复合指纹法分析红壤区强度开发小流域泥沙来源

南方红壤区人口密集,土地资源开发利用强度大,水土流失类型多样。为研究不同土地利用类型下红壤区强度开发小流域侵蚀泥沙来源,选取感德镇红壤强度开发小流域为研究区,分析了流域内潜在泥沙源地和泥沙的41个地球化学特征,利用Kruskal-Wallis H检验及逐步判别分析确认最佳指纹因子组合,并通过多元混合模型计算各泥沙源地泥沙贡献率。结果表明:共有速效P、Cu、P、Y、Ca、Ga、Sn、Nd 8种因子通过检验被确认为最佳指纹因子组合,累计贡献率达90%以上,拟合优度均大于0.80。多元混合模型结果显示,锋面雨季流域泥沙主要来源于林地、茶园与矿区,贡献率分别为28.59%,28.20%,27.59%;在台风雨季,4种土地利用类型泥沙相对贡献率为茶园>林地>矿区>耕地。通过对不同降雨特征下各土地利用类型泥沙贡献百分比数据进一步分析,结果显示矿区单位面积泥沙贡献百分比均值分别是耕地、林地与茶园单位面积泥沙贡献百分比均值的8,10,10倍,即单位面积下矿区土壤侵蚀强度最大。     

复合指纹法定量示踪西南岩溶洼地小流域泥沙来源

岩溶洼地小流域具有岩溶地区典型流域特征,作为一个独立的侵蚀产沙单元,开展岩溶洼地小流域泥沙来源研究,对于查明洼地泥沙的来源,研究土壤侵蚀过程,发挥着重要的作用.选择重庆青木关岩溶槽谷区的典型洼地,采用复合指纹示踪技术等方法,确定岩溶洼地泥沙来源的地球化学元素指纹特征,得出了重庆岩典型岩溶洼地的沉积泥沙来源和贡献比例.结...     

基于复合指纹法的岩溶洼地小流域泥沙来源解析

岩溶洼地是重庆岩溶地区常见的一种地貌类型,洼地小流域是人们从事农事活动的重要场所,研究流域不同土地利用侵蚀产沙特征,对认识流域侵蚀产沙规律和治理水土流失具有重要意义。选取了1个建有水库的岩溶洼地小流域,分析源地和泥沙样品的39个地球化学特征,利用复合指纹和多元混合模型计算各源地侵蚀泥沙贡献率。结果表明:流域筛选出的最佳指纹因子组合为U、χ_(lf)、Rb、Li、~(137)Cs、χ、Mn,正确判别累积率为99.93%,6种泥沙源地的总正确判别率为91.49%,符合复合指纹法应用的条件。碳酸盐岩耕地、碳酸盐岩林地、碳酸盐岩草地、碎屑岩林地、碎屑岩草地和沟道/裂隙对流域沉积泥沙的相对贡献分别为16.29%,41.16%,13.03%,16.67%,4.48%,8.37%,拟合优度为93.57%,相对误差平均值为8.26%,表明模型判别结果可信。各泥沙源地中碳酸盐岩耕地单位面积泥沙贡献值远高于其他泥沙源地,是碳酸盐岩林地的1.98倍,碳酸盐岩草地的2.07倍,碎屑岩林地的2.13倍,碎屑岩草地的2.21倍,即单位面积碳酸盐岩耕地土壤抗蚀能力最弱。     

黄土高原淤地坝沉积泥沙在小流域土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

[目的]总结利用黄土高原淤地坝沉积泥沙研究小流域土壤侵蚀的主要成果,并对其目前存在的问题和以后发展方向进行探讨,以期为深度解译淤地坝沉积泥沙中赋存的小流域土壤侵蚀信息提供基础支撑。[方法]通过查阅国内外文献,结合野外调查和研究经验,总结利用淤地坝沉积泥沙研究小流域土壤侵蚀的相关工作。[结果]黄土高原大量的淤地坝、坝地泥沙明显的沉积旋回和现有的可靠断代技术是利用淤地坝沉积泥沙研究小流域土壤侵蚀的基础;利用淤地坝沉积泥沙可估算小流域土壤侵蚀强度的变化,识别小流域侵蚀泥沙来源;淤地坝内的泥沙沉积量、理化性质及生物标志物的变化能够反演小流域环境演变过程。[结论]黄土高原广泛分布的淤地坝沉积泥沙赋存有大量小流域土壤侵蚀和侵蚀环境演变的信息,在黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀机理及小流域环境演变研究中具有重要作用。     

指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用进展

指纹识别技术作为一种较新的研究泥沙来源的方法,在泥沙来源研究中获得了越来越多的重视,特别是复合指纹识别技术定量研究泥沙来源在模型和应用方面已取得了一系列进展。本文阐述了传统研究泥沙来源的方法,总结了单因子指纹识别技术以及复合指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用原理与进展,并对复合指纹识别技术应用前景及发展趋势进行了分析。     

指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用进展

指纹识别技术作为一种较新的研究泥沙来源的方法,在泥沙来源研究中获得了越来越多的重视,特别是复合指纹识别技术定量研究泥沙来源在模型和应用方面已取得了一系列进展。本文阐述了传统研究泥沙来源的方法,总结了单因子指纹识别技术以及复合指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用原理与进展,并对复合指纹识别技术应用前景及发展趋势进行了分析。     

基于泥沙指纹识别的小流域颗粒态磷来源解析

控制泥沙迁移一直是流域管理的重点,而泥沙携带污染物与养分(磷)对下游水体的影响愈发引起关注。研究泥沙来源的位置、特征及各来源对泥沙输出的贡献,有助于针对重点源区实施水土流失以及水污染治理措施。农业小流域中磷的输出以泥沙吸附的颗粒态磷为主,研究泥沙来源可为探讨颗粒态磷的来源提供重要基础。复合指纹技术是一种可靠的泥沙源解析方法,但在一些地表物质相对均一、输沙量较小、受人为因素影响较多的东部小流域,能否应用指纹识别法解析泥沙来源并探讨颗粒态磷来源还需要验证。该文以南京市九乡河上游小流域为研究区,尝试以指纹识别技术分析流域泥沙来源为基础,进而研究不同来源对颗粒态磷输出的相对贡献。研究结果表明,农田对泥沙输出的贡献为25.3%~65.2%,对颗粒态磷输出的贡献达52.2%~85.8%;矿山及道路施工用地对泥沙输出的贡献为34.8%~74.7%,但是对颗粒态磷输出的贡献仅为14.2%~47.7%;而来源于林地的泥沙与颗粒态磷总体上均不到0.1%。复合指纹技术不但能够有效识别泥沙来源,且以泥沙源解析来研究颗粒态磷来源,能够为基础资料缺乏地区提高颗粒态磷来源识别的合理性以及流域非点源磷污染控制提供一种思路和方法。     

晋西黄土区小流域泥沙来源分析

以晋西黄土区小流域为研究对象,选择了7个典型小流域,根据14 a的定位观测结果,对流域泥沙来源进行了分析.结果表明,按小流域泥沙来源的地貌部位划分,沟谷地(沟头、沟道和沟坡)产沙量＞沟间地(坡面、梁峁坡)产沙量,沟谷地产沙量占流域总产沙量的60%以上,沟谷地侵蚀模数是沟间地的1.28～2.48倍,坡耕地、裸露地是主要产沙地类.     

黄土高原地区泥沙来源复合指纹示踪研究进展

[目的]为把握复合指纹示踪方法发展动态,为黄土高原泥沙来源研究提供建议。[方法]综述了复合指纹示踪方法的理论基础,对各指纹因子(物理示踪剂、核素、地化元素、磁性、有机质、碳氮稳定同位素、孢粉、生物标志物)的发展进程、模型算法、不确定分析等进行了详细论述。[结果]黄土高原地区在利用指纹因子的时空差异性来研究侵蚀区泥沙的来源,定量描述侵蚀过程的发展等方面已取得一系列成果。[结论]复合指纹示踪泥沙来源技术在黄土高原地区以探讨指纹因子应用研究为主,在混合模型矫正、多方法比较、指纹因子守恒等方面还需要进一步加强研究。     

小流域泥沙来源的^226Ra分析法

利用泥沙自身携带的核信息，定量研究黄土高原晋陕蒙接壤区泥沙侵蚀量及其来源组成，结论为该地区侵蚀泥沙主要来自基岩，其量占侵蚀泥沙总量的５５．０－７６．５％。     

Fingerprinting Sediment Sources After an Extreme Rainstorm Event in a Small Catchment on the Loess Plateau,PR China

Soil erosion is a severe problem on China's Loess Plateau due to its fine‐grained soils and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events. Accordingly, this study used a 100‐year frequency rainstorm dataset to analyse sediment deposition and sources in a 27‐km² catchment with a dam field area of 0·14 km² based on the hypothesis that sediments were intercepted by the dam (before collapse) during the rainstorm event and deposited in the dam field. This study applied composite fingerprinting, which revealed the sediment source contributions and estimated sediment deposition. Sediment deposition (626·4 kg m⁻²) decreased linearly or exponentially with increasing distance from the dam. Composite fingerprints based on the optimal parameters revealed relative sediment contributions of 44·1% ± 25·5%, 37·7% ± 35·0%, 9·0% ± 11·4% and 9·2% ± 11·5% by bare ground, croplands, grassland and forests, respectively. The 5‐year cumulative sediment deposition from normal rainfall was 2·3 × 10⁴ t less than the extreme rainstorm. Bare grounds and croplands were the dominant sediment sources following both the extreme rainstorm and normal erosive rainfall events but varied at different areas of the check‐dam. Erosion patterns and start times depended on land use type, thereby affecting sediment profiles in the dam field. Furthermore, severe erosion from bare ground that were all gully slopes and gully walls occurred throughout the rainfall, whereas grasslands and forest erosion occurred earlier and croplands later. Finally, extreme rainfall promoted mass wasting on slopes, gully slopes and gully walls, which are important in determining extreme rainstorm erosion pattern variation. This study aimed to reveal erosion pattern variation under extreme rainstorm events. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原旱作农区径流场修建与集水效率研究

讨论了目前黄土高原旱作地区的道路、混凝土、庭院、原土夯实、塑料棚膜等主要径流场处理技术及其有关材质的产流效率,并提出了需解决的几个问题。     

Comparison of the Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Two Loess Plateau Catchments,China

Changes in runoff and sediment loads are of great importance for the management of river basins and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study compared the suspended sediment dynamics in the Huangfuchuan and Yanhe catchments on the Loess Plateau. Both annual runoff and sediment load displayed significant reductions from 1955 to 2012. The decreasing rates were −0·88 mm a⁻¹ and −2·72 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Huangfuchuan catchment, respectively, and ‐0.31 mm a⁻¹ and −1·20 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Yanhe catchment. A total of 183 and 195 events, respectively, were selected to assess the suspended sediment dynamics in both catchments during the periods of 1971–1989 and 2006–2012. The results showed a good linear relationship between the sediment yield and runoff depth in both catchments from 1971 to 1989 and a relatively worse relationship in the Yanhe catchment from 2006 to 2012. The magnitude and frequency of the hyper‐concentrated sediment flow obviously decreased in the 2000s compared with that between 1971 and 1989. A hysteresis analysis suggested that complex and counter‐clockwise loops were the dominant patterns. Various soil and water conservation measures (e.g., afforestation, grassing, terraces, and check dams) played a critical role in runoff and sediment load changes in both catchments. The two catchments showed obvious heterogeneities in runoff and sediment yield because of different lithologies, soil types, and vegetation. The results of this study provide valuable information on suspended sediment dynamics and could be used to improve soil erosion control measures on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Sources in an Urbanizing Mediterranean Catchment

The identification of sediment sources is important for catchment management, but few studies have been performed in Mediterranean areas. This study uses a multiproxy sediment fingerprinting approach to explore sources and dynamics of fluvial sediments in a rapidly urbanizing Portuguese peri‐urban catchment. X‐ray fluorescence was used to characterize the elemental geochemistry of sediments collected within the stream network after three storm events in 2012 and 2015. A range of statistical techniques, including hierarchical cluster analysis, was used to identify discriminant sediment properties and similarities between fine bed sediment samples of tributaries and downstream sites. Quantification of sediment supply from upstream sub‐catchments was undertaken using established sediment fingerprinting approaches. The geochemistry of the sediments was found to be influenced by both lithology and land‐use changes. In 2012, the sandstone sub‐catchment provided 75% of the <63 μm and 94% of the 63–125 and 125–2000 μm sediment, mostly from an Enterprise Park site undergoing deforestation and construction (covering 5% of the catchment area), with most of the remaining sediment deriving from the construction of a major road (1% of the catchment) in the limestone sub‐catchment. In 2015, planned and accidental retention basins below the Enterprise Park and major road sites, respectively, prevented some sediment from reaching the stream network, thereby reducing their importance as sediment sources. Sediment mobilization in urban areas with paved roads was small in comparison, but characterized by high heavy metal concentrations. The sediment fingerprinting approach adopted shows promise in identification of the main sources of sediments, necessary to underpin improved peri‐urban management strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原坡面集水工程的抗旱造林技术研究

选取4种不同的坡面集水处理（有机硅、拍光、地衣和草坡）措施,探讨抗旱造林的坡面集水技术对降雨集水量、集水率的影响,以及坡面集水处理对林木生长的影响,旨在为黄土高原地区生态建设提供了基础理论依据和具体抗旱节水造林方案。结果显示,集水量和集水率最大的是有机硅处理面,而后依次是水泥处理面,地衣处理面,拍光处理面和荒草面,从生态角度考虑,地衣处理面最佳。拍光面和地衣面促进林木生长的效果远大于普通面,地衣面促进林木生长的作用大于拍光面的作用。选取了6种造林密度条件下刺槐林地的水分利用效率、降水生产效率、蒸散水分生产效率和蒸腾水分生产效率进行对比分析,结果为随着刺槐造林密度的降低,其4种效率均得以提高。     

黄土高原坡面集水工程的抗旱造林技术研究

选取4种不同的坡面集水处理(有机硅、拍光、地衣和草坡)措施,探讨抗旱造林的坡面集水技术对降雨集水量、集水率的影响,以及坡面集水处理对林木生长的影响,旨在为黄土高原地区生态建设提供基础理论依据和具体的抗旱节水造林方案.结果显示,集水量和集水率最大的是有机硅处理面,而后依次是水泥处理面、地衣处理面、拍光处理面和荒草面,从生态角度考虑,地衣处理面最佳.拍光面和地衣面促进林木生长的效果远大于普通面、地衣面促进林木生长的作用大于拍光面的作用.选取6种造林密度条件下刺槐林地的水分利用效率、降水生产效率、蒸散水分生产效率和蒸腾水分生产效率进行对比分析,结果为随着刺槐造林密度的降低,其4种效率均得以提高.     

黄土区退耕背景下的土地利用适宜性评价——以安塞县马家沟流域为例

 采用坡度、土壤侵蚀强度和地貌部位等指标,对黄土丘陵区马家沟流域1990年和退耕后近10年的2008年的土地利用情况进行适宜性评价。结果表明:1)退耕还林作用影响下,1990—2008年间,流域中农用地减少了11.74%,林地增加了11.54%,园地增加了1.82%,主要发生在>15°陡坡地段;2)马家沟流域土地利用相对合理指数由1990年的0.64变为2008年的0.67;3)2008年农、林、草主要地类占流域面积分别为21.17%、19.57%和56.62%。农用地类型中,高适宜性地类(适宜性指数A>0.8)和中适宜性地类(0.5≤A≤0.8)面积分别为1.31%和21.27%,低适宜性地类(A0.7)、中(0.5≤A≤0.7)、低适宜性(A0.7)和中适宜性(0.4≤A≤0.7)地类面积分别占24.87%和75.13%。