失。2、蒙古野驴 (Asinushemionushemionus) 。观察到 17群·次 ,10 8头。仅见 1次单独活动的个体 ,最大群 2 5头(N4 4°5 4 .92 1′,E92°0 1.938′) ,其余均为 2至 12头不等的集群。该地属中等密度区。3、鹅喉羚 (Gazellasubgutturosasairensis)。在山前荒漠观察到 5群·次 ,19只。均为 3至 5只的小群。该地属低密度区。4、盘羊 (Ovisammondarwini)。在北部山地 2次见到犄角 ,在南部低山丘     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.