Extracellular and Intracellular Calcium both Involved in the Jasmonic Acid Induced Calcium Mobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the role of intracellular and extracellular Ca2＋ and calmodulin （CAM） in jasmonic acid （JA） signaling. The laser scanning microscopy was used to detect the changes of [Ca2＋]cyt of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells which pretreated with different types of calcium channel blocker. Moreover, the expression of VSP, one of JA response genes, was also investigated after pretreated with the above blocker and antagonist of CaM. The results showed that extracellular and intracellular calcium both involved in the JA-induced Ca2＋ mobilization, and then Ca2＋ exerted its functions through activating the CaM or CaM related proteins. The apoplast calcium influx and the calcium release from the calcium stores are both involved in the JA-induced calcium mobilization, then the JA-induced Ca2＋ transmited the JA signal through CaM or CaM related proteins, and regulated the JA responsive genes.     

Receptor-coupled activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C by an N protein

Cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by phospholipase C results in the production of two important second messengers: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol. Although several receptors promote this cleavage, the molecular details of phospholipase C activation have remained unresolved. In this study, occupancy of a Ca2+-mobilizing receptor, the oligopeptide chemoattractant receptor on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte plasma membranes, was found to lead to the activation of a guanine nucleotide regulatory (N) protein by guanosine 5'-triphosphate. The activated N protein then stimulated a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C by reducing the Ca2+ requirement for expression of this activity from superphysiological to normal intracellular concentrations. Therefore, the N protein-mediated activation of phospholipase C may be a key step in the pathway of cellular activation by chemoattractants and certain other hormones.     

水分胁迫下玉米叶片中一氧化氮与钙和钙调素的相互作用

以玉米(Zea mays L.)为材料,研究水分胁迫下玉米叶片中NO与Ca2+和钙调素(CaM)含量之间的关系。结果显示:Ca2+鳌合剂、Ca2+通道阻塞剂和CaM拮抗剂预处理均抑制了水分胁迫诱导的NO产生和一氧化氮合酶(nitric ox-idesynthase,NOS)活性的提高,同时也能抑制水分胁迫诱导的叶片线粒体NO产生,而对叶绿体NO产生并没有影响;NO清除剂羟基2苯基4,4,5,5四咪唑1羟基3氧化物(2-4-carboxypheny l-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,c-PTIO)能抑制水分胁迫条件下Ca2+和CaM的产生以及CaM1基因表达,但对水分胁迫最初诱导的玉米叶片叶肉细胞原生质体Ca2+和玉米叶片中CaM1基因表达以及CaM含量增加没有影响。上述结果表明:水分胁迫下NO和Ca2+/CaM之间存在相互作用。     

HIV-1-infected T cells show a selective signaling defect after perturbation of CD3/antigen receptor

The binding of antigen or monoclonal antibody to the T cell receptor for antigen or the closely associated CD3 complex causes increases in the concentration of intracellular ionized calcium and subsequent cell proliferation. By measuring second messenger production in primary cultures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)--infected T cells stimulated with monoclonal antibodies specific for either CD3 or CD2, a specific impairment of membrane signaling was revealed. The HIV-1--infected T cells were unable to mobilize Ca2+ after stimulation with anti-CD3, whereas CD2-induced calcium mobilization remained intact. Furthermore, the HIV-1--infected cells proliferated poorly after CD3 stimulation, although the cells retained normal DNA synthesis in response to interleukin-2 stimulation. These results show that the signals initiated by CD2 and CD3 can be regulated independently within the same T cell; uncoupling of signal transduction after antigen-specific stimulation provides a biochemical mechanism to explain, in part, the profound immunodeficiency of patients with HIV-1 infection.     

TRPM4 regulates calcium oscillations after T cell activation

TRPM4 has recently been described as a calcium-activated nonselective (CAN) cation channel that mediates membrane depolarization. However, the functional importance of TRPM4 in the context of calcium (Ca2+) signaling and its effect on cellular responses are not known. Here, the molecular inhibition of endogenous TRPM4 in T cells was shown to suppress TRPM4 currents, with a profound influence on receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization. Agonist-mediated oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which are driven by store-operated Ca2+ influx, were transformed into a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i. This increase in Ca2+ influx enhanced interleukin-2 production. Thus, TRPM4-mediated depolarization modulates Ca2+ oscillations, with downstream effects on cytokine production in T lymphocytes.     

CaM在莴笋种子萌发中的作用

本试验对钙调素在种子萌发中的作用进行研究．结果表明，莴笋的鲫瓜笋品种是一种光敏种子，在光下发芽率比黑暗中的提高150％，对光照的需求是通过钙及钙调素来实现的．当外源加入Ca2+后，即使在黑暗条件下，种子发芽率仍可达46％．钙调素的专一性抑制剂异丙嗪CPZ降低种子发芽率，但这一抑制作用又可被外源加Ca2+而逆转．因而进一步证明，莴笋这类光敏种子的荫发需要钙调素的参与，Ca2+做为第二信使，刺激CaM的合成，使种子发芽率及种子活力提高．     

Targeting of diacylglycerol degradation to M1 muscarinic receptors by beta-arrestins

Seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR) signaling is transduced by second messengers such as diacylglycerol (DAG) generated in response to the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gq and is terminated by receptor desensitization and degradation of the second messengers. We show that beta-arrestins coordinate both processes for the Gq-coupled M1 muscarinic receptor. beta-Arrestins physically interact with diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), enzymes that degrade DAG. Moreover, beta-arrestins are essential for conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid after agonist stimulation, and this activity requires recruitment of the beta-arrestin-DGK complex to activated 7TMRs. The dual function of beta-arrestins, limiting production of diacylglycerol (by receptor desensitization) while enhancing its rate of degradation, is analogous to their ability to recruit adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterases to Gs-coupled beta2-adrenergic receptors. Thus, beta-arrestins can serve similar regulatory functions for disparate classes of 7TMRs through structurally dissimilar enzymes that degrade chemically distinct second messengers.     

Immunocyte Ca2+ influx system mediated by LTRPC2

We characterized an activation mechanism of the human LTRPC2 protein, a member of the transient receptor potential family of ion channels, and demonstrated that LTRPC2 mediates Ca2+ influx into immunocytes. Intracellular pyrimidine nucleotides, adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADPR), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), directly activated LTRPC2, which functioned as a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel and enabled Ca2+ influx into cells. This activation was suppressed by intracellular adenosine triphosphate. These results reveal that ADPR and NAD act as intracellular messengers and may have an important role in Ca2+ influx by activating LTRPC2 in immunocytes.     

胞外及胞内Ca~(2+)共同参与拟南芥中茉莉酸诱导的钙动员

【目的】探究茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)诱导的钙动员的来源及钙调素(CaM)在JA信号通路中的作用。【方法】以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana columbia)为材料,采用不同类型的离子通透性通道抑制剂(或拮抗剂)预处理拟南芥叶肉细胞,利用激光共聚焦显微镜检测其对JA诱导的[Ca2+]cyt升高的影响;同时还利用上述拮抗剂、钙调素(CaM)拮抗剂处理10d的拟南芥幼苗,采用Northern blot方法检测了其对JA诱导的VSP表达的影响。【结果】胞内及胞外钙离子共同参与JA诱导的钙动员,JA诱导的Ca2+通过CaM或CaM相关蛋白进一步传递JA信号。【结论】质外体钙离子的流入和胞内钙库中钙离子的释放均参与JA诱导的钙离子动员,Ca2+可能通过CaM或CaM相关蛋白传递JA信号,进一步诱导JA反应基因的表达。     

三角帆蚌钙调蛋白(CaM)基因的cDNA序列克隆与表达分析

[目的]研究三角帆蚌钙调蛋白(CaM)基因在育珠和非育珠蚌各组织中的表达和不同Ca2+浓度下外套膜中的表达变化。[方法]通过RACE技术,以我国重要的淡水珍珠贝——三角帆蚌为研究客体,克隆了CaM的cDNA全长,并通过Real-Time Q-PCR技术分析了该基因在育珠和非育珠蚌各组织中的表达和不同Ca2+浓度下外套膜中的表达变化。[结果]三角帆蚌CaM基因cDNA全长659bp,包括70 bp的5'UTR,299 bp的3'UTR和447 bp的ORF,编码149个氨基酸,预测其分子量为16.8 kDa,等电点为4.14。cDNA序列比对信息表明三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌、合浦珠母贝间均具有57%的相似度,而其蛋白具有高度的保守性,除斑马鱼外,各生物CaM相似率达97%。定量数据表明,CaM基因广泛表达于三角帆蚌各组织,外套膜内膜与腮中表达量显著升高(P0.05),其次是外套膜外膜和内脏团组织。插核育珠能增加该基因在各组织的表达,特别是在外套膜外膜和鳃组织中,育珠蚌该基因的表达显著高于非育珠蚌(P0.05)。此外,水体Ca2+浓度的增大对CaM基因表达有显著的影响,外套膜内膜该基因的表达随Ca2+浓度升高而增加,而外套膜外膜1.25 mmol/L Ca2+浓度下该基因的表达水平显著高于0.50 mmol/L、3.00 mmol/L组(P0.05)。[结论]为进一步深入研究钙调蛋白基因的在珍珠生长过程中的功能及其调控机理奠定了分子基础。     

The Role of Extracellular Ca2+Influx, Intracellular Ca2+ Release and Calmodulin in Mouse Egg Fertilization

The effects of various Ca^2 -modifying drugs on moue egg fertilization were studied.Ca^2 chelator,ethylen glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-tetracetic acid(EGTA),and calmodulin(CaM) antagonist,trifluoperzaine (TFP),inhibited fertilization in a dose-dependent manner,whild Ca^2 channel bolcker,verspamil,did not have any effect.When intracellular Ca^2 release was blocked by 8-(N,N-diethylamino) octy 1-3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzonate(TME-8) or the Ca^2 oscillations were inhibited by an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2 -At-Pase,thapsigargin,the second polar body emission and pronuclear formation were significantly decreased.In contrast,inhibition of intracellular Ca^2 release via bolckage of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) production by neomycin or lithium did not affect fertilization.The results sugest that both extracellular influx,intracellular Ca^2 release and CaM activation are required for mormal fertilization.However,extracellular influx through voltage-gated Ca^2 channel and intracellular release induced by IP3 and not the only pathways for producing Ca^2 transients in moue eggs.     

Ca（2＋）和茉莉酸对菠菜CBF表达的影响

[目的]为探究钙离子、茉莉酸（Jasmonic acid,JA）对菠菜CBF转录因子表达的影响。[方法]以菠菜（Spinacia oleraceaL.）为材料,对其进行低温（4℃）或JA处理或用钙离子载体A23187预处理菠菜幼苗,利用Northern印迹技术检测各处理时CBF的表达情况。[结果]低温和JA均可诱导菠菜中CBF基因的表达。[结论]推测低温可能首先导致细胞中JA含量升高,JA通过一定的机制诱导细胞质基质中游离钙离子浓度（[Ca2＋]cyt）升高,然后Ca2＋可能通过CaM（Calmodulin）或CaM相关蛋白传递低温信号,从而诱导CBF的表达。     

Relationship Between Ca2+-CaM and Ethylene-Induced PG Activity in Tomato Fruit

Polygalacturonase (PG) was studied during ripening and senescence of postharvest tomatofruit at pink stage at low and normal temperature. The results showed that the PG activity increased, thendecreased during ripening and senescence of tomato. Low temperature inhibited but ethylene enhanced PGactivity. Ethylene also enhanced caimodulin content, which was dependent on Ca2+ concentration in cell.When EGTA(Ca2+ chelator), verapamil (Vp) and LaCl3 (Ca2+ channel blockers), trifluoperazine and chloro-promaize (two CaM antagonisms) were used to treat tomato fruit at green mature stage with ethylene, theycould reverse ethylene-induced increase in PG activity, but Vp, chloropromaize (CPZ), trifluoperazine(TFP) could not directly influence PG activity, which indirectly indicated that influx of Ca2+ from the ex-tracellular space including the cell wall via the Ca2+ channel localized in plasma membrane and CaM were re-quired for ethylene-induced PG activity increase and that ethylene signal transduction may be related to Ca2+- CaM messenger system.     

不同处理对草莓成花过程中钙·钙调素及同化物含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同促控剂对草莓成花过程中Ca2+-CaM及同化物含量变化的影响。[方法]以草莓品种宝交早生的当年生子苗为试材,用10 mmol/LEGTA、5 mmol/LTFP和2μmol/LA2318(7清水为对照),对草莓植株进行叶面喷洒试验。[结果]叶片中的Ca2+含量在花芽分化始期时有一积累高峰,花序分化期再次积累成峰值;而顶芽中CaM的含量高峰与叶片Ca2+峰值同时出现或稍后。A23187处理可使植株Ca2+和CaM在花芽分化始期的高峰提前;EGTA处理使植株的Ca2+的含量下降,但CaM的含量变动规律性不大;而TFP可降低植株的CaM含量,但对植株的Ca2+影响不大。各处理植株的可溶性糖、还原糖和淀粉含量在成花前均处于高水平。植株的蛋白质含量在花序原始体出现时形成峰值,随后缓慢降低。[结论]该研究为阐明Ca2+-CaM在草莓花芽分化中的作用机制提供依据。     

A network of control mediated by regulator of calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a major effector for the intracellular actions of Ca2+ in nearly all cell types. We identified a CaM-binding protein, designated regulator of calmodulin signaling (RCS). G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) led to phosphorylation of RCS at Ser55 and increased its binding to CaM. Phospho-RCS acted as a competitive inhibitor of CaM-dependent enzymes, including protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B, also called calcineurin). Increasing RCS phosphorylation blocked GPCR- and PP2B-mediated suppression of L-type Ca2+ currents in striatal neurons. Conversely, genetic deletion of RCS significantly increased this modulation. Through a molecular mechanism that amplifies GPCR- and PKA-mediated signaling and attenuates GPCR- and PP2B-mediated signaling, RCS synergistically increases the phosphorylation of key proteins whose phosphorylation is regulated by PKA and PP2B.     

盐胁迫下植物的分子信号传导

盐胁迫下,植物体内的离子浓度和渗透压发生变化,诱导其产生第二信使(如IP3和活性氧分子等).第二信使调控细胞内Ca2 的水平,引发蛋白磷酸化级联反应,直接诱导或间接由转录因子诱导盐胁迫相关基因的表达,最终植物体表现耐受胁迫、生长受阻或死亡.     

Effects of Ca2+/CaM Messenger System Inhibitors on Ethylene-Induced Increase in Lycopene Content

The changes of lycopene content during ripening and senescence of tomato fruit and the relationship between ethylene glycol-bis (EGTA, Ca2+ chelator), verapamil (Vp, Ca2+ channel blockers), trifluoperazine (TFP), chloropromaize (CPZ) (CaM antagonism) and ethylene-induced increase in lycopene content in tomato fruit were investigated. Lycopene content accumulated obviously during ripening and senescence of tomato fruit after harvest at pink stage. Low temperature inhibited but ethylene enhanced the lycopene content.Meanwhile, ethylene also promoted calmodulin (CaM) content in tomato fruit, which was related to the concentration of ethylene. When EGTA, Vp, TFP and CPZ with ethylene were used to treat tomato fruit, ethylene-induced increase in lycopene content could be reversed, indicating that blocking Ca2+ channel in plasma membrane or chelating extracellular Ca2+ or inhibiting the activity of CaM could decrease the action of ethylene, and suggesting that Ca2+-CaM messenger system may be involved in lycopene increase inducedby ethylene.     

T cell antigen receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C requires tyrosine phosphorylation

Triggering of the antigen-specific T cell receptor-CD3 complex (TCR-CD3) stimulates a rapid phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, resulting in the production of second messengers and in T cell activation and proliferation. The role of tyrosine phosphorylation in these events was investigated with a tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) inhibitor, genistein. At doses that inhibited TPK activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR zeta subunit, but not phospholipase C activity, genistein prevented TCR-CD3-mediated phospholipase C activation, interleukin-2 receptor expression, and T cell proliferation. These findings indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation is an early and critical event that most likely precedes, and is a prerequisite for, inositol phospholipid breakdown during receptor-mediated T cell activation.