大豆品种品质性状与豆腐产量的相关性研究

选用北京地区20个大豆品种(系),对其品质性状和豆腐产量进行相关分析,研究表明：1)大豆籽粒的脂肪含量与豆腐湿重与湿豆腐体积、豆腐干重间呈极显著正相关;2)品种间豆腐产量差异显著;3)豆腐产量与蛋白质含量、凝固剂的种类无相关关系,湿豆腐产量受凝固剂的影响极显著;4)豆腐湿重与湿豆腐体积呈极显著正相关,与豆腐干重呈显著正相关,豆腐体积与豆腐干重呈显著正相关。5)经新复极差分析分别选出高蛋白、高脂肪、高豆腐产量的专用品种。     

3种化学杂交药剂对2个蚕豆品种的效应

人们都知识豆腐硬度与大豆种子蛋白质含量间有一定程度的相关性，但是用蛋白质含量高的大豆也可以加工出柔软的豆腐，因此这两者间的一致性还不十分清楚。因此本研究再次检测了福丰、幸丰等6个日本大豆品种的种子蛋白质含量与豆腐硬度间的关系。用燃烧法测定的氮含量乘以6．25计算     

大豆蛋白质间接选择方法的初步研究

以五个蛋白质含量不同的大豆品种为试材，对其种子发育期间的蛋白质含量、水分含量和干鲜重之比第8个性状指标之间的相互关系进行研究，期望探索出与蛋白质含量有协同变化规律的指标。结果表明，各品种种子的蛋白质含量（%鲜基）与干鲜重之比呈极显著的负相关，而与含水量则呈极显著的正相关，二个相关系数的绝对值几乎相等，     

大豆品系在黄淮南部主产区产量及品质性状分析

为了筛选适宜黄淮南部大豆产区种植的大豆品种,于2011年和2012年对河南、安徽和江苏3省5个试验点测试的107份大豆品系的产量、品质及其他相关性状的数据进行收集、统计和分析。结果表明：测试大豆品系的平均产量为2601.73 kg/hm2,与对照‘中黄13’相比,共有48份大豆品系表现增产,占总数的44.86%;各试验点的大豆平均蛋白质含量总体较高,而且蛋脂双高的品种比例在各试验点均在70%以上。相关性分析表明,产量与品质性状有着极显著的负相关,与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和蛋脂总量的相关系数分别为-0.27、-0.23和-0.48;与有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.41,r=0.48,r=0.59,r=0.64)。偏相关分析也表明,大豆的产量与单株粒数呈极显著正相关性,且单株粒数是对大豆产量影响最大的性状;通径分析显示,该性状对产量的通径系数最大。蛋脂总量与株高、百粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.20,r=0.23),与有效分枝呈显著负相关(r=-0.19),与单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.29,r=-0.44,r=-0.37)。生产中,在提高大豆产量和品质的同时,应考虑到大豆各农艺性状之间存在着相互影响,在育种时应注意各性状之间的平衡。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关性分析

【研究目的】为探讨不同田间环境条件下,同一甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型各品质性状之间的相关关系,【方法】以甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型GH01为材料,研究了由播期与密度形成的9种田间环境条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状间的相关性。【结果】结果表明：黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.6617和r=-0.7458*）,胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.9071**和r=0.8973**）。【结论】甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度、种子含油量之间的相关关系随供试基因型的不同而发生变化,但另一些品质性状（含油量、蛋白质含量）间的相关关系并不因供试基因型间的差异而改变。     

模拟盐胁迫对高山紫菀种子萌发及幼胚生长的影响

以高山紫菀(Aster alpinus L.)种子为试验材料,研究不同种类不同浓度盐溶液对高山紫菀种子及幼胚生长的影响。使用浓度为0.30%、0.60%、0.90%、1.20%和1.50%的NaCl、Na2SO4、MgCl2和复合盐(NaCl ∶Na2SO4=2 ∶1)溶液模拟盐胁迫,以蒸馏水作为对照,测定不同盐胁迫下高山紫菀种子萌发及幼胚生长指标。结果表明: 1) 4种盐胁迫下,浓度为0.30%的MgCl2盐胁迫的种子发芽率与ck差异不显著,其余处理的发芽率显著低于ck;所有处理的发芽势、发芽指数与ck均有显著性差异。 2)各盐胁迫处理下,胚根长均比对照显著降低;0.30%浓度NaCl盐溶液处理的胚芽长与对照无显著性差异,其余处理的胚芽长均显著低于对照;浓度大于0.60%的所有处理组的叶面积与对照比显著降低,各浓度MgCl2盐胁迫的叶面积均显著小于对照。浓度为1.50%的复合盐溶液处理的幼胚未生长。研究表明,高山紫菀种子具有一定耐盐性,胚芽、叶片对盐分的敏感程度低于胚根。高山紫菀种子对Na2SO4、NaCl、MgCl2和复合盐的耐受适宜浓度为0.40%、0.24%、0.81%和0.30%,耐受半致死浓度为1.18%、0.53%、1.45%和0.71%,耐受极限浓度为 1.69%、 1.39%、1.98%和1.40%。高山紫菀种子对4种盐耐受程度从大到小依次为:MgCl2>Na2SO4>复合盐>NaCl。     

作物茬口与施肥对连作大豆化学品质的影响

采用两因素有重复完全随机试验,研究苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种茬口与施肥对连作大豆化学品质的影响。试验结果表明,茬口主效应对连作大豆的蛋白质含量、蛋白和脂肪的总含量分别有极显著和显著的影响,对脂肪含量影响不显著;即连作2年的大豆蛋白质含量分别比苜蓿茬和玉米茬上连作1年的蛋白质含量高1.08%和1.32%,差异极显著;连作2年的大豆蛋白质和脂肪总含量比玉米茬上连作1年的二者总含量高1.45%,达显著水平。施肥主效应对连作大豆的蛋白质、脂肪含量及二者的总含量影响均不显著,脂肪含量随施肥量增加有升高的趋势。茬口主效应与施肥主效应的互作对连作大豆的蛋白、脂肪含量及二者的总含量影响均不显著,大豆茬上施大豆专用复合肥375 kg/hm2（A3B4）组合蛋白质含量及蛋白和脂肪总含量最高,分别达39.86%和58.19%。茬口、施肥主效应及二者互作效应对蛋白质含量及蛋白质和脂肪总含量的影响趋势基本一致。     

西南区豆腐加工专用大豆品质分析

为筛选出高产、优质、豆腐加工专用的大豆品种,本研究从西南地区收集144份高蛋白地方大豆品种,种植于四川农业大学雅安校区农场试验田,采用大田管理模式,调查其生育期。成熟后风干考种,调查产量,百粒重,生育期等主要的农艺性状,测定大豆蛋白质,脂肪,可溶性糖含量等品质性状。用SDS-PAGE法测7 s球蛋白,11 s球蛋白相对含量和11 s/7 s比值,并对不同品种的大豆的主要农艺性状,产量,品质,7 s球蛋白含量,11 s球蛋白含量以及11 s/7 s之间进行相关性分析。结果表明,大豆产量与生育期成极显著负相关,和株高成显著性负相关,与有效分枝成极显著正相关。蛋白质含量与油脂含量和可溶性糖含量成极显著负相关,可溶性糖含量与油脂含量成极显著正相关,蛋白质含量与7 s球蛋白含量呈极显著性正相关,与11 s球蛋白含量和11 s/7 s之间有着不显著正相关或无明显相关关系。通过聚类分析筛选出高产优质品种高产高质有C79,C68,E312,A59,A22-2共5份大豆品种,这些品种平均单株产量为20.96 g,蛋白含量51.62%,脂肪16.00%,可溶性糖含量6.89%,11 s/7 s为1.50,吸水率123.0%,百粒重14.55 g,可将其作为适合生产豆腐的大豆品种。     

不同大豆品种品质分析

对20个不同大豆品种的种子蛋白质、脂肪以及大豆异黄酮含量进行了测定,并对种子贮存蛋白中的醇溶蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白分别进行了提取和电泳分析,从中筛选出7个高蛋白品种,4个高脂肪品种,6个高大豆异黄酮品种,2个高蛋白高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高蛋白高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的三高品种。通过电泳分析得到4个优质蛋白品种,两个豆腐专用品种。将蛋白质、脂肪、大豆异黄酮含量的测定与电泳方法结合,可以成为筛选优质蛋白质兼用性品种的快速简便方法。     

悬铃木落叶水提物对三种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究分析了不同质量浓度的悬铃木叶水提物对小麦、玉米、大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响的化感作用。研究表明：较低质量浓度的悬铃木落叶水提物（≤2％）可显著促进小麦和、玉米根和芽的生长,增加淀粉酶活性和叶绿素含量,有利于小麦和玉米种子的萌发和幼苗的生长;在低质量浓度（≤1％）时,处理组大豆的发芽率、株高、根长、氨基酸含量和叶绿素含量都显著较对照组的增加,有利于大豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。当处理液质量浓度达到4％时,不利于小麦、玉米和大豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。     

中国栽培和野生大豆豆腐与豆乳得率的遗传变异

我国不同生态区大豆种质豆腐与豆乳得率的遗传变异是专用型品种选育的基础。以来自各生态区的564份地方品种、101份育成品种、193份野生大豆加上88份国外品种,合计946份大豆种质为材料,采用小样品定量分析技术,测定干豆腐与干豆乳得率,研究其遗传变异。结果表明,全国野生大豆和栽培大豆的干豆腐与干豆乳得率均存在很大变异,干豆腐得率变幅分别为25.32~69.59、25.52~85.89 g 100 g^-1,干豆乳得率变幅分别为40.75~82.86、39.05~91.86 g 100 g-1,栽培大豆两者的得率在野生豆基础上均有较大幅度改进;各生态区均存在与全国相同的变异情况,区内变异大于区间变异,但南方一些生态区栽培种豆腐(乳)得率变异程度相对较大,高得率材料相对较多,因本底（野生种）得率与地理纬度无关,推测与各地区栽培大豆利用方向的不同有关而形成了栽培种微弱的地理相关性;栽培材料中2.75%干豆腐得率超过75 g 100 g^-1,5.50%干豆乳得率超过85 g 100 g^-1,从中优选出来自Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ生态区的双高种质14份,可供各地区豆腐(乳)育种利用。     

Analysis of tofu‐related traits by a bench‐scale tofu production method and their relationship with agronomic traits in European soybean

European tofu manufacturers are becoming more and more interested in locally grown soybeans. A prerequisite for the development of European tofu cultivars is to improve our understanding of how the environment and genetics affect soymilk and tofu quality, as well as how quality and agronomic traits are correlated. This study was based on 215 recombinant inbred lines derived from two populations and grown at three locations that were evaluated for tofu traits in a bench‐scale tofu laboratory. The heritabilities of most of the evaluated tofu traits were moderately high with h² > 0.6. We observed significant genotypic variance components, but an even stronger contribution of the location. The network analysis of the evaluated traits was population‐dependent; however, the tofu traits were not associated with any of the agronomic traits. Collectively, our results indicate the potential to improve tofu‐related traits in European soybean. The bench‐scale tofu production method provides a valuable tool to test soybean lines in breeding programmes; however, the method needs to be further improved and automated to minimize errors due to the laboratory staff.     

Correlations of seed traits with tofu texture in 48 soybean cultivars and breeding lines

Food‐grade soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr] used to produce tofu have specific seed composition, shape, size and colour requirements. Seed qualities, such as protein content, have been correlated with tofu texture. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between textural qualities of tofu and seed characters, including shape, size, density, weight, protein content and oil content. Tofu was produced from the seed of 48 high‐protein or food‐grade soybean lines grown at two locations in 2010. Four tofu textural traits were assessed including work to failure, deformability, stiffness and hardness. Seed protein and oil content were significantly correlated with stiffness and hardness, and protein was additionally correlated with work to failure. Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.45 to 0.60 (adjusted P‐values < 0.002) for protein and ?0.49 to ?0.35 for oil (adjusted P‐values < 0.016). No significant correlations between tofu texture and seed volume or shape were detected. Seed protein content can be assessed for indirect selection for tofu firmness, whereas this study reveals no evidence that seed size affects tofu texture.     

大豆异黄酮组分HPLC快速分析技术及其在豆腐加工中的应用

大豆异黄酮育种与大豆制品加工研究需要进行大批量样品12种异黄酮组分的快速定量分析。在前人研究基础上利用Agilent 1100高效液相色谱(HPLC)系统,以大豆品种南农95C-13为材料,研究大豆苷元,大豆苷,乙酰基大豆苷,丙二酰基大豆苷,染料木苷元,染料木苷,乙酰基染料木苷,丙二酰基染料木苷,黄豆苷元,黄豆苷,乙酰基黄豆苷,丙二酰基黄豆苷等12种标准品外标法快速定量技术。从样品制备与色谱条件对分析12种异黄酮组分的准确度和分离度入手,确定分析流程,以(科丰1号×南农1138-2)的184个重组自交系(NJRIKY)为材料,研究豆腐加工中总量和各组分的变化特点。(1)样品以80%甲醇水溶液50℃超声1 h提取;色谱条件为,检测波长254 nm, 柱温36℃,流速2.0 mL min^–1, 进样量 10 μL, 流动相0.1%(V/V)乙酸水溶液(A)和100%甲醇(B),0~2 min,27% B (V/V)→2~3 min,27%~38% B→3~10 min, 38% B→10~12 min,38%~39% B→12~14 min, 39% B→14~15 min, 39~27% B梯度洗脱;在15 min内将12个组分良好分离,各组分峰面积与其相应浓度均呈良好线性关系(R²为0.9976~0.9999);加标回收率均大于99%,变异系数低于2%。(2)NJRIKY群体籽粒、豆乳、豆腐异黄酮总量和组分的大量分析验证了HPLC快速技术的效果。籽粒异黄酮总含量(3 695.00 μg g^–1)在豆乳加工中平均85.15%转入豆乳 (3 146.12 μg g^–1),14.85% (548.88 μg g^–1)进入豆渣。传统豆腐加工通过硫酸钙絮凝,只有17.32% (639.89 μg g^–1)转入豆腐,67.83% (2 506.23 μg g^–1)留在黄浆水中。豆乳中12种组分含量比籽粒稍低,均以丙酰基染料木苷含量最高;而豆腐中乙酰基染料木苷和乙酰基黄豆苷缺失,以染料木苷元与大豆苷元含量较高。大豆科丰1号与南农1138-2杂交重组后家系间的异黄酮遗传变异增大,增加了对其遗传改良的潜力。     

Yield trade-off and the role of parental selection based on seed size when breeding for soybean seed protein

Alternative physiological strategies can increase protein concentration in soybean: (i) more-than-proportional increases in seed protein content (mg seed⁻¹) relative to increases in carbohydrate and oil content in large-seeded genotypes or (ii) more-than-proportional reductions in carbohydrate and/or oil content relative to protein content reductions in small-seeded genotypes. Because these strategies differentially affect crop growth and development, we hypothesized that populations developed from high-protein (HP) parents with contrasting seed sizes will present differences in how seed yield and protein concentration correlate. To test this, three breeding strategies were developed by mating high-yielding cultivars and HP ones that differ in seed sizes, reflecting the alternative strategies mentioned above. Neither tested crossing strategies showed differences in their correlation values between seed yield and protein concentration, as initially expected. Nevertheless, populations developed from crossing a HP-small-seeded parent to a HP-large-seeded one showed the highest number of transgressive segregants for protein yield. Our results showed that parent selection based on seed size has no beneficial effects on the development of high-yielding, HP soybean populations, but it might affect the number of transgressive segregants for protein yield.     

Genetic loci and candidate genes with pleiotropic effects for tofu and soymilk weights across multiple environments in soybean (Glycine max)

Soybean provides large amounts of protein for human, and the most popular consumption pattern is tofu and soymilk. Recently, the demand of tofu and soymilk is increased, and the breeding of special variety becomes very urgent. To illustrate the genetic basis of these traits, 269 accessions were evaluated under six environments, and 32 associated SNPs were identified on nine chromosomes across multiple environments or conferring diverse traits. Of these SNPs, 16 were demonstrated by BLUP values. Seven adjacent-SNPs were first identified to associate with tofu and soymilk weights in an 1.02-Mb region on chromosome 8, which were verified by BLUP-values. Meanwhile, four neighbouring SNPs in a 0.32-Mb region on chromosome 12 were first identified to associate with these traits across multiple environments, of which three were detected in BLUP values. Furthermore, some candidate genes, that is, α-glucan water dikinase Glyma.08G283700 and E3 SUMO-protein ligase Glyma.12G071300, were screened out with differential expressions between the high- and low-tofu/soymilk-output accessions. Thus, these associated SNPs and candidate genes provide new insight into the genetic basis of tofu and soymilk processing quality in soybean.     

山东大豆品种资源农艺性状及品质概况分析

对1 069份大豆品种资源的农艺性状及品质概况进行了分析。结果表明山东省大豆品种中黄豆资源丰富,且生育期、株高、百粒重等农艺性状变幅大,选择范围广。在品质方面,蛋白质含量≥40%的品种989份,占92.52%,为我省培育高蛋白大豆品种提供了充足的原始材料。对蛋白质含量≥45%的164份品种进行各性状间相关性分析证明,高油、高蛋白育种在后代选择中紫花品种蛋白高于白花品种,百粒重大的品种含油量高。     

大豆脂氧酶分析鉴定技术的研究进展及在育种中的应用

大豆脂肪氧化酶分析鉴定技术是将大豆种子中分离与纯化的脂肪氧化同工酶,利用遗传分析、免疫、色谱分析、显色等方法进行定性或定量的分析,检测品种的脂氧酶缺失类型。随着无腥味大豆育种研究的深入,现已育成品种的商品化生产,食品加工业的蓬勃发展,对大豆脂肪氧化酶鉴定技术要求不断提高和改进。笔者综述了大豆脂肪氧化同工酶的生物特性、遗传学特点及其各种分析鉴定技术的优缺点、灵敏度和适应范围,并且认为,在比较分析的基础上,以选择有益材料培育新种质、新品种的辅助育种和食品加工的鉴定为目的,使用最经济有效的检测手段是快速准确筛选缺失品种的合理策略。进一步讨论了大豆脂肪氧化酶分析鉴定技术运用于辅助育种所存在的问题和应用前景     

大豆重组自交系群体NJRISX豆腐和豆乳得率的QTL分析

以176个家系组成的苏88-M21×新沂小黑豆重组自交系群体NJRISX为材料, 通过MAPMAKER3.0构建了包含131个SSR标记、24个连锁群的遗传图谱, 覆盖大豆基因组2 044.6 cM, 标记平均间距15.6 cM; 经2005和2006两年试验, 所获数据按主基因加多基因混合遗传模型分析干豆腐、湿豆腐和干豆乳得率的遗传机制; 应用软件Win QTL Cartographer Version 2.5复合区间作图法(CIM)和多区间作图法(MIM)检测QTL。结果显示, 在A2连锁群的Satt424~Sat_162区间检测到控制干豆腐和干豆乳得率的主效QTL各1个, qODT-A2-1可以解释15.7%~ 28.2%的表型变异, qODS-A2-1可以解释30.0%~34.8%的表型变异。检测到湿豆腐得率2个主效QTL, qOWT-A2-1位于A2连锁群的Satt424~Sat_162区间, 可以解释20.7%~30.7%的表型变异, qOWT-L位于L连锁群的Satt481~Sat_397区间, 可以解释19.0%~27.4%的表型变异。分离分析结果表明, 干豆腐和干豆乳得率均属于1对主基因加多基因遗传, 湿豆腐得率属于2对非连锁主基因加多基因遗传模型。上述QTL定位结果与分离分析所获的主基因数、贡献率及其和多基因的相对贡献可以相互验证, 建议育种中要兼顾主基因和多基因的利用。     

中国东北大豆与日本大豆品种PEPCase基因的多态性

Soybeans in Northeast of China are one of the most importantgenetic resources in the world.In order to use themeffectively insoybean breeding,it is necessary to evaluate the maincharacteristics,especially the quality characteristics such as seedprotein content.It is reported that the PEPCase activity in soybeanseeds is positively correlated with the seed protein content andnegatively correlated with the lipid content[1].PEPCase is alsopresent in seeds of different species[2~4],and may play…