中国陆地土壤有机碳储量估算及其不确定性分析

土壤有机碳密度和储量的统计对于研究土壤碳循环至关重要.为提高土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算精度,明晰导致估算存在不确定性的内在原因,根据第二次土壤普查资料,采用两种方式、两种土层厚度、两个公式以及3种碳密度取值方法估算了中国土壤有机碳储量,结果表明,中国陆地土壤有机碳储量大致在50.6～154.0 Pg(1 Pg=1015 g)之间,平均储量为(102.3±51.7)Pg;估算的不确定性处于25.5%～30.4%之间.中国陆地土壤有机碳储量估算结果差异以及不确定性主要来源于以下几个方面:碳密度的取值方法不同,估算深度不一致,计算公式不统一,基础数据不一样以及制图尺度差异.本文研究结果认为基于GIS数字土壤图,采用标准1 m厚度土层,运用不考虑大于2 mm砾石含量的碳密度计算公式以及分土层累计计算法是估算中国陆地土壤有机碳储量最优方法.     

浅谈土壤有机碳密度及储量的估算方法

土壤有机碳储量、分布在陆地碳循环中起着重要的作用。本文阐明了土壤有机碳密度及储量的重要意义,主要介绍了国内外几种重要的有关土壤有机碳储量的估算方法及其优缺点,为全面而细致准确地估算我国土壤有机碳储量提供了可能途径。     

福建省土壤有机碳储量估算的尺度效应研究

土壤有机碳储量的准确估算对于研究全球碳"源/汇"动态变化至关重要,但目前使用大、中、小系列比例尺土壤数据库对我国亚热带土壤有机碳储量估算的影响并不清楚。基于此,选择位于亚热带地区的福建省作为研究区,系统分析1∶5万、1∶20万、1∶50万、1∶100万、1∶400万、1∶1 000万6种目前我国常用制图尺度土壤数据库对有机碳储量估算的影响。结果表明:6个制图尺度下表层土壤(0~20 cm)的有机碳储量为:552、637、573、573、614和549 Tg C;剖面土壤(0~100 cm)的有机碳储量为1 396、1 502、1 321、1 395、1 508和1 532 Tg C。不同土壤类型下受制图尺度影响最大的是粗骨土,表层和剖面的有机碳储量相对偏差分别达到8.88×10~5%和8.13×10~5%。不同行政区下表层和剖面受制图尺度影响最大的分别是厦门市和福州市,表层和剖面的有机碳储量相对偏差分别为26.44%和27.97%。总体而言,制图尺度的不同将会对福建省土壤有机碳储量估算造成很大影响,这也进一步说明了亚热带地区选择适宜的制图尺度是十分必要的。     

北方农牧交错带耕地土壤有机碳储量变化模拟研究 ——以内蒙古自治区为例

运用农业生态系统生物地球化学模型 (DNDC) ,估算北方农牧交错带内蒙古自治区耕地土壤C储量并研究其平衡状况结果表明 ,该区耕地 0～ 3 0cm土层土壤有机碳储量约为 4662 2 .6万t ,目前土壤有机碳库处于严重负平衡 ,年净损失有机碳 13 3 5万t。指出干旱半干旱农牧交错区应推行免耕、休耕等保护性耕作措施以助于土壤有机碳的积累     

江西省农田耕层土壤有机碳量分析

土壤中的有机碳主要储存在表层中,分析农田土壤有机碳密度和储量,既可以为提高土壤肥力服务,也可为农田土壤固碳潜力的估算提供依据。本文以第二次土壤普查图、土地利用变更图和GIS技术为基础,通过土壤样品采集、分析,估算了江西省农田表层土壤的有机碳密度和储量,并与第二次土壤普查结果进行了比较。结果表明:江西农田表层土壤平均有机碳密度为3.8391 kgm-2、有机碳储量为109759.9823×106kg,与第二次土壤普查时相比,农田表层土壤有机碳密度增加了0.21 kgm-2,在相同农田面积的状况下,土壤有机碳储量增加了6167.92×106 kg。     

不同植被下中国土壤有机碳的储量与影响因子

基于第二次土壤普查和新疆土壤调查等 2 4 4 0个典型土壤剖面数据和 1∶4 0 0万中国植被图 ,对中国不同植被类型下的 1 0 0cm和 2 0cm厚度土壤有机碳密度和储量进行估算 ,绘制了土壤有机碳储量的地理分布图 ,并且对土壤有机碳储量与生境条件之间的关系进行统计分析。结果表明 :不同植被类型下的土壤有机碳密度存在显著差异 ,草甸和森林最高 ,灌木和农田次之 ,再其次是草原 ,最低的是荒漠 ;基于植被分类计算的我国 1 0 0cm和 2 0cm厚度土壤有机碳总储量分别为 6 9.38Gt和 2 3.81Gt。 1 0 0cm深度土壤碳储量在森林、农田、灌丛、草甸、草原、荒漠植被下分别为 1 7.39Gt、1 4 .6 9Gt、1 3.6 2Gt、1 2 .2 2Gt、7.4 6Gt、3.93Gt;土壤有机碳储量的空间分布差异明显 ,具有明显地域性 ,青藏高原东南地区、阿尔泰山和天山山地等高寒草甸、灌丛草甸区是土壤有机碳储量最高的地区 ,其次是东北地区北部的针叶林、草甸区和我国南方的亚热带阔叶林区 ,土壤有机碳储量最低的地区是西北地区和藏北高原的荒漠、草原干旱区 ;在不同生态系统中环境变量对土壤有机碳储量的影响是不同的 ,在温带草原年平均温度是土壤有机碳储量主要控制因素 ,而对于针叶林海拔是导致土壤有机碳储量变异的主导因子 ;随着研究尺度的细化 ,环境变     

上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量的估算

本文调查了上海市472个绿地土壤样点,通过对其土壤有机碳含量、密度等指标进行测定分析,最终估算出上海市绿地土壤表层有机碳储量,同时为预测上海市未来十几年的碳库变化提供数据支撑。研究结果表明:①上海市绿地表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳空间分异性较大,土壤有机碳含量和密度表现为西高东低,且自中心向四周逐渐增高。②不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量大小依次为:公园绿地公共绿地道路绿地;有机碳密度的大小依次为:公共绿地公园绿地道路绿地。不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著,其中,城区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著(P0.05),但郊区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异不显著(P0.05)。③2015年上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约为4.26×106 t。预计到2035年,上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约可达到1.53×107 t。     

青藏高原土壤有机碳储量与密度分布

采用全国第二次土壤普查数据结合作者的实测数据,利用1∶100万土壤数据库对青藏高原土壤有机质层、土壤矿质层及整个剖面的土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量分别进行了估算。结果表明:青藏高原的平均土壤有机碳密度约为C 7.2 kg m-2,较前人的C 8.01~19.05 kg m-2全国平均土壤有机碳密度偏低。青藏高原总的土壤有机碳储量约为18.37 Pg,其中有机质层土壤有机碳储量约占38.14%,矿质层土壤有机碳储量则占61.86%。     

土壤有机碳密度及储量的统计研究

阐明了土壤有机碳密度及储量统计的重要意义 ,介绍了国内外有关土壤有机碳储量研究的最新进展 ,探讨了一种较为精确的土壤有机碳密度计算方法并列举了计算实例 ,为全面而细致地统计我国土壤有机碳储量提供了一条可能途径     

煤矿区土壤有机碳含量测算与影响因素研究进展

研究矿区土壤有机碳的储量、影响因素以及时空变异规律,不仅对认识矿区土壤质量变化规律,而且对排土场覆土工艺和植被类型的选择具有重要的指导意义。植被、土壤质量等自然因素以及复垦管理措施、复垦模式等人为干扰会对矿区土壤有机碳的积累和转化造成重要影响。目前,对于矿区土壤有机碳的变化过程和转化机理的研究不够深入,尤其是土壤有机碳对复垦措施的响应规律鲜见报道。本文系统梳理了国内外学者对矿区土壤样品有机碳含量的测量和区域土壤有机碳储量的估算,自然因素、人为干扰对矿区土壤有机碳积累的影响。在此基础上,提出了深入研究的方向:1加强矿区土壤有机碳剖面结构的变化及其转化机制的研究;2加强对影响土壤有机碳积累的不确定因素的探讨研究;3应加强复垦模式及覆土工艺以及排土场微地形对土壤有机碳积累机理的研究。     

中国东北黑土养分空间异质性

Patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and density in various soil types or locations are the foundation for examining the role of soil in the global carbon cycle. An assessment of SOC storage and density patterns in China based on soil types as defined by Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) and the recently compiled digital 11000 000 Soil Database of China was conducted to generate a rigorous database for the future study of SOC storage. First, SOC densities of 7292soil profiles were calculated and linked by soil type to polygons of a digital soil map using geographic information system resulting in a 11000 000 SOC density distribution map of China. Further results showed that soils in China covered 9 281 ×103 km2 with a total SOC storage of 89.14 Gt and a mean SOC density 96.0 t ha-1. Among the 14 CST orders, Cambosols and Argosols constituted high percentage of China's total SOC storage, while Andosols, Vertosols, and Spodsols had a low percentage. As for SOC density, Histosols were the highest, while Primosols were the lowest. Specific patterns of SOC storage of various soil types at the CST suborder, group, and subgroup levels were also described. Results obtained from the study of SOC storage and density of all CST soil types would be not only useful for international comparative research, but also for more accurately estimating and monitoring of changes of SOC storage in China.     

土壤有机碳储量估算与土地利用的关系研究

土地利用方式的变化在土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)积累的过程中起着非常重要的作用。目前在估算土壤有机碳储量的过程中,一直没有重视土地利用属性。运用基于土壤学专业知识的连接方法 (pedological professional knowledge-based method,PKB法),结合江苏省新沂县1∶20万土壤图,1∶20万土地利用图和1∶20万土壤类型土地利用混合图,估算了各图在不同土壤剖面点数情况下的新沂县SOC储量,并将三者在最佳剖面点数下估算出的SOC储量和SOC密度(SOCD)进行了比较及精度评价。结果表明:在土壤类型图、土地利用图和土壤类型土地利用混合图上进行的PKB法连接时最佳剖面点数均为397点,最佳网格为2 km×2 km;在中比例尺图件上进行PKB法连接估算SOC储量时,综合考虑土壤类型和土地利用类型可以大大提高估算精度,同时土地利用类型属性比土壤类型属性更为重要。研究结果可为在中比例尺条件下提高SOC估算精度提供科学依据。     

县域尺度红壤丘陵区水稻土有机碳模拟

区域尺度土壤有机碳储量的时空变化及其管理是全球气候变化和农业可持续发展研究的重要内容。本文以中亚热带红壤丘陵区的江西省余江县为例,基于12a的长期试验和1998年、2001年的野外定位采样对比研究,利用反硝化分解模型?DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition)在田块和县域尺度研究了县域尺度表层(0~20 cm)水稻土有机碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明,以长期试验数据验证,DNDC模型可以较好地模拟水稻土表层有机碳的长期动态变化。2001年农田水稻土(面积为3.6×108m2)表层(0~20 cm)有机碳总储量为2.9×109kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为6.0 kg m-2。1998年至2001年余江县水稻土表层土壤有机碳库逐年增加,年际平均变化量为3.0×107kg。通过对余江县水稻田模拟不同碳投入的情景,分析预测1998年至2017年土壤有机碳储量,种植绿肥提高秸秆还田比率同时减少化肥的投入,可有效地增加红壤区域有机碳蓄积。     

Spatial patterns of soil organic carbon on hillslopes: Integrating geomorphic processes and the biological C cycle

Significant portions of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) pool must reside on sloping terrains where the spatial distribution of SOC reflects the combined effects of geomorphic processes and biological C cycling. Using a newly developed soil C mass balance model that explicitly includes soil production and sediment transport, we investigated the relative roles of sediment production/transport vs. biological C cycling in creating the observed spatial patterns of SOC storage within two grass-covered hillslopes in California. The study sites differed in bedrock geology, climate, and erosion rates. Measurements of SOC, soil texture, plant C inputs, and soil thickness were combined with topographic surveys and published soil erosion and production rates in the analysis. Soil thickness was found to be the key control on SOC storage, and soil thickness is balance between soil production and curvature-dependent erosional losses. Additionally, topographically varying rates of plant C inputs, decomposition rates, and SOC erosional losses or depositional inputs were found to only partially explain the observed SOC storage patterns. We used the measured relationships between SOC storage, soil thickness, and topographic curvature to create SOC storage maps of the two watersheds. At both sites, about 70% of the hillslope SOC is stored in depositional areas that are susceptible to episodic mass wasting. At the drier site, there was a larger SOC storage despite the lower soil C % because the clay-rich bedrock resulted in the development of relatively thick soils for a given slope curvature. We conclude that the geomorphic processes driving soil thickness provide fundamental mechanisms that control the spatial SOC patterns on vegetated hillslopes.     

Number of soil profiles needed to give a reliable overall estimate of soil organic carbon storage using profile carbon density data

Abstract

Soil profile data are the basis for estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and any changes in SOC storage, which are of great significance in terms of global climate change. Estimates based on various profile data have been made for SOC storage in China. Modeling studies have given contrasting results on changes in SOC storage in Chinese croplands. A certain number of measured soil profile data are needed to validate the modeled results. In the present study, we examined the relationships between sample size, population variance and detection limit using the central limit theorem and the statistical properties of the normal distribution. Based on the profile dataset from the Second National Soil Survey in China, we calculated that to derive a reliable estimate of the overall mean SOC density for all the soils of China, a sample size of 4,000 soil profiles is needed. In this case, a reliable estimate is defined as having a 95% confidence interval and allowing a ±5% detection limit of SOC. The necessary sample size for cropland soils is 1,250. Our results indicate that approximately 100 samples only are needed to validate a modeled SOC loss of 20–30% in cropland soils in China. By aggregating the soil profiles in the dataset into soil orders and calculating the variance of each soil order, we show that the sample sizes in the dataset are insufficient to give reliable estimates on the carbon densities of most soil orders; thus, we conclude that there is considerable uncertainty in the SOC distribution maps resulting from the Second National Soil Survey.     

中国农田土壤有机碳贮存的空间特征

The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest component of terrestrial carbon pools. With the construction of a geographically referenced database taken from the second national general soil survey materials and based on 1546 typical cropland soil profiles, the paddy field and dryland SOC storage among quantified to characterize the spatial pattern of cropland SOC storage in China regions of China were systematically to examine the relationship between mean annual temperature, precipitation, soil texture features arid SOC content. In all regions, paddy soils had higher SOC storage than dryland soils, and cropland SOC content was the highest in Southwest China. Climate controlled the spatial distribution of SOC in both paddy and dryland soils, with SOC storage increasing with increasing precipitation and decreasing with increasing temperature.     

Storage and controlling factors of soil organic carbon in alpine wetlands and meadow across the Tibetan Plateau

Alpine wetlands and meadows across the Three Rivers Source Region (TRSR) store high soil organic carbon (SOC). However, information on factors affecting SOC storage is scanty. Herein, we investigated SOC storage and explored factors affecting SOC storage, including climate, soil properties and above- and belowground biomass, using 50 soil profiles across the TRSR on the Tibetan Plateau. The SOC storage was 491.9 ± 158.5 Tg C and 545.2 ± 160.8 Tg C in the TRSR alpine wetlands and meadow, respectively. The SOC stock was positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation. However, no significant correlation between SOC stock and mean annual temperature was observed, as opposed to the global trend. In addition, SOC stock was positively correlated with both the aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB). Soil pH indirectly affected SOC stock, while SOC stock positively correlated with Al and Fe oxyhydroxides. Compared with vegetation biomass and climatic factors, soil properties, including soil pH and Al and Fe oxyhydroxides (Al_o and Fe_o), affected not only SOC stock variation but also affected the impact of vegetation and climatic factors on SOC stock. Climate factors, AGB, BGB, soil pH, Al_o and Fe_o jointly accounted for 59% of SOC stock variation in alpine wetlands and 64% of SOC stock variation in alpine meadow. This study suggests that soil properties are the dominant factors affecting SOC variation in alpine wetlands and meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.     

长期不同管理措施下红壤剖面碳、氮储量变化特征

基于中国农业科学院国家红壤肥力长期试验平台,研究长期不同施肥、休闲和轮作措施下旱地红壤剖面(0~100 cm)土体及不同层次(20 cm/层)有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)储量的变化特征。结果表明,与试验初始相比,24年不施肥(CK处理)0~100 cm各层有机碳储量均有不同程度降低,但全氮储量在40~100 cm各土层表现出累积趋势。24年施化肥(N、NP、PK、NPK)和化肥配施秸秆处理(NPKS)明显增加40~100 cm有机碳和全氮储量,0~40 cm各层碳储量有所耗竭而氮储量无明显影响。24年有机无机配施(NPKM)明显增加表层0~20和40~100 cm的有机碳和全氮储量。休闲(Fallow)和轮作(NPKMR)措施大幅度提高0~100 cm各层有机碳和全氮储量,但两处理间无显著差异。对于0~100 cm整个土体而言,休闲和轮作处理大幅度增加了土壤剖面的有机碳和全氮储量,其中有机碳储量比初始分别提高64%和93%,全氮储量比初始分别提高71%和82%。不同措施下0~100 cm各层有机碳与全氮储量及其变化量间均存在显著线性相关关系(P0.01),但不同管理措施显著改变了碳氮储量间的相关关系,但储量变化量间的相互关系无统计学上的显著差异。休闲或豆科轮作措施能显著提升红壤剖面碳、氮库容,是红壤肥力恢复和培肥较优管理措施。     

基于GIS的土壤有机碳储量核算及其对土地利用变化的响应

土地利用变化是影响土壤有机碳储量变化的重要驱动因素,为了进一步探讨土地利用变化对土壤碳储量的影响,该文根据土壤样点数据、土壤类型图、土地利用类型图,分析了江苏省1985年和2005年表层土壤有机碳密度的变化以及土地利用变化对表层土壤有机碳密度的影响,主要结论如下：1）江苏省表层土壤有机密度的空间变化趋势为：黄淮平原生态区南北差异明显,北部的沂沭泗平原丘岗以增加为主,南部的淮河下游平原以减少为主;沿海滩涂与海洋生态区持平为主;而长江三角洲平原生态区表现不一：沿江平原丘岗生态亚区以增加为主,而茅山宜溧低山丘陵生态亚区和太湖水网生态亚区均表现为有机碳密度的减少;2）各地类表层土壤有机碳密度均有所增加;耕地-林地、草地;草地-林地、建设用地;建设用地-耕地、草地、林地;水域的转出以及未利用地的转出等转换类型有利于土壤碳储量的增加、其他地类间的转换会造成一定的碳排放。     

不同时期土壤有机碳(SOC)空间格局研究的主要方法

土壤有机碳作为陆地生态系统中的一个区域化随机变量,在系统内部垂直和水平发生变化的同时与大气圈和生物圈这两个碳库之间产生循环作用。为了揭示土壤有机碳的空间分布特性,传统统计学、地统计学、遥感与地理信息系统等方法被相继引入且逐渐走向成熟,其中利用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的方法来反演土壤有机碳库储量及其空间分布格局受到了越来越多的专家学者所推崇。本文在对不同方法基本理论进行简单阐述的基础上,介绍了它们在土壤有机碳的空间分布格局的研究中所取得的一些成果,并就遥感技术在反演表层土壤有机碳的空间分布格局中的应用前景进行了展望。