Improvement of irrigation management towards the sustainable use of groundwater in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

The great expansion of irrigated lands using groundwater has often caused the exploitation of aquifer reserves beyond their recharge capacity. The development of management tools which can harmonize resource exploitation with reserve sustainability is the objective of an interesting experience being accomplished in the aquifer 08.29 in Mancha Oriental, Spain. This paper offers a summary of this ongoing project (GESMO), pointing out the specific role of the Irrigation Advisory Service. The general objective of the project is to create an integrated and integral management system of the aquifer as well as to prepare appropriate techniques for its adequate exploitation. Integral management means that both supply and demand management are considered, including the socio-economic and environmental perspectives. The concept of integrated management implies that the process must involve the majority of economic and social agents affected.

Management is founded on a Decision Support System (DSS) which takes into consideration different possible options. The DSS must contemplate the impacts on the environment, mainly the aquifer reserve losses and the increase of nitrates concentration in groundwater. The project directly affects more than 5000 agricultural users, irrigating about 100 000 ha with the aquifer water resources, as well as the whole population living in this region. Results of this project, including irrigation technologies developed may be useful for other areas in the Mediterranean Basin where similar cases occur.     

Cost-effectiveness of groundwater conservation measures: A multi-level analysis with policy implications

Groundwater in Spain, as in other arid and semiarid countries worldwide, has been widely used in the expansion of irrigated agriculture. In the Spanish Mancha Occidental aquifer, the excessive, and sometimes illegal, water abstraction for irrigation has promoted outstanding socioeconomic development in the area, but it has also resulted in exploitation of the aquifer and degradation of valuable wetlands. Water policies implemented in the region have not yet managed to restore the aquifer and face strong social opposition. This paper uses a multi-scale modeling approach to explore the environmental and socio-economic impacts of alternative water conservation measures at the farm and basin levels. It also analyzes their comparative cost-effectiveness to help policy makers identify the least costly policy option for achieving the goal of the Mancha Occidental aquifer's sustainability. To conduct this analysis, a Mathematical Programming Model has been developed to simulate: the closing-up and taxed-legalization of unlicensed wells, uniform volumetric and block-rate water prices, water quotas, and water markets. Aggregate results show that net social costs are not substantially different across policy option, so none of the considered policy options will be clearly more cost-effective than the others. However, there are significant differences between private and public costs (at the farm and sub-basin levels), which will be critical for determining the application in practice of these policies. Results show that controlling illegal water mining (through the legalization of unlicensed wells) is necessary, but is not sufficient to recover the aquifer. Rather, effective water management in this area will require the implementation of other water management policies as well. Among them, uniform volumetric and block-rate water pricing policies will entail the lowest net social cost, but will produce important income losses in the smallest and most water-intensive farms, which might put at risk the viability of these farms and the social acceptance of the policies. Further investigations on social costs, policy enforcement capacity and public participation in water management are highly recommended.     

基于GIS平台辽阳市水资源管理信息系统的设计与功能

辽阳市水资源管理信息系统是基于GIS平台的综合型管理信息系统。系统的开发以ArcGIS ENGINE为GIS平台,SQL Server作为数据库管理平台,实现了对水资源空间数据及属性数据的交互管理。系统以水资源管理部门的日常工作为基础,建立了对取水许可、取水计量、水资源费征收及各项水资源数据的综合管理体系。     

Estimating groundwater withdrawals in areas of intensive agricultural pumping in central Spain

Measuring groundwater extractions is central to adequate groundwater management in agricultural basins. Groundwater pumping records are often subject to considerable uncertainties, particularly in the case of arid and semiarid settings where irrigation is the most important water use. In most cases this is due to the difficulties involved in locating and monitoring all wells. We describe the estimation of groundwater pumping by coupling the water table fluctuation method with the groundwater balance equation. This is demonstrated through its application to the Mancha Occidental aquifer, Spain, an area subject to intensive pumping for irrigation since the early 1970s. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of relevant hydrogeological parameters, namely specific yield, as well as the most appropriate theoretical semivariogram, to calculate yearly storage variations within the system. Results are validated in the light of official pumping estimates.     

纵向岭谷区农业水管理调控措施

为实现纵向岭谷区农业水管理调控,宏观上以流域水资源综合规划为基础,从需求入手,采取强化节水措施,提高水的利用效率,抑制需水的不合理增长,到2030年农田有效灌溉程度达到32%,灌溉水利用系数提高到0.581,农业灌溉需水总量控制在89.8亿m3,需水年均增长率仅0.52%,以MKIE BASIN模型的配置结果显示,各规划水平年能达到水资源供需平衡;微观上应建立数字流域工程,提高对流域雨水工情的实时监测.推行农业高效节水灌溉制度,建立和完善包括实时灌溉预报、渠系动态配水、实时信息采集和预报修正、灌区空间信息管理等内容的流域单元农业灌溉用水及水资源的实时调度系统,利用水资源配置成果与短期实时调度相结合,实现流域单元的农业高效用水调控.     

GIS在水文水资源中的运用实践研究

使用 GIS这一技术能对水资源的空间信息进行详细的分析,GIS系统在水文水资源研究中发挥着重要作用.此文主要介绍了 GIS系统在水文水资源中应用的特点以及发展大势.     

Irrigated agriculture in the Guadiana River high basin (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain): environmental and socioeconomic impacts

This article is concerned with the management of the Guadiana River high basin's water resources. The region of Castilla-La Mancha in general, and Western La Mancha and the Campo de Montiel in particular, are areas where agriculture has great economic importance. This activity is the principal water consumer, but it is necessary to take account of ecological and social considerations if two important objectives are to be achieved. Firstly, to keep wetlands and biodiversity. Secondly, to maintain natural resources which are vital if the area's future is to be assured. The paper criticizes the mechanical and partial methodological focus which has been used by conventional economics and agriculture. Thus, it supports an integrated and multidisciplinary view that recognises the region's biophysical and social characteristics in such a way that policies applied respect it.     

An econometric irrigated crop allocation model for analyzing the impact of water restriction policies

The objective of the Spanish government-funded GESMO project is to research on new water policy evaluation and monitoring tools, applied to aquifer 8/23 in the Eastern Mancha, which covers one of the most important areas under the charge of the Júcar Catchment Confederation. The project is to output two types of end products: Decision Support Systems for defining water use policies, including economic impact and environmental simulators within a single multi-criteria decision-making environment and Measure Monitoring and Control Systems employing tele-detection and simulation of crop water needs. The Decision Support Systems will include three, highly complex, theoretical models in a single information technology product: a three-dimensional aquifer 8/23 behavior simulation model, an econometric model to predict crop allocation depending on the economic environment, water availabilities, etc., and an automatic alternative generation and evaluation system based on a multi-criteria methodology. The objective of the system is to advise on possible water policies and how they would materialize into spatially and temporally distributed water quotas (m³/ha) with the objective of both safeguarding the aquifer in the medium and long term and increasing the economic profitability of regional agriculture. In this paper, a regional econometric model is presented for studying the impact of water use quotas on the main irrigated crops allocation in the region.     

Determination of spatial water requirements at county and regional levels using crop models and GIS: An example for the State of Parana,Brazil

Due to the competitive use of available water resources, it has become important to define appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. To achieve effective planning, accurate information is needed for crop water use requirements, irrigation withdrawals, runoff and nitrate leaching as a function of crop, soil type and weather conditions at a regional level. Interfacing crop models with a geographic information system (GIS) extends the capabilities of the crop models to a regional level. The objective of this study was to determine the irrigation requirements, annual runoff and annual nitrate leaching for the most important crops of the Tibagi river basin in the State of Parana, Brazil. The computer tool selected for this study was the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) version 3.5 (98.0) and its associated crop modeling and spatial application system AEGIS/WIN. It was assumed that farms within the same county use similar management practices. To achieve representative estimates of irrigation requirements, the weather data from stations located within each county or the nearest weather station were used. A weighting factor based on the proportion of soil type and crop acreage was applied to determine total annual irrigation withdrawals, annual runoff and nitrate leaching for each county in the river basin. The model predicted outputs, including yield, irrigation requirements, runoff and nitrate leached for different soil types in each county, were analyzed, using spatial analysis methods. This allowed for the display of thematic maps for irrigation requirements, annual runoff and nitrate leaching, and to relate this information with irrigation management and planning. The maximum annual irrigation withdrawal, runoff and nitrate leaching were 22,969 m³ per year, 31,152 m³ per year and 1488 t N per year in the Tibagi river basin. This study showed that crop simulation models linked to GIS can be an effective planning tool to help determine irrigation requirements for river basins and large watersheds.     

灌区管理模型与GIS的集成及应用

研究了基于 Map Objects的地理信息系统二次开发及其与灌区管理模型的集成 ,并在漳河灌区进行了初步应用。GIS提供模型计算所需要的空间数据 ,并在模型模拟过程中动态显示时空演化过程。利用 GIS与灌区管理模型的结合 ,对提高我国水资源的利用有重要的现实意义。     

解析矿山开采对地下水资源的影响

现代矿山进行开采时,会排放一些废石、矿坑水及尾矿等,这些都对水资源产生影响,已经受到广泛关注.矿山开采对水资源的影响主要表现在对水资源的量、水资源的循环、含水层的水位变化,以及开采时对水资源的污染等.对地下水资源进行保护,就是提前做好水资源的调查工作,并且加大对矿山开采时废水污染的控制,加强防治措施,这样才能有效地保证矿山的开采不会对地下水资源产生影响.本文对此加以介绍.     

华北地下水开采与粮食生产的脱钩效应及其空间差异性研究

开展华北地区地下水开采与粮食生产的脱钩关系研究,对于客观反映华北地区地下水超采治理成效,辅助华北粮食主产区地下水超采治理精准施策,继而促进地下水资源修复与农业可持续发展具有重要意义.综合采用Tapio脱钩模型、LMDI分解模型和GIS莫兰指数空间分析方法分别从省区和地市层面对华北地区地下水开采量与粮食产量之间的脱钩关系...     

基于GIS的水资源管理决策系统的设计

应用面向对象技术、数据库、决策支持系统和地理信息系统(GIS)理论和水质模型,在GIS平台提供的强大空间功能基础上集成开发了水资源管理决策系统.针对长江镇江段采用河流数字网络模型、水质模型与GIS的耦合,对时空实时处理提出了解决方法.同时,利用该系统可以对水资源进行监控和管理;对空间特性和属性信息进行查询、分类、汇总、统计分析,可以分析水质变化和未来趋势,实时监控水质情况和污染源,防止污染,并进行辅助决策分析.     

开发基于MapX的灌溉信息空间数据库的技术实践

利用GIS工具管理灌溉用水是实现农业高效用水的重要措施之一。精确、充足的空间数据是支撑GIS的基础。以开发陕西省冯家山灌区灌溉信息空间数据库为例介绍了基于MapX组件的空间数据库的建立与关联技术，并对在灌溉管理工作中运用GIS技术进行了有益的探讨。     

数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预

将先进的地理信息系统技术、计算机技术、遥感技术和河流大比例尺数字化地图与水环境管理问题相结合，阐明了数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预警预报系统的GIS模块、专业模块、中间件技术及其他模块的组建技术，论述了基于GIS的“用户交互界面—业务逻辑—数据服务”三层结构体系，并结合西江广东段设计、建模、开发出数字水环境管理系统和数字水质预警预报系统。将基于GIS的信息管理系统应用于水环境部门管理工作，对提高我国水环境管理工作的现代化具有重要意义。     

水资源信息管理系统架构与设计要素

水资源信息化是我国水利“十五”计划中 ,调整从工程水利向资源水利转变 ,建立实施的五大水利信息系统重点之一。根据水资源信息采集的特殊性、管理需求的实用性、资源发展过程中的动态性与水资源需求的可持续性 ,论述了水资源 MIS的可行性框架结构、支撑平台和工具技术等设计要素。可供水资源 MIS管理信息系统方案规划和实现参考     

Regional application of one-dimensional water flow models for irrigation management

Numerical models for the simulation of soil water processes can be used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of crop water requirements; this information can support the irrigation management in a rationale usage of water resources. This latter objective requires the knowledge of spatially distributed input parameters concerning vegetation status, soil hydraulic behaviour and groundwater interaction. This task can be achieved by a conjunctive use of remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems and hydrological simulation models. The present work focuses on the criteria applied for the implementation of a one-dimensional model for water flow in each parcel of an irrigation district in southern Italy having extension of 3000 ha.     

灌区灌溉用水时空优化配置方法

将传统的灌溉水量在作物间的优化分配模型和建立的渠系工作制度多目标优化模型与地理信息系统相集成,提出了基于空间决策支持系统的灌区灌溉用水优化配置的新方法.综合考虑了灌区内作物、土壤、气象站点、渠系布置的空间差异、年季间气象以及作物不同生育阶段对应参数的时间差异.与传统优化方法相比,该方法可根据管理者对优化精度的要求,灵活选择优化尺度,同时,简化了求解时空优化配水问题的繁琐程度,结果表现形式更加丰富.在此基础上建立的空间决策支持系统界面友好,运行效率高,可移植性和通用性强.经实例验证,优化后的配水方案与原配水方案相比较,灌溉总用水量减少296％,产量增加243％,水分生产率提高05 kg／m3,灌溉净效益增加168％.优化后配水方案具有将有限的水资源向经济价值较高作物转移的趋势.该方法为灌区灌溉用水优化配置提供了新思路.     

西山灌区管理信息系统开发应用研

随着西部大开发的不断深入，重庆水利信息化的建设也取得了长足的进步。以大型灌区龙溪河灌区的重要组成部分－西山灌区为基点，探讨了灌区信息化建设中管理信息管理如何集成水资源优化调度模型和地理信息系统。     

农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统

介绍了一种农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统.本系统包括土壤介电传感器、圆锥指数传感器及深度传感器,可以快速、同步、实时地获得0～500mm范围内土壤剖面含水率与圆锥指数信息.同时,本系统还结合了GPS和GIS技术,实现了土壤参数的空间分析,可以更方便地把系统应用于农田信息管理.本系统为实现土壤水分和坚实度的同步测量搭建了一个智能化的试验平台,并且在与德国波恩大学农业工程研究所的合作中成功地应用于田间测量.