陕西华州天然次生林林分直径结构研究

林分直径结构反映了各径级林木的株数分布。通过对陕西省华州区秦岭南麓天然次生松栎混交林典型林分设置的4个样地进行每木调查,采用Meyer方程对样地林木以及林分主要树种锐齿栎、油松、华山松直径分布进行拟合,并结合Liocourt提出的q值比率。结果表明:样地总体林木株数按径阶分布呈倒J状,相邻径阶株数比q值为1.422,锐齿栎相邻径阶株数比q值为1.441,油松相邻径阶株数比q值为1.206,华山松直径分布呈近似截尾正态分布。林分林木直径结构总体合理,作为林分主要树种的锐齿栎、油松具有异龄林林木径阶结构特征,而华山松具有同龄林林木径阶分布特征。     

吉林省长白山森工集团近成过熟林现状分析及经营对策

通过对长白山森工集团下属十个森工局近几年的二类调查成果中的近成过熟林固定样地更新调查数据的整理、汇总,计算出十个森工局公顷天然更新株数、具代表性的天桥岭和敦化林业局的公顷各树种株数所占百分比、各树种进阶木所占百分比和各径阶株数百分比,结果表明:长白山森工集团近成过熟林天然更新没有达到良好水平、珍贵树种占比较小、大径阶株数较少。提出了提高近成过熟林的林分质量、林地生产率和森林碳汇数量的经营建议。     

幼龄柞矮林林分结构及生产力评价

幼龄柞矮林林分生产力低，面积大，树种组成相对单一。其株数按径阶分布呈非正态分布，2cm,4cm径阶占大多数，公倾株数2000株以上出现枯损，以榛子柞林这一类型林分生产力最高，胡枝子林型生产力最低。     

海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards)探讨

根据典型林分结构的分析,结合海南霸王岭原始热带山地雨林林隙特征,以“近自然林业”理论为指导,提出海南霸王岭山地雨林理想结构的指标与标准(standards),包括林层结构、乔木层物种多样性、林分基本蓄积量、材积按径阶分布、林分密度、株数按径阶分布、特类～三类商品材树种结构等7个指标和各指标的具体标准(standards),旨在为海南霸王岭山地雨林可持续经营提供基础依据,为异龄林理想结构的研究提供实例。     

油松、锐齿栎林抚育前后林木径阶分布变化分析与研究

在秦岭旬阳坝林场和火地塘林区分别选择了油松林和锐齿栎林两种主要林型进行抚育间伐,采用对比分析的方法,就森林抚育对林分径阶分布的变化进行了研究.结果表明:抚育后的林分树种组成更加合理;林分株数在各径阶上的分布由正态分布变为顶峰偏左的曲线分布;林分林木在各径阶上的平均树高基本无变化;林分的质量得到了较大的提高;林内健康状况也得到了很大的改善.     

延边地区云冷杉林林分结构及其经营

为了评价现有云冷杉林的质量,给合理经营提供依据。本文在延边州范围内搜集省级样地80块,长白山自然保护区样地10块,县局级样地375块。分析了云冷杉林的树种组成结构、林分密度、各径阶间的株数变化和林分生长过程等情况,并据此提出了合理经营现有云冷杉林的意见。     

戴云山罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局

采用样方法对戴云山罗浮栲林群落进行调查,分析了罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局。结果表明,罗浮栲林群落乔木层主要树种中,小径阶(胸径≤10cm)林木占总株数的56.9%,其中云山青冈、树参呈随机分布,其它主要树种均呈集群分布,与林分总体分布格局一致;中径阶(10cm胸径≤30cm)林木占总株数的35.7%,其聚集程度降低;大径阶(胸径30cm)林木占总株数的7.4%,除罗浮栲呈集群分布,其余树种趋于随机分布,其分布格局主要与物种生物学特性和种群间的竞争排斥有关,且与物种的生境有密切联系。灌木层主要树种均呈集群分布。     

笑山林场天然阔叶混交林资源现状

对新青林业局笑山林场的天然阔叶混交林进行了抽样调查,在树种组成方面对物种丰富度、树种组成指数、树种单调度、群落均匀度等指标做了详细的分析,采用倒J形曲线对林分的株数和径阶进行了拟合,同时利用理查德方程对林分的生长情况进行模拟得出结论：现有天然阔叶混交林阔叶多,针叶少;低价树种多,珍贵树种少;分布不均匀;主要树种的连年生长量呈现下降趋势,林木生长缓慢,生长潜力不大。应该对其进行人为的抚育更新,调整树种组成和林分结构,构建以针叶为主的针阔异龄复层混交林。     

闽北4个阔叶树种生长对比分析

以闽北17年生的闽粤栲、米槠、酸枣和枫香等阔叶人工纯林为研究对象,对比分析同一立地条件下不同阔叶树的林分生长和结构差异。结果表明,不同阔叶树种间的生长存在显著差异,其中,闽粤栲的林木保存率、平均胸径、平均单株材积和平均林分蓄积量显著高于酸枣、枫香和米槠,酸枣的平均树高则显著低于其余树种;米槠和酸枣的小径阶的树木株数占大多数,而枫香和闽粤栲的中、大径阶株数比例更多;米槠、酸枣和枫香株数径阶分布相对集中,而闽粤栲的径阶分布离散程度大,林分结构接近正态分布。说明同一立地条件下,闽粤栲和枫香林分整体生长状况相对较好,但林分结构和稳定性仍有待提高,后期有必要进行人为干预促进其过渡到合理的林分结构;而米槠和南酸枣林分整体长势较差,中小径阶的林木占比最高,个体分化严重且林分稳定性较差,具体原因有待进一步分析。     

长白山杨桦次生林生长过程与演替动向分析

以长白山金沟岭林场的杨桦次生林为研究对象,根据山杨、白桦解析木资料,利用Richards方程拟合了白桦和山杨的胸径、树高和材积的生长方程,分别编制了二者的生长过程表;同时根据径阶组划分标准,统计各树种在不同径阶组中的株数及其所占的比例,从而对林分内各乔木树种的演替动向进行分析.研究结果表明:山杨和白桦作为林分内的先锋树种,处于衰退趋势;红松、冷杉与云杉为地带性顶级树种,将在地带性顶级群落中占据为优势树种;其他树种在演替过程中变化不明显.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.