Comparison of virulence of Coxiella burnetii isolates from bovine milk and from ticks.

Laboratory animals (mice and guinea pigs) were infected with the isolates of Coxiella burnetii (Derrick, 1939) obtained from bovine milk (M18 and M35) and the ticks Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776) (Kl3 and Kl6, respectively), and with the reference strain Nine Mile. Neither mortality nor lethality occurred with the mice. Antibody response in mice infected with isolates from milk was lower (1:16-512) than that from ticks (1:32-4096). Onset of seropositivity also occurred later - on the 10th day post-infection (p.i.) for M18 and M35 in comparison with the 7th day for Kl3 and Kl6. In guinea pigs, infection manifested by fever. The fever was less evident in guinea pigs infected with isolates from milk (39.5-40.1 degrees C) than in guinea pigs infected with isolates from ticks (39.5-40.6 degrees C). Partially engorged females of Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) were inoculated with isolates M18 and Kl3. No differences in the multiplication of C. burnetii in haemocytes between these two isolates were ascertained.     

Susceptibility of some species of rodents to rickettsiae.

The present study was designed to test the susceptibility of free-living rodents, viz Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus arvalis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Mus musculus, and outbred white mice from Dobrá Voda farm, CSFR, to Coxiella burnetii, rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (Rickettsia sibirica, R. conorii, R. slovaca and R. akari) and rickettsiae of typhus group (R. typhi and R. prowazekii) by various routes of administration. The highest levels of antibodies to C. burnetii were found in A. flavicollis and M. arvalis inoculated intraperitoneally and intracerebrally. Antibodies to C. burnetii exerted peak levels between days 13 and 16 in contrast to white mice which showed maximum levels on day 28. When 10(0.5) and 10(0.05) EID50/0.25 ml of C. burnetii was administered intraperitoneally to A. flavicollis, M. arvalis and white mice, the agent was detected only in organs of wild animals. In addition to spleen, the bone marrow appeared as a predilective tissue for the detection of this agent. R. akari at a dose of 10(4.5) EID50/0.25 ml caused overt illness and death in rodents. Antibody levels to R. sibirica and R. conorii were dependent on dosage, route of inoculation and duration of infection, but were not dependent on animal species. Antibodies to R. slovaca and R. akari were dependent on dosage, infection duration and animal species but were not dependent on the route of infection. For R. conorii, R. sibirica and R. slovaca a sharp increase of antibody levels with high titres on days 4-6 and peak levels about day 11 post intraperitoneal infection was characteristic. Antibody level to R. akari increased up to day 21. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in rodents inoculated intraperitoneally were observed in various organs, particularly in tunica vaginalis and spleen at days 2-8 post infection. R. typhi at a dose of 10(4.3) EID50/0.25 ml inoculated intracerebrally or intraperitoneally killed white mice and inoculated intraperitoneally killed C. glareolus and M. musculus. The antibody response of white mice to intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intranasal inoculation of this rickettsia was low and no antibody was detected following peroral administration. M. musculus did not develop antibodies after intracerebral, intranasal, subcutaneous or peroral inoculation of R. typhi. The target organs for this rickettsia were the spleen and tunica vaginalis. R. prowazekii inoculated intraperitoneally into white mice at a dose of 10(6.5) EID50/0.25 ml and at a dose of 10(4.5) EID50 into C. glareolus was fatal for these rodents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

1981-2010年乌昌地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量变化原因分析

选用1981-2010年乌昌（乌鲁木齐-昌吉）地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量资料,采用气候趋势法分析其变化趋势,结果表明：30 a间中、高山带蒸发量呈增加趋势,其中高山带增加较明显;平原区、低山带蒸发量以减小趋势为主,其中平原区减小速率最大。四季中大西沟和天池蒸发量均为增加趋势,其中春季和夏季增加较显著,平原区、低山带蒸发量四季均为减小趋势,其中夏季减小最快,其次为春季和秋季,冬季减小趋势较弱。用累积距平法做突变检验,乌昌地区在过去30 a高山带蒸发量在20世纪90年代末发生了快速增加;中、低山带蒸发量突变不明显,平原区大部分站蒸发量80年代末发生突变性减少现象。[JP2]偏相关系数的显著性分析表明,高、中山带蒸发量增加的主导因子是气温升高;低山带蒸发量下降的主导因子是相对湿度增加;而平原区蒸发量减小的主导因子是风速减小。     

新疆哈密石城子河流域水文水资源分析

不同地区的自然地理环境塑造了不同特征的河流,同时,河流的活动也在不断改变着与自身有关的自然环境。我国暖温带干旱区除塔里木河流域的水文特征、水资源及其合理利用有较多的研究外,其余中小河流的研究甚少。哈密石城子河的水文特征基本反映了我国暖温带干旱区众多中小河流域的水文特征。利用石城子河流域水文气象站1956-2001年资料,对该流域径流形成、洪水、泥沙、水质等进行分析,以揭示我国暖温带干旱区中小河流域的基本特征,为科学利用该地带中小河流域水资源提供理论依据。     

四种不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成

为了解浙江省不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成,于2013—2014年对松阳县4种茶园的节肢动物群落数量、时空格局和茶丛上层益害生物比及其动态进行了调查。结果表明:林间茶园害虫、天敌物种数和总物种数显著大于其它3种茶园;林间茶园天敌个体数最多,丰产茶园害虫个体数和总个体数最多。在垂直分布上,天敌个体数在母穗园、林间茶园中以上层最多,在丰产茶园和两行密植茶园中以中层最多;害虫个体数在丰产茶园、母穗园和林间茶园以中层最多,在两行密植茶园以下层最多,分别占其全株的60%、56%、42%和51%;4种茶园益害个体数比皆以上层最多。在水平分布上,害虫个体数在丰产茶园、两行密植茶园、林间茶园皆以朝北方向最多,分别占其全株的35.0%、26.0%和26.3%;害虫个体数以茶丛内层较多,天敌个体数以外层较多;地上部分林间茶园益害个体数比约是丰产茶园的2倍。表明种植模式可改变群落空间格局和益害比。     

石羊河下游物候季节的水热分配及变化特征

基于物候季节,分析了石羊河下游地区1971-2000年各季节的水热分配状况及多年变化特征。结果表明,石羊河下游物候季节的更迭与气候的季节性演变相吻合,稳定通过物候四季的温度界限分别为春季≥2.9℃,夏季≥19.0℃,秋季<19.0℃,冬季≤4.5℃。水热资源最丰富为物候的夏季,其≥0℃的积温和降水分别占全年的55.8%和62.5%。多年来,温度的四季变化和年际变化具有明显的增加趋势,增长幅度依次为冬季>全年>春季>夏季>秋季。年均温的升高以1986年为突变年,而冬季和春季气温的升高分别以1985年和1991为突变年;降水变化的趋势不明显,年降水的波动形态与夏季基本一致,春季则与夏季相反,有春湿夏干或春干夏湿的趋势。     

奈曼沙地大型土壤动物调查及多样性分析

奈曼沙地大型土壤动物分属 2门、4纲、1 0目。半翅目、鞘翅目为优势类群。不同生境大型土壤动物在群落结构、密度、分布上不同。固定沙地类群多、密度高 ,流动沙地无分布。固定沙地生物量高。半固定沙地较低。从季节动态上看 ,夏季密度最低 ,秋季密度最高。固定沙地群落多样性指数较高 ,半固定沙地较差     

Organochlorine residues in aquatic environments in Iran, 1974.

Organochlorine pesticide residues in various organisms from different aquatic ecosystems in Iran were investigated in spring 1974. DDT levels were high in fish taken from two rivers in southern Iran, whereas low levels were detected in samples obtained from a freshwater lake in the same area. Fish from two of the reservoirs supplying Tehran with potable water contained moderate levels of DDT. The low residue level in pike collected in the Bandar-Pahlavi Mordab in northwest Iran indicates that only a small amount of organochlorine pesticides used in this area enters the pelagic food chain. Sturgeon collected at different places in the Caspian Sea showed similar accumulations of DDT in the muscles and in the eggs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected only in samples of sediment from the drainage systems in Tehran.     

Occurrence of Proteocephalus percae and P. cernuae in the perch and ruff in northern Finland

The occurrence of two palearctic Proteocephalus species, P. percae and P. cernuae, in the perch and ruff, respectively, was studied in two areas of northern Finland in 1977-1983. In the Bothnian Bay, 243 perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 406 ruff (Gymnocephalus cernuus) were studied, of which 60% and 40%, respectively, were infected, while in Lake Yli-Kitka the prevalences were 10% in 213 perch and 24% in 307 ruff. Higher mean intensities of infection were found in the Bothnian Bay fish than in those from the lake, but no infected fish had as many as 10 worms. Proteocephalus infection in the perch and ruff did not vary significantly according to the length of the fish in either area, except that no P. percae were found in perch smaller than 70 mm in the lake. There was a prominent seasonal variation in the occurrence of P. cernuae in the ruff in both areas, but especially in the lake, where no proteocephalids were found in the ruff in July-October. Overlapping of generations was evident in P. percae in the sea perch, although only by virtue of the lack of mature worms at the end of the summer. Some mature proteocephalids were also found in winter in both fish species in the sea and in the ruff of the lake. The higher mean intensity values in winter, especially in P. cernuae infection in the sea ruff, may be explained partly by the active feeding of the ruff at this time in spite of very low water temperatures. Feeding activity in the perch is lower in the winter, and hence a lower mean intensity of P. percae infection was seen especially in the lake material at that time.     

The occurrence of Altemaria brassicicola, Altemaria brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in south-east England between 1976 and 1980

Surveys of brassica seed crops in Essex and Suffolk showed that Alternaria spp. occurred in many crops of Brassica oleracea in the years 1977–1980 affecting up to 100% of pods in each year. A. brassicicola was the only species present in 1976 and was the domioant pathogen in succeeding years but A. brassicae increased in frequency from 1977, causing 24% of the pod infections on B. oleracea in 1980. The latter fungus was the dominant species in crops of oilseed rape ( B. napus ), the mean incidence of infected pods increasing from 0.5% in 1977 to 2.9% in 1980. Leptosphaeria maculans was not found in horticultural brassica seed crops in 1976 but occurred abundantly in these crops and in oilseed rape crops in each of the following years.     

Studies on the biology of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on temperate and tropical onions. 1. A comparison of sources of the disease in temperate and tropical field crops

Aspergillus niger colonies were present on 60–90% of the leaves sampled from onion crops grown under hot, tropical conditions (Shambat, Sudan), but only on 21% of leaves in crops grown under temperate conditions (Wellesbourne, UK). The seed stocks used in the Sudan were naturally contaminated with A. niger , whereas the fungus was absent from seed used in the UK. Inoculation of seed with A. niger resulted in an increase in the incidence of the fungus on onion plants (mean 83% of plants with affected leaves) in the field and on bulbs in store in crops grown in the UK. In the UK, A. niger is infrequent in the soil and air, but it is a major component of the soil and air mycoflora in the Sudan. Most of the bulbs grown in Sudan were contaminated with A. niger at harvest because of the high incidence of the fungus in the field.     

1971-2014年新疆区域寒潮气候特征

利用1971-2014年新疆105个台站逐日最低气温资料,分析了新疆寒潮天气的时空变化特征.结果表明:①新疆单站寒潮北疆多、东疆次之、南疆少,阿勒泰地区发生频次最高,其次是哈密北部、巴音布鲁克和塔城大部地区,南疆中西部地区发生频次最少.新疆区域寒潮天气冬季最多、秋季和春季次之,2月发生频次最高;春季寒潮主要集中在3-4月,秋季寒潮主要在10-11月.②新疆寒潮影响区域主要在北疆地区,其次是东疆、南疆东部,南疆西部影响次数最少.春季主要影响区域为北疆东部、沿天山一带和南疆东部;秋季为东疆、北疆沿天山以及北疆东部和北部地区;冬季为北疆东部和沿天山一带.③新疆区域寒潮过程一般持续3～7d,过程极端最低气温主要出现在寒潮爆发当天或次日,极端气温出现时间延迟天数不超过4d.寒潮过程最低气温24 h平均降幅在10.7℃,最大19.3℃,单站最大25.3℃;寒潮过程平均降温14℃,最大达18.8℃,单站最大32.7℃.     

新疆湖泊沉积记录的气候水文变化及其环境效应

在综合分析湖泊沉积记录的西北干旱区全新世气候特征及演变规律基础上,对新疆不同时间尺度上湖泊的水文变化进行了研究.新疆不同地区全新世气候环境存在差异,北疆全新世主要经历了早期温干、中期暖湿以及后期温十的气候演化过程,但不同湖泊记录的气候转型时间有所差别.南疆全新世以来湖泊记录研究较少,对气候演变规律有不同的认识,但中全新世暖湿气候特征具有一致性.根据近千年来的湖泊沉积记录研究,近百年来新疆处于暖干化阶段.总体来看,全新世以来湖泊水位出现了明显的波动.并呈现总体下降的趋势.然而,近50年来,随着流域人口增加、社会经济发展等强烈的人类活动影响,造成流域水资源的匮乏,导致湖面的快速萎缩,引起严重的区域环境问题.地质历史时期的湖面升降,敏感地体现了气候的波动过程,由气候因子波动及人类活动趋势分析,新疆湖泊水面将继续萎缩.     

1971—2016年河南省夏玉米生长季极端干旱时空特征

选用地表湿润指数,利用1971—2016年气象数据对河南省夏季极端干旱发生的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：近46 a来,河南省夏季极端干旱发生频数在年均0.08～2.15月之间,总体上呈现微弱的下降趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生次数高于7月和8月。1970s发生频数最多,2000s最少,2010s呈现回升的趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生站次百分比明显高于7月和8月,且6、7月和9月的发生站次百分比在2010s也呈现回升趋势。各年代平均发生频数均以豫南地区最高,近46 a来极端干旱总次数呈现由南向北逐渐递减的分布特征,但6月份发生总次数高值区则主要分布在豫中和豫西地区。全省范围内极端干旱发生存在明显的4~8 a周期变化,2010s极端干旱发生频数和站次百分比均呈回升趋势,应引起夏玉米生产上的关注和重视。     

甘肃东部气候变化及冬小麦生长发育响应特征

分析发现1971年以来陇东黄土高原变暖特征明显,其中西峰半湿润塬区1971～2005年增温线性趋势0.0525℃/a,环县半干旱川区增温线性趋势0.0367℃/a,平凉半湿润半干旱过渡地区增温线性趋势0.0411℃/a.除了环县川区夏季增温不明显,其余各区域四季增温均比较显著,西峰塬区四季增温幅度最大,增温趋势最明显,平凉次之.增温表现出夏季、秋季、春季、冬季依次增强的趋势.西峰半湿润塬区年降水量呈减少的趋势,环县半干旱川区年降水量呈增加的趋势,处于半湿润和半干旱过渡带的平凉年降水量则没有明显变化,不同区域秋季降水量均呈现出减少的趋势.气候变暖对陇东不同气候区域冬小麦生态影响既有相同之处,也有不同之处,相同之处主要表现在停止生长期和乳熟期均没有明显变化,起身期提前趋势明显.不同之处体现在西峰播种期明显推迟,返青期明显提前,而环县和平凉播种期和返青期均没有明显变化;西峰、平凉分蘖期明显推迟,抽穗期明显提前,而环县分蘖期和抽穗期没有明显变化;西峰、环县成熟期显著提前,全生育期日数显著缩短,而平凉成熟期和全生育期日数则没有明显变化;另外,西峰、平凉冬前及早春分蘖减少,越冬死亡率大幅度下降,产量显著增高,西峰、环县灌浆期显著延长,成熟期显著缩短,环县越冬死亡率较高时段对应秋春季降水偏少时段,产量增幅不大,增产趋势不明显.综合分析认为,西峰半湿润塬区气候变暖特征最明显,气候变暖对冬小麦的生态影响最显著.     

Spatial variability of glacial changes and their effects on water resources in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the last five decades

Changes in glaciers in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains have been analyzed previously. However, most previous studies focused on individual glaciers and/or decentralized glacial basins. Moreover, a majority of these studies were published only in Chinese, which limited their usefulness at the international level. With this in mind, the authors reviewed the previous studies to create an overview of glacial changes in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains over the last five decades and discussed the effects of glacial changes on water resources. In response to climate change, glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains are shrinking rapidly and are ca. 20% smaller on average in the past five decades. Overall, the area reduction of glacial basins in the central part of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains is larger than that in the eastern and western parts. The spatial differentiation in glacial changes are caused by both differences in regional climate and in glacial factors. The effects of glacial changes on water resources vary in different river basins due to the differences in glacier distribution, characteristics of glacial change and proportion of the glacier meltwater in river runoff.     

Survey on the distribution of the Horse Chestnut ScalePulvinaria regalisCanard (Hom., Coccidae) in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998

In the present study, the distribution of the Horse Chestnut Scale insectPulvinaria regalis Canard in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998 and tendencies in the variation of infestation levels during the past three years were investigated by a survey. A questionnaire was sent to the offices for green areas and environmental affairs of 121 cities in Germany with a population exceeding 75.000 citizens. Additional observations by the authors were also taken into consideration. A comparison to data from 1995 was conducted. In the year 1998, this arboricultural pest occurred in 34 cities (15 in 1995) and could be found in the areas of the Rhineland and the Ruhr-Valley, from Bonn in the south up to Münster (Westphalia) in the north and from Aachen in the west to Hagen and Dortmund in the east.P. regalis could also be detected in Offenbach and Frankfurt a. M., It also occurred southward along the rivers Rhine and Neckar in the cities of Mainz, Ludwigshafen, Freiburg and Stuttgart. The most southern point whereP. regalis was detected in July 1998 was Zürich in Switzerland. The first occurrence of the 19 new observed infestations withP. regalis took place in six instances before 1995, eight in 1995, three in 1996, and one each in 1997 and 1998. The investigations about tendencies in the variation of infestation levels revealed a decrease in scale numbers only in the cities where Horse Chestnut Scales have been observed first in Germany. On the other hand, almost every place located further away from these infestation sites showed a population increase ofP. regalis. Constant infestation levels over the past three years could be found in only two cities. In most cases lime, maple and horse chestnut trees were the host plants of this scale insect.     

Survey on the distribution of the Horse Chestnut ScalePulvinaria regalisCanard (Hom., Coccidae) in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998

In the present study, the distribution of the Horse Chestnut Scale insectPulvinaria regalis Canard in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998 and tendencies in the variation of infestation levels during the past three years were investigated by a survey. A questionnaire was sent to the offices for green areas and environmental affairs of 121 cities in Germany with a population exceeding 75.000 citizens. Additional observations by the authors were also taken into consideration. A comparison to data from 1995 was conducted. In the year 1998, this arboricultural pest occurred in 34 cities (15 in 1995) and could be found in the areas of the Rhineland and the Ruhr-Valley, from Bonn in the south up to Münster (Westphalia) in the north and from Aachen in the west to Hagen and Dortmund in the east.P. regalis could also be detected in Offenbach and Frankfurt a. M., It also occurred southward along the rivers Rhine and Neckar in the cities of Mainz, Ludwigshafen, Freiburg and Stuttgart. The most southern point whereP. regalis was detected in July 1998 was Zürich in Switzerland. The first occurrence of the 19 new observed infestations withP. regalis took place in six instances before 1995, eight in 1995, three in 1996, and one each in 1997 and 1998. The investigations about tendencies in the variation of infestation levels revealed a decrease in scale numbers only in the cities where Horse Chestnut Scales have been observed first in Germany. On the other hand, almost every place located further away from these infestation sites showed a population increase ofP. regalis. Constant infestation levels over the past three years could be found in only two cities. In most cases lime, maple and horse chestnut trees were the host plants of this scale insect.     

近30年新疆降水量及雨日的变化特征分析

利用新疆1971-2006年98个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了新疆年和四季降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明：新疆多年平均年降水量及雨日的空间分布均为北疆大于南疆,山区大于平原,二者长期变化的空间分布相似程度较低,有些地区甚至完全相反。南疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是由于雨日增加而造成的;北疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是...     

近45年阿克苏地区干湿程度演变分析

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