苜蓿草粉在杜洛克肥育猪日粮中适宜饲喂量研究

体重相近的杜洛克生长猪48头,随机分成4组(每组4个重复),研究苜蓿草粉替代杜洛克肥育猪日粮对其生长性能、养分消化和屠宰性能的影响。结果发现,苜蓿草粉替代组的生长性能均低于对照组,其中10%替代组略低于对照组;15%和25%替代组显著低于对照组。随苜蓿草粉替代率增加,养分消化率逐步降低(P<0.05)。苜蓿替代组的背膘厚均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P<0.05)。苜蓿草粉替代全价日粮对猪消化道发育、屠宰性能、肉质指标影响不大。经济效益分析发现10%替代组的头毛收入比对照组提高12.3%。综合来看,10%的替代率较佳。     

不同净能水平的低蛋白日粮对猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

选取120头22kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康生长猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头,探讨低蛋白不同净能水平(10.54、10.28、9.96、9.63、9.45MJ/kg)日粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白降低4个百分点,不同净能处理间的采食量和饲料转化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),日增重随净能的下降呈线性增加,以9.45MJ/kg组最高(P<0.05);养分消化率中,除钙的消化率外,其余养分的消化率均随净能水平的增加而线性下降(P<0.05)。降低净能水平后,血清赖氨酸含量线性增加(P=0.03),对其余氨基酸影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。由此可得出,低蛋白日粮中净能水平的降低并不影响生长猪的生长性能和养分消化率。     

大豆皮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪便有害气体排放的影响

为研究大豆皮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪便有害气体的影响,试验选择体重(54.6±2.0)kg的200头健康杜长大三元杂种生长猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,5%大豆皮组饲喂在对照组饲粮中含有5%大豆皮的饲粮,10%大豆皮组饲喂在对照组饲粮中含有10%大豆皮的饲粮,15%大豆皮组饲喂在对照组饲粮中含有15%大豆皮的饲粮。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)各处理组间生长猪末重、日增重和采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05);2)15%大豆皮组的料重比显著高于对照组0.12(P<0.05);3)10%和15%大豆皮组干物质的表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);4)5%、10%和15%大豆皮组均显著降低了粪便中氨气排放(P<0.05)。试验结果表明在该试验条件下,与对照组相比,生长猪饲粮中添加5%大豆皮在不影响生长性能和养分表观消化率的情况下,降低了粪便中氨气的排放,但添加15%大豆皮则会增加料重比,降低干物质的表观消化率。因此,生长猪饲粮中大豆皮的适宜添加量为5%。     

苜蓿草粉添加比例对颗粒饲料加工质量和生长育肥猪生长性能影响研究

试验选用120头初始体重(38.34±6.25) kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交试验猪,随机将其分为5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复4头猪,进行为期12周的饲养试验,生长期6周,育肥期6周。试验饲粮设5种苜蓿草粉添加比例,分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%,采取普通制粒工艺进行颗粒饲料加工。结果表明:(1)随着苜蓿草粉的添加,在颗粒饲料硬度试验组中呈先上升后下降趋势,5%、10%、20%试验组颗粒饲料的硬度较对照组无显著差异(P0.05),15%试验组颗粒饲料硬度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。5%试验组颗粒硬度最低;颗粒成型率较对照组无显著差异(P0.05),5%试验组颗粒成型率最高;颗粒耐久性较对照组均有所增加,在试验组中呈先上升后下降的趋势。(2)前期平均日增重试验组较对照组无显著差异(P0.05);平均日采食量15%组显著低于其他试验组和对照组(P0.05),料重比15%组显著低于对照组和10%、20%组(P0.05),较5%组无显著差异(P0.05);后期平均日增重5%组显著高于其他试验组和对照组(P0.05);平均日采食量5%组最高,显著高于20%组(P0.05),较10%、15%组和对照组无显著差异(P0.05);料重比5%组最低,显著低于15%组(P0.05),较对照组和其他试验组无显著差异(P0.05);全期平均日增重5%组显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);平均日采食量试验组较对照组无显著性差异(P0.05);料重比试验组较对照组无显著差异(P0.05),5%组最低。综合考虑,苜蓿草粉添加比例为5%时,试验猪生长性能较好。(3)干物质表观消化率5%、15%、20%试验组较对照组无显著差异(P0.05)10%试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05);蛋白质表观消化率试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综合考虑苜蓿草粉添加比例对颗粒饲料质量、生长育肥猪的生长性能和消化性能的影响,建议在现有工艺条件下,生长育肥猪日粮中苜蓿草粉的适宜添加比例为5%。     

不同比例的青贮苜蓿对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率和抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在探究等干物质的青贮苜蓿替代苜蓿草粉对肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率和抗氧化性能的影响。选取100只体重相近、（30±2）日龄的伊拉肉兔随机分为5组，分别为对照组（无青贮苜蓿）、A组（8%青贮苜蓿）、B组（12%青贮苜蓿）、C组（16%青贮苜蓿）、D组（20%青贮苜蓿），每组20个重复，每个重复1只。预试期5 d，正式试验期35 d。结果显示，与对照组相比，B组肉兔的平均日增重、末重以及对粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、粗纤维的表观消化率显著提高（P<0.05），料重比显著下降（P<0.05）。B组肉兔血清中以及肌肉中的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P<0.05），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）显著升高（P<0.05）。研究表明，使用一定比例等干物质的青贮苜蓿替代苜蓿草粉可以提高肉兔生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清与肌肉的抗氧化能力，替代比例为12%效果较好。     

植酸酶和磷酸氢钙对育肥猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

采用体重75 kg的长白×大约克二元杂交阉公猪56头,随机分为4个处理,分别饲喂常磷日粮、低磷日粮、常磷加植酸酶日粮和低磷加植酸酶日粮。每个处理14个重复,每个重复1头,研究杂粕型日粮添加植酸酶(750 U/kg)和不添加磷酸氢钙对育肥猪的生产性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:低磷组比常磷组的采食量降低了5.04%(P<0.05),料重比增加了17.94%(P<0.01),日增重降低了19.80%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本增加了17.20%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率降低了10.16%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率降低了8.56%(P<0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);常磷加酶组比常磷组的采食量增加了2.97%(P>0.05),料重比增加了3.53%(P>0.05),日增重降低了1.70%(P>0.05),单位增重饲料成本增加了4.12%(P>0.05),磷表观消化率降低了3.46%(P>0.05),钙表观消化率降低了4.40%(P>0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);低磷加酶组比低磷组的采食量增加了7.50%(P<0.01),料重比降低了13.47%(P<0.01),日增重增加了24.30%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本降低了13.60%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率提高了42.09%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率提高了11.18%(P<0.01),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);低磷加酶组(即无磷酸氢钙日粮加酶组)与常磷组相比采食量、日增重、料重比和单位增重饲料成本均差异不显著(P>0.05),磷表观消化率提高了27.66%(P<0.05),钙表观消化率提高了1.68%(P>0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:低磷日粮添加植酸酶可以提高猪生长性能,提高钙磷表观消化率,但对粗蛋白表观消化率无显著影响;常磷日粮添加植酸酶对猪的生长性能和养分表观消化率均无显著影响;不添加磷酸氢钙会降低猪的生长性能和钙磷的表观消化率。     

纤维源对不同品种生长猪养分消化率和氮平衡的影响

试验旨在研究纤维源对不同品种生长猪养分消化率和氮平衡的影响试验选取体重相近、健康去势的烟台黑、鲁农2号生长猪各6头,饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮,采用有重复的3×3拉丁方设计,三个处理分别为基础日粮组、10%大豆皮替代基础日粮组、10%地瓜蔓替代基础日粮组。于每期试验的第6、7 d连续收集48 h的粪样和尿样测定日粮养分消化率和氮平衡代谢。结果表明:日粮添加10%地瓜蔓,两品种生长猪养分消化率和氮平衡显著或极显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),添加10%大豆皮对其氮总利用率影响显著(P0.05),对其他则影响不显著(P0.05);除对干物质消化率(P0.01)、氮表观消化率(P0.05)外,猪的品种对养分消化率和氮平衡均有显著影响(P0.05);纤维源对养分消化率和氮平衡均影响极显著(P0.01);但二者的互作关系不明显(P0.05)。与烟台黑生长猪相比,纤维源对鲁农2号生长猪养分消化率及氮平衡代谢的影响更大。     

生长猪饲粮中添加发酵桑叶粉对生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响

为研究发酵桑叶粉作为饲料来源，其不同添加水平对生长猪生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响，选取体质量30 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪48头，随机分成4组，对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加2%、4%、6%的发酵桑叶粉进行饲喂试验。结果表明：饲料中添加发酵桑叶粉，试验组生长猪平均日采食量低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组之间采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加发酵桑叶粉使生长猪血清中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组尿酸含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);发酵桑叶粉的添加对血清中的葡萄糖含量有下降趋势作用，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清中的葡萄糖含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。抗氧化能力随着发酵桑叶粉添加水平的提高，血清中的丙二醛含量极显著降低(P<0.01);过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶含量，试验组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),说明生长猪饲粮中添加4%～6%发酵桑叶粉不影响其生长性能，有利于增强机体抗氧化能力。     

酸梅粉对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

采用单因子试验设计,研究磷缺乏(0.17%非植酸磷)的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加天然物质酸梅粉对生长猪生产性能和养分(干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白、钙和磷)表观消化率的影响。研究结果表明:1.5%的酸梅粉有改善生长猪生产性能的趋势,但是各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);与负对照相比,含有1.5%酸梅粉的日粮干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙和磷分别提高了3.26%(P<0.05)、6.27%(P<0.01)、17.30%(P<0.01)、48.52%(P<0.01),与正对照相比差异不显著(P>0.05),3%酸梅粉组与负对照相比有提高养分消化率的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明,玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酸梅粉能提高生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率,1.5%的酸梅粉能节约37.04%有效磷的添加。     

不同亚麻酸水平及饲料组成对育肥猪生长性能和肉品质的影响

旨在研究不同亚麻酸水平的日粮对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状及肉品质的影响。试验选取900头60 kg左右,健康状况良好的杜×长×大三元育肥猪作为试验对象,采用随机区组设计,分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复60头猪。5个试验组分别为:对照组(玉米豆粕型);10%苜蓿草粉组;20%苜蓿草粉组;大豆油组(与10%的草粉组亚麻酸水平一致);亚麻油组(与20%的草粉组亚麻酸水平一致)。试验期67 d,其中正试期60 d。结果表明:1)10%的苜蓿草粉组的日增重显著高于20%苜蓿草粉组和亚麻油组,也高于豆油组和对照组,但差异不显著。2)2个草粉组的瘦肉率高于两个加油组,也高于对照组,然而其屠宰率下降。3)试验组的眼肌面积显著高于对照组,以10%草粉组最高,2个草粉组的大理石纹和肉色优于豆油组和亚麻油组。4)试验组和对照组相比,降低了棕榈酸、硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸的含量,提高了亚油酸、亚麻酸等多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。这些结果表明,在日粮中加入10%的苜蓿草粉有利于提高动物的生产性能,添加苜蓿草粉和植物油均有助于改善肉的品质,其中苜蓿草粉组饲料组成对亚麻酸的沉积效果优于植物油脂。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.