红霉素与四环素耐药基因在猪链球菌临床分离株中的检测

为了解临床分离的48株猪链球菌对大环内酯类药物及四环素耐药基因的分布,用微量稀释法测定48株临床分离的猪链球菌对大环内酯类、四环素、β-内酰胺类及头孢类9种抗生素的药物敏感性,建立PCR方法对耐药菌株大环内酯类耐药基因ermA/B/C、mefA/E、msrD、mphB、23S rRNA,L4,L22和四环素耐药基因tetM、tetO、tetL、tetK及与Tn916转座子相关的int和xis基因进行检测。结果表明,31株2型猪链球菌中大环内酯类药物耐药率为3.23%,17株9型猪链球菌红霉素耐药率为88.24%,泰乐菌素、磷酸替米考星、阿奇霉素的耐药率均为70.59%。48株猪链球菌对四环素均耐药,但对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢曲松钠、氨苄西林均敏感。大环内酯类耐药基因主要以ermB为主,占75%(12/16),mefA/E、msrD占25%(4/16),16株红霉素耐药菌株中,tetM、tetO、int、xis的检出率分别为25%(4/16)、62.5%(10/16)、31.25%(5/16)和31.25%(5/16),没有检测到ermA、ermC、mphB、tetL、tetK。所有红霉素耐药菌株均未检测到23S rRNA、L4和L22突变。     

猪链球菌对红霉素耐药性的研究

从发病猪体内分离、鉴定猪链球菌，采用肉汤稀释法和纸片琼脂扩散法筛选对红霉素耐药的猪链球菌，用双纸片法确定耐药株的耐药表型，通过聚合酶链反应检测对红霉素耐药的基因ermb/mefA。猪链球菌对红霉素的耐药表型为cMLS表型，即同时对克林霉素耐药。在3株红霉素耐药株中扩增到ermb基因，其余未能检测到ermb或mefA基因。     

猪链球菌2型多重耐药菌株的人工诱导

采用6种常用抗菌药物对临床分离的38株猪链球菌2型进行敏感性检测,从中选择3株对红霉素和环丙沙星敏感的菌株,采用体外递增药物浓度的方法分别诱导成对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株,按临床检验标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的方法测定了红霉素和环丙沙星对同一亲本的敏感株和诱导耐药株的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并测定在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下敏感株和诱导耐药株的MIC变化情况。微量稀释法测定的MIC结果显示:在所选的6种抗生素中,氟苯尼考和氨苄西林对临床分离的38株猪链球菌的作用最好,抑菌率都为100%,红霉素及环丙沙星有一定作用,耐药率分别达39.5%(15/38)和28.9%(11/38),而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、四环素的抑菌效果最差,耐药率达100%。浓度递增法成功诱导了猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药性,其MIC值分别由0.001 8 mg/L上升至128 mg/L。在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下,抗菌药物对部分猪链球菌2型菌株的MIC值下降。结果提示:逐步增加药物浓度可以诱导猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药性,而且猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性的产生可能与耐药性相关的主动外排机制有关。     

东北地区猪链球菌对大环内酯类药物耐药机制的研究

采用微量稀释法及双纸片扩散法测定了28株猪链球菌（S．suis）对大环内酯类药物的耐药性和耐药表型，红霉素、阿奇霉素和泰乐菌素耐药率分别为92．8％、92.8％和89.3％，耐药表型以内在型（cMLSB）为主。利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测红霉素耐药基因erm和mef,对ermA／B／C分型扩增、克隆、测序，26株菌扩增到ermB基因，16株菌扩增到ermA基因，其中15株同时扩增到ermB和ermA基因，1株未扩增到这两种基因的任一种；28株猪链球菌中均未扩增到ermC和mef基因。16株菌的c17nA基因核苷酸序列与GenBank中同源序列同源性为83％～100％，氨基酸序列与参照序列（X03216，1）相比突变点较多，有11株菌在34个位点处同时发生了改变；26株菌的ermB基因核苷酸序列与GenBank中同源序列相似性为98％～100％，氨基酸序列与参照序列（AY183117．1）相比突变点较少，与参照序列完全一致的有7株，其余株仅1～3个氨基酸不同。说明本地区猪链球菌对大环内酯类药物耐药情况很严重，耐药基因为甲基化酶ermA和／或ermB，ermA基因突变点较多，ermB基因相对稳定。     

鸡沙门菌环丙沙星耐药株acrA基因突变特征分析

提取体外诱导的3株不同耐药水平鸡源性沙门菌环丙沙星耐药株的染色体DNA(分别为16×MIC、64×MIC、128×MIC).设计引物acrAF和acrAK,对耐药菌株acrA全基因序列进行克隆及序列分析.与质控菌株C79-13相比,菌株16×MIC的acrA基因第121位碱基发生T→C突变;菌株64×MIC的acrA基因第393位碱基发生C→突变,第1109位碱基发生A→G突变;菌株128×MIC的acrA基因第1121位碱基发生C→T突变.菌株16×MIC的碱基突变导致acrA基因的第40位氨基酸发生M→T取代,即Met→Thr;菌株64×MIC的碱基突变导致acrA基因的第131位氨基酸发生A→C取代,即Arg→Cys;而菌株128×MIC碱基突变并没有导致相应氨基酸的改变.上述结果提示,acrA基因的突变可能并非鸡源性沙门菌耐药性产生的主要原因.     

3种禽源支原体替米考星耐药株的体外诱导及23SrRNA基因V域碱基突变分析

作者拟探讨禽源支原体对替米考星耐药的分子机制.体外诱导得到鸡毒支原体(R株、PG31株和S6株)、鸡滑液支原体、衣阿华支原体的替米考星耐药株;PCR扩增原始敏感株和诱导耐药株的23S rRNA基因V域,测序分析耐药相关碱基突变情况.结果鸡毒支原体R株、PG31株、S6株、鸡滑液支原体、衣阿华支原体分别通过9代、8代、6代、14代、9代诱导获得替米考星耐药(≥128 μg·mL-1)株;3种禽源支原体替米考星诱导耐药株均对大环内酯类药物表现交叉耐药,23S rRNA基因发生A2503T突变的诱导耐药株对截短侧耳素类、氯霉素类药物的敏感性明显降低.诱导获得的替米考星耐药鸡毒支原体R株发生了A2058G和A2503T突变,PG31株发生了A2058G和A2059G突变,S6株发生了A2058G和A2503T突变;而诱导获得的替米考星耐药鸡滑液支原体发生了G2162A突变,衣阿华支原体发生了A2059C突变.本研究表明鸡毒支原体和衣阿华支原体在体外较易经替米考星诱导产生耐药性,而鸡滑液支原体相对较难.菌株23S rRNA基因V域2 058、2 059、2 503位点的碱基突变与替米考星耐药表型有密切关系.     

空肠弯曲菌对大环内酯类药物耐药性的产生、稳定及其分子机制

过去对空肠弯曲菌对大环内酯类药物耐药性的研究主要集中在不同来源或体外培养系的菌株方面。本研究用来自同一母系菌株的红霉素耐药（Ery（r））变异菌株同时进行体外和体内试验来研究空肠弯曲菌对大环内酯类药物耐药性的产生、稳定及遗传基础。给15日龄鸡接种低剂量Ery（r）变异菌株（MIC=32或64μg/mL）,然后持续暴露在低剂量泰勒菌素下,但没有出现耐更高剂量的Ery（r）变异菌株（MIC〉512μg/mL）。在缺乏大环内酯类药物选择压力的情况下,低剂量的红霉素耐药性在体内或体外都不稳定。但是,高剂量的红霉素耐药性在体内和体外都表现出显著的稳定性。69株被选Ery（r）变异菌株的核糖体序列分析表明特异性点突变（A2074G或者A2074C）在所有高耐药性Ery（r）变异菌株中都存在。在体外选择的Ery（r）变异菌株中没有观察到核糖体蛋白L4突变。但是,在体内选择的Ery（r）变异菌株中,在核糖体蛋白L4上发现了3种特异性突变：G74D、G57D、G57V。仅在体外选择菌株中发现了1株变异菌株,该变异菌株在核糖体蛋白L22的98位上插入了3个氨基酸,TSH。CmeABC外排泵的缺失显著降低了Ery（r）变异菌株的红霉素MIC值。结果表明,鸡中高度耐药性Ery（r）弯曲菌的出现是由多因素造成的,揭示了空肠弯曲菌大环内酯类耐药性的耐药剂量依赖的稳定性,也揭示了空肠弯曲菌在体内和体外利用外排泵及不同机制产生红霉素耐药性。     

猪链球菌2型湖南分离株多重耐药性及相关耐药基因研究

基因突变和基因转移是细菌耐药性产生和存在的重要内因,检测与抗生素耐药性相关的基因具有重要的意义.试验选取25份猪链球菌2型湖南分离株对16种抗生素进行药敏试验,检测菌株耐药性;选出了23株有红霉素抗性的菌株,用PCR检测其erm(B)基因.结果显示,猪链球菌湖南分离株对红霉素、四环素、万古霉素和克林霉素具有高耐药性,在23株红霉素抗性菌株中有18株存在erm(B)基因,由erm(B)基因产生的红霉素耐药菌株占到其中的78.3%.因此,erm(B)基因是链球菌2型湖南分离株对红霉素耐药的主要抗性决定基因.     

氟喹诺酮类抗茵药对临床分离猪链球菌的防耐药变异浓度测定及一步耐药突变株的筛选

分别用微量肉汤稀释法(CLSI规定的标准方法)和琼脂二倍稀释法测定了4种氟喹诺酮抗菌药(环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星)对临床分离的32株氟喹诺酮敏感的猪链球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和防耐药变异浓度(MPC),比较二者的关系;分别与利血平和氰氯苯腙(CCCP)联合用药,检测了各抗菌药突变选择窗(MSW)内富集的一步耐药突变株是否存在主动外排泵机制;采用PCR和基因测序的方法检测在不同药物突变选择窗内筛选出的猪链球菌一步耐药突变株的DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)的基因突变和氨基酸序列变化,探明猪链球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的作用机制,分析不同氟喹诺酮药物在抑制猪链球菌时的特点,为临床用药提供依据.结果显示:4种药的MIC90.值从小到大依次为环丙沙星=恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,MPC90.值从小到大依次为恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<环丙沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,选择指数(MPC/MIC)除了环丙沙星为16外,其余药物均为2;只在环丙沙星的耐药突变窗内筛选到了耐药株,但其DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)没有碱基或氨基酸的突变;与利血平联合用药时检测到了外排机制.结论:环丙沙星在治疗猪链球菌感染时很容易筛选出一步耐药突变株,从而导致猪链球菌对其产生耐药性,耐药机制可能是由主动外排泵介导产生.     

19株猪链球菌2型对β-内酰胺类药物的耐药表型和核糖分型

采用微量稀释法测定了10种药物对19株临床分离猪链球菌2型的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并对19株猪链球菌2型进行核糖分型。以美国临床检验标准委员会(NCCLS)的临界浓度作为判定标准,发现临床分离的菌株以耐药菌为主,19株猪链球菌有5株对10种药物相对敏感,其余菌株均呈现不同程度耐药性,耐药率为73.68%。根据核糖型图谱将19株猪链球菌2型分为6型,其中A型和E型居多,占63%,A型除1株敏感外,其余为耐药,E型均为敏感;3株败血型菌株属C型,且均耐药;另外4株菌株分属B、D、F型。这说明猪链球菌2型的耐药表型和核糖型有的表现一致,有的表现不同。另外,核糖型和病理特征及菌株来源存在相关性,5株敏感菌株均来源于同一地区,其中4株同属E型;而3株败血型菌株同属C型。     

Antibiotic resistance in Lactococcus species from bovine milk: presence of a mutated multidrug transporter mdt(A) gene in susceptible Lactococcus garvieae strains

A total of 72 Lactococcus strains (41 Lactococcus lactis and 31 Lactococcus garvieae) isolated from bovine milk were tested for susceptibility to 17 antibiotics and screened for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes using a microarray. Resistance to tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin were found. The tetracycline-resistant L. garvieae and L. lactis harbored tet(M) and tet(S). L. lactis that were resistant to clindamycin were also resistant to erythromycin and possessed the erm(B) gene. The multidrug transporter mdt(A), originally described in L. lactis, was detected for the first time in L. garvieae and does not confer decreased susceptibility to erythromycin nor tetracycline in this species. Mdt(A) of L. garvieae contains one mutation in each antiporter motif C, which is known to play an essential role in drug efflux antiporters. This suggests that the mutations found in the C-motifs of Mdt(A) from L. garvieae may be responsible for susceptibility. The study revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in non-pathogenic and pathogenic lactococci from bovine milk, including a mutated multidrug transporter in L. garvieae.     

Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats

Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) has recently been reported to be a causative agent of chronic large-bowel diarrhea in cats. While the disease was previously attributed to Pentatrichomonas hominis, the etiologic agent for feline trichomonal diarrhea was identified as T. suis. Although feline trichomonosis due to T. suis has been reported at prevalences ranging from 14 to 31% in Europe and the U.S., no reports of the pathogen have been published to date in Japan. In 2008, however, we encountered a case of feline trichomonosis at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Hokkaido University. The parasite was identified as T. suis by nested PCR amplification of partial internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences with T. suis-specific primers and DNA sequencing of the amplified products. We then conducted surveys for feline trichomonosis in three different animal hospitals using either cultivation and/or PCR-based assays. The results revealed that 13 of 147 samples (8.8%) were positive for T. suis, and that 5 of the 13 infected cats, which ranged between 1 month and 7.5 years-old, showed chronic diarrhea. Seven of the infected cats were purebred and 6 were mixed breed. These findings suggested that feline trichomonosis is prevalent in Japan, and that T. suis may play a role as a causative agent of feline chronic diarrhea.     

Detection of Streptococcus suis by in situ hybridization, indirect immunofluorescence, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase assays in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from pigs.

Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in pigs and is considered a zoonotic agent. To aid diagnosis of infection caused by S. suis, a species-specific probe targeting 16S ribosomal RNA was designed and used for fluorescent in situ hybridization. Two additional immunohistochemical detection methods, an indirect immunofluorescence assay and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, using polyclonal antibodies also were developed. The specificity of the oligonucleotide probe was examined by whole-cell and dot-blot hybridization against reference strains of the 35 serotypes of S. suis and other closely related streptococci and other bacteria commonly isolated from pigs. The probe was specific for S. suis serotypes 1-31. The specificity of the polyclonal antibodies, which has previously been evaluated for use in diagnostic bacteriology for typing of serotype 2, was further evaluated in experimentally infected murine tissue with pure culture of different serotypes of S. suis, related streptococci, and other bacteria commonly found in pigs. The polyclonal antibodies against S. suis serotype 2 cross-reacted with serotypes 1 and 1/2 in these assays. The in situ hybridization and the immunohistochemical methods were used for detection of S. suis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of brain, endocardium, and lung from pigs infected with S. suis. The methods developed were able to detect single cells of S. suis in situ in the respective samples, whereas no signal was observed from control tissue sections that contained organisms other than S. suis. These techniques are suitable for determining the in vivo localization of S. suis for research and diagnostic purposes.     

河南省猪链球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为探讨河南省猪链球菌的血清型分布和耐药性情况，本试验对2016年5月~2017年5月从河南省猪场采集的各种组织病料进行猪链球菌的分离培养、生化鉴定及PCR鉴定，并进行了血清群的分群鉴定和血清型的分型鉴定，对其中的2型猪链球菌进行了药敏试验。结果显示，试验共鉴定出189株猪链球菌，流行的猪链球菌的血清群主要以D群为主，其次是G群和C群；优势的血清型是2型、7型、9型和1型。其中87株为2型猪链球菌，超过90%的2型菌株对β-内酰胺类（青霉素G、阿莫西林和头孢菌素类）、氯霉素、万古霉素、环丙沙星敏感，超过40%的2型菌株对多西环素、四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、丁胺卡那霉素、克林霉素、链霉素、米诺环素产生耐药性。以上结果为指导猪场使用敏感药物及时控制疫情、选择血清型相符的疫苗进行预防及减少损失提供参考依据。     

Effects of killed Brucella abortus strain 45/20 vaccine on reindeer later challenge exposed with Brucella suis type 4

Six seronegative pregnant reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L) were vaccinated with killed Brucella abortus strain 45/20 with added adjuvant. These were challenge exposed with B suis type 4 after 90 days; at the same time, 4 seronegative, nonvaccinated, pregnant reindeer (controls) were given the challenge inoculum. Humoral antibodies were detected in the vaccinated reindeer by postvaccination day 14. A marked increase in antibody levels also occurred after they were challenge exposed, but did not reach the levels observed in control reindeer which seroconverted within 8 days after they were given the challenge inoculum. One control reindeer aborted at 45 days after challenge exposure (at 165 days of a normal 225-day gestation period), and the fawn of another lived only a few days after delivery. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from tissues of 3 of 4 control reindeer and of 2 of their fawns. All vaccinated reindeer gave birth to live fawns which were culture negative, although 1 fawn lived only a few days. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from tissues of 1 vaccinated reindeer. Under the conditions of this experiment, killed B abortus 45/20 vaccine provided increased resistance to brucellosis.     

Macrolides and lincomycin susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and variable mutation of domain II and V in 23S ribosomal RNA

A total of 151 strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis isolated from porcine lung lesions (weaned pigs, n=71, and finishers, n=80) were investigated for their in vitro susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents. Thirty-one strains (28 from weaned pigs and 3 from finishers) showed resistance to 16-membered macrolide antibiotics and lincomycin. The prevalence of the 16-membered macrolide-resistant M. hyorhinis strain in weaned pigs from Japanese herds has approximately quadrupled in the past 10 years. Several of the 31 strains were examined for mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All field strains tested showed a transition of A to G at position 2059 of 23S rRNA-rendered Escherichia coli. On the other hand, individual tylosin- and lincomycin-resistant mutants of M. hyorhinis were selected in vitro from the susceptible type strain BTS7 by 3 to 9 serial passages in subinhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic. The 23S rRNA sequences of both tylosin and lincomycin-resistant mutants were compared with that of the radical BTS7 strain. The BTS7 mutant strain selected by tylosin showed the same transition as the field-isolated strains of A2059G. However, the transition selected in lincomycin showed mutations in domains II and V of 23S rRNA, G2597U, C2611U in domain V, and the addition of an adenine at the pentameric adenine loop in domain II. The strain selected by lincomycin showed an additional point mutation of A2062G selected by tylosin.     

猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性与靶位突变相关性

旨在了解猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性与parC、gyrA基因突变的相关性,通过微量稀释法测定34株猪链球菌对4种氟喹诺酮类药物的MIC值,采用PCR方法扩增并测序分析了临床分离的猪链球菌对氟唪诺酮类约物10株耐药株和9株敏感株的parC和gyrA基因喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDRs).在氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株parC基因QRDRs发生Ser79→Phe、Arg 87→Leu的氨基酸突变,在4株高度耐药菌株gyrA基因QRDRs发生Arg66→Ser,Ser81→Arg氨基酸突变;当菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物敏感时,parC和gyrA基因的QRDR区均未有突变;而当MIC≥32 μg·L-1 时,parC的氨基酸发生了 Ser79→Phe的突变,同时发生gyrA氨基酸Arg66→Ser,Set81→Arg突变.结果表明,猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物低水平类耐药是由parC单一位点突变引起,而高水平耐药是由parC和gyrA双位点突变引起.